Eur. Phys. J.

B 70, 305–310 (2009)

DOI: 10.1140/epjb/e2009-00210-8 THE EUROPEAN
PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
Regular Article

Superfluid to Mott insulator quantum phase transition

in a 2D permanent magnetic lattice
Saeed Ghanbari1,a , P. Blair Blakie2 , Peter Hannaford1 , and Tien D. Kieu1,b
1
Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy and ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Swinburne
University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
2
Jack Dodd Centre for Photonics and Ultra-Cold Atoms, Department of Physics, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin,
New Zealand

Received 30 October 2008 / Received in final form 25 May 2009

Published online 26 June 2009 – 
c EDP Sciences, Società Italiana di Fisica, Springer-Verlag 2009

Abstract. The accessibility of the critical parameters for the superfluid to Mott insulator quantum phase
transition in a 2D permanent magnetic lattice is investigated. We determine the hopping matrix element J,
the on-site interaction U , and hence the ratio J/U , in the harmonic oscillator wave function approximation.
We show that for a range of realistic parameters the critical values of J/U , predicted by different methods
for the Bose-Hubbard model in 2D, such as mean field theory and Monte Carlo simulations, are accessible
in a 2D permanent magnetic lattice. The calculations are performed for a 2D permanent magnetic lattice
created by two crossed arrays of parallel rectangular magnets plus a bias magnetic field.

PACS. 03.75.Lm Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose-Einstein condensates in periodic potentials, solitons,
vortices, and topological excitations – 37.10.Gh Atom traps and guides – 37.10.Jk Atoms in optical
lattices – 73.43.Nq Quantum phase transitions – 67.85.Hj Bose-Einstein condensates in optical potentials

1 Introduction of square or parallel rectangular magnets [12,16] consist-

Periodic optical lattices [1,2] produced by the interference
of intersecting laser beams are ideal tools for performing
fundamental quantum physics experiments such as studies
of low-dimensional quantum gases [3] and quantum tun-
nelling experiments including the superfluid to Mott in-
sulator quantum phase transition [4]. Optical lattices also
have potential application in quantum information pro-
cessing since they may provide storage registers for qubits
based on neutral atoms [5,6].
An alternative approach for producing periodic lat-
tices for ultracold atoms is to use the magnetic potentials
of periodic arrays of magnetic microtraps. Simple, one-
dimensional (1D) magnetic lattices consisting of arrays of
2D traps or waveguides have been proposed [7] and con-
structed using current-carrying wires [8] and permanent
magnets [9–11] on atom chips, and recently a 1D perma-
nent magnetic lattice proposed in [12] has been experimen-
tally realised [13]. Two-dimensional magnetic lattices pro-
duced by crossed arrays of current-carrying wires [14,15]
and 2D permanent magnetic lattices produced by arrays
a
e-mail: sghanbari@swin.edu.au
b
Permanent address: The Portland House Research Group
Pty Ltd, 8 Collins Street, Melbourne, 3000 Australia
ing of 3D microtraps with non-zero potential minima have
been proposed. Recently, a 2D permanent magnetic lat-
tice, which is different from the configurations proposed
in [12] and [16], has been experimentally realised [17].
The first theoretical studies of the superfluid to Mott
insulator quantum phase transition were on liquid helium
in a periodic potential [18]. Then, nine years later, in 1998,
it was proposed that such a quantum phase transition
might be possible for ultracold atoms trapped in periodic
potentials [19]. In 2002, the superfluid to Mott insulator
quantum phase transition, at finite temperature, was re-
ported [4]. A superfluid of ultracold bosonic atoms trapped
in a periodic lattice can undergo a quantum phase transi-
tion to a Mott insulator state if the barrier height between
the lattice sites is increased adiabatically [18,19]. In an op-
tical lattice the barrier height between lattice sites may be
controlled by changing the intensity of the laser beams.
In this paper we study the accessibility of critical
parameters for the superfluid to Mott insulator quan-
tum phase transition in a 2D permanent magnetic lat-
tice proposed in [12]. The Bose-Hubbard model can
describe the dynamics of ultracold quantum gases in
periodic potentials such as optical [18,19] and magnetic
lattices [12,16]. Using the harmonic oscillator wave func-
tion approximation, we determine the tunnelling matrix
306 The European Physical Journal B

element J and the on-site interaction U , and hence the 3

ratio J/U . In our calculations, we choose ultracold 87 Rb MI
atoms in the hyperfine state F = 2 with magnetic quan- 2.5 n̂i  = 3
tum number mF = +2. SF
Two-dimensional permanent magnetic lattices can be 2
created by two crossed periodic arrays of parallel rectan- MI

μ/U
gular magnets (Fig. 3) and periodic arrays of square mag- 1.5 n̂i  = 2
nets [12,16]. In a permanent magnetic lattice, the trap
frequencies and also the barrier height between adjacent 1 (J/U )c
lattice sites can be controlled by changing a bias mag- MI
netic field. We perform our calculations for the case of two 0.5 n̂i  = 1
crossed arrays of parallel rectangular permanent magnets.
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
J/U (arb)
2 Bose-Hubbard model Fig. 1. (Color online) Schematic of zero temperature phase
diagram of interacting bosonic atoms in the Bose-Hubbard
The Bose-Hubbard model can describe the dynamics of ul- model, based on references [18] and [24]. In the Mott insu-
tracold bosons in periodic lattices, such as optical [18,19] lator phase (MI) the average number of bosonic atoms at each
and magnetic lattices [12,16], and is important for the lattice site, n̂i , is an integer and the local compressibility
study of systems with strongly correlated bosons [20]. The κi = ∂ n̂i  /∂μ = 0, where μ is the chemical potential [18].
Hamiltonian for bosonic atoms in external trapping poten- (J/U )c is the critical value of the quantum phase transition
tials V0 and VT is [19,21] from the Mott insulator to the superfluid phase (SF) at zero
temperature.
  
† 2 2
Ĥ = d xψ̂ (x) −
3
∇ + V0 (x) + VT (x) ψ̂(x)
2m
 The hopping matrix element J between adjacent sites i
g and j is defined by
+ d3 xψ̂ † (x)ψ̂ † (x)ψ̂(x)ψ̂(x), (1)
2 
2 2
where J = − d3 xw∗ (x − xi )[− ∇ + V0 (x)]w(x − xj ) (6)
2m
4πas 2
g= (2)
m In equation (4), i , which describes the energy offset of
and as and m are the s-wave scattering length and mass of each lattice site and is a measure of the inhomogeneity of
the bosonic atom, respectively. V0 is a periodic potential the periodic lattice, behaves like a space dependent chemi-
such as the optical lattice or magnetic lattice potentials cal potential [19] and depends on the VT (x). By definition,
and VT is a slowly varying trapping potential such as a we have 
quadrupole magnetic potential [21]. We write the field op- i = d3 xVT (x)|w(x − xi )|2 . (7)
erator ψ̂(x) as a superposition of the maximally localized
Wannier states of the ground band w(x − xi ), which are The on-site interaction U is
localized position eigenstates [22,23] 
U = g d3 x|w(x)|4 . (8)

M
ψ̂(x) = âi w(x − xi ) (3) At zero temperature, if the on-site interaction U is large
i compared with the hopping matrix element J, the system
is a Mott insulator, and if U is small compared with J,
where M is the number of lattice sites, the âi are anni-
the system is a superfluid [18].
hilation operators and the subscript i labels the lattice
sites. Now, the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian in the second
quantized form is 2.1 Phase diagrams and critical parameters at zero
temperature

M
1 
M M
Ĥ = −J â†i âj + U n̂i (n̂i − 1) + i n̂i (4)
2 i=1 Figure 1 is a schematic of the zero temperature Bose-
i,j i=1
Hubbard model phase diagram of ultracold bosonic atoms
with short-range repulsive interactions in a periodic ex-
where i, j means that the summation is taken over adja-
ternal potential [18]. In this phase diagram, there is a
cent sites only. â†i and n̂i = â†i âi are creation and number lobe structure where inside each lobe, which is called a
operators, respectively. The canonical commutation rela- Mott insulator lobe, the average number of bosons at
tions for âi and â†j are each lattice site, n̂i , is an integer and the local com-
pressibility κi = ∂ n̂i  /∂μ = 0, where μ is the chemi-
[âi , â†j ] = δij . (5) cal potential [18]. Figure 2 corresponds to the ideal case
 Saeed Ghanbari et al.: Superfluid to Mott insulator quantum phase transition in a 2D permanent magnetic lattice 307

Fig. 2. (Color online) Schematic of the Mott insulator phase

with one atom per lattice site in a 2D array of microtraps pro-
duced by two crossed arrays of parallel rectangular magnets.

Table 1. Superfluid to Mott insulator quantum phase transi-

tion critical values (J/U )c in 2D at zero temperature calculated
with different techniques.
Fig. 3. (Color online) Two crossed arrays of parallel, rectan-
Year Technique (J/U )c
gular permanent magnets with perpendicular magnetisation.
1993 Mean field theory [25] 0.043
In (d) the locations of the central minima in the xOy plane are
2007 Green’s Function Monte Carlo [26] 0.059
shown by the dots for a symmetrical magnetic lattice. Figure
2007 Variational Monte Carlo [26] 0.0485
from [12].
2008 Improved Monte Carlo [27] 0.05974

of the Mott insulator phase with one particle per lattice where
site (first Mott insulator lobe with n̂i  = 1 in Fig. 1)
in a 2D lattice produced by two crossed arrays of paral- B0x = B0 (ekt2 − 1)ek(t1 +s) , B0y = B0 (ekt1 − 1) (10)
lel rectangular magnets (Sect. 3). The superfluid to Mott
insulator quantum phase transition in 2D has been stud- B0 = 4Mz (in Gaussian units), k = 2π/a ,a is the period-
ied using different methods such as mean field theory [25], icity of the lattice and Mz is the magnetisation. t1 , t2 and
Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) simulation and Green’s s are the thicknesses of the lower and upper arrays and
Function Monte Carlo (GFMC) simulation [26]. Table 1 the separation between them, respectively, as shown in
shows the critical ratios (J/U )c , which are at the tip of the Figure 3. This configuration of parallel rectangular mag-
first Mott lobe, obtained using different methods. Accord- nets produces a 2D periodic lattice of 3D magnetic traps
ing to Table 1, critical values in 2D found with different with non-zero potential minima [12].
methods have a wide range, from 0.043 [25] to 0.060 [28].
The diversity of (J/U )c values reflects the complexity of
locating the critical point of the superfluid to Mott insula-
3.1 Symmetrical 2D permanent magnetic lattice
tor quantum phase transition [29] and also the limitations
of mean field theories.
For a symmetrical 2D permanent magnetic lattice, in
which the barrier heights of the magnetic potential in
3 Two-dimensional permanent magnetic the x- and y-direction are the same, we impose the con-
lattice straint [12]
B0x B1x = B0y B1y (11)
Here we consider two crossed arrays of parallel rectangular
magnets, as illustrated in Figure 3 [12]. According to refer- or
ence [12], for z  2π
a
+s+t1 +t2 above the magnetic arrays, B1y = c0 B1x (12)
the absolute value of the magnetic field, B, produced by
two crossed arrays of parallel rectangular magnets plus an where
external bias magnetic field B1 = B1x x̂ + B1y ŷ is  
B0x ekt2 − 1
 c0 = = eks (13)
B(x, y, z) = B1x 2 2
+ B1y B0y 1 − e−kt1

+ 2 [B0x B1x sin(kx) + B0y B1y sin(ky)] e−kz is a dimensionless constant that only involves geometrical
 2 2
constants a, s, t1 and t2 of the magnetic array. The mag-
+ B0x + B0y + 2B0x B0y cos(kx) netic traps have non-zero potential minima given by [12]
 −2kz 12
× cos(ky) e (9)
Bmin = c1 |B1x | (14)
308 The European Physical Journal B

which are located at The magnetic potential barrier heights in the x- or

  y-directions are
1 B1x
xmin = nx − a, nx = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . (15)
4 |B1x | x(y)
ΔUm = mF gF μB c4 |B1x | (26)
 
1 B1x
ymin = ny − a, ny = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . (16) where
4 |B1x |  1/2
  4c20 |1 − c20 |
a c2 B0x 2
c4 = 1 + c 0 + − · (27)
zmin = ln (17) 1 + c02
(1 + c20 )1/2
2π |B1x |

where nx and ny are the trap numbers. For the central

trap, which is the closest trap to the origin of the coordi- 4 Accessibility of the critical values of J/U
nate system in Figure 3d, we define nx = ny = 0. c1 and in a 2D permanent magnetic lattice
c2 are dimensionless costants which may be expressed in
terms of c0 defined by (13) For optical lattices approximate and accurate calculations
of J and U , based on a single particle harmonic oscillator
|1 − c20 | wave function [19] and maximally localized Wannier func-
c1 = 1 (18)
(1 + c20 ) 2 tions [23], have been reported. Because in a single band ap-
  proximation, the Wannier function is given approximately
1 1 by the ground state wave function of a simple harmonic
c2 = 1+ 2 . (19)
2 c0 oscillator [30], we use the ground state of a single parti-
cle simple harmonic oscillator wave function to calculate J
For a 2D symmetrical lattice with non-zero magnetic field (Eq. (6)) and U (Eq. (8)) and then evaluate the ratio J/U .
minima, (18) and (19) impose the constraints [12]
We write the Schrödinger equation, Ĥψ(x) = Eψ(x),
B0x = B0y , c2 B0x > |B1x | > 0,
c0 c2 B0y > |B1y | > 0. for one particle, where the Hamiltonian of the system is
(20) 2 2
The magnetic potential energy for neutral atoms with hy- Ĥ = − ∇ + Um (x). (28)
perfine state F and magnetic quantum number mF in a 2m
magnetic field B is [21] In the harmonic oscillator approximation we have

Um = mF gF μB B (21) 1
Um (x) = m(ωx2 x2 + ωy2 y 2 + ωz2 z 2 ) (29)
2
where gF and μB are the Landé g-factor and the Bohr
magneton, respectively, and B is the absolute value of the where ωx , ωy and ωz are given by (24), which can be con-
magnetic field B. Thus, for a symmetrical 2D permanent trolled by a bias magnetic field. The Schrödinger equation
magnetic lattice created by two crossed arrays of parallel is now

rectangular magnets, shown in Figure 3, plus an exter- 2 2 1
nal bias magnetic field B1 = B1x x̂ + B1y ŷ the magnetic − ∇ + m(ωx2 x2 + ωy2 y 2 + ωz2 z 2 ) ψ(x) = Eψ(x).
2m 2
potential energy can be written as (30)
 The ground state one-particle wave function of the sys-
2
Um (x, y, z) = mF gF μB B1x (1 + c20 ) tem is
+ 2B0x B1x [sin(kx) + sin(ky)]e−kz ψ(x) = A(ω)e−m(ωx x
2
+ωy y 2 +ωz z 2 )/2
(31)
2 2
+ [B0x + B0y + 2B0x B0y cos(kx)
where
m  34
12 1
× cos(ky)]e−2kz . (22) A(ω) = (ωx ωy ωz ) 4 .(32)
π
For a symmetrical 2D permanent magnetic lattice, accord-
The curvatures of the magnetic field at the centre of the
ing to (24), we have
traps and the trap frequencies (for the case of a harmonic
√
potential) in the three directions are given by [12] 2
+y 2 + 2z 2 )/2
ψ(x) = A (ωx )e−mωx (x , (33)
2 2 2 2
∂ B ∂ B 1∂ B 4π c3
= = = |B1x | (23) where
m  34 √
∂x2 ∂y 2 2 ∂z 2 a2 1
A (ωx ) = ( 2ωx ) 4 . (34)
2π
mF gF μB c3  2
1
ωz 1 π
ωx = ωy = √ = |B1x | 2 (24)
2 a m Using (33), we can analytically calculate the on-site in-
teraction U , defined in (8), for a 2D permanent magnetic
where lattice 
2c20 m 3/2
c3 = 1 . (25) 3/4
U = 2 as ω . (35)
(1 + c20 ) 2 |1 − c20 | π x
 Saeed Ghanbari et al.: Superfluid to Mott insulator quantum phase transition in a 2D permanent magnetic lattice 309

Table 2. Analytical input parameters for a magnetic lattice a) b)

0.3

ΔUm /kB (pK)

configuration consisting of two crossed arrays of parallel rect- 4
angular magnets (Fig. 3) used for Figure 4. 0.2

J/U
3
Parameter Definition Inputs

x(y)
0.1
nr Number of magnets 2
in x- or y-direction ∞
1
a Period of magnetic lattice 1 μm 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5
l x = ly Length of the chip s/a s/a
c) d)
along x or y ∞ −100
t1 Thickness of lower array 300 nm

Bmin (mG)

B1y (mG)
300
t2 Thickness of upper array 100 nm −200
s Separation of arrays 500 nm 200
4πMz Magnetization along z 3800 G −300
100
a) b) 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5
s/a s/a
ΔUm /kB (pK)

0.2 x(y)
2 Fig. 5. (Color online) J/U , ΔUm /kB (pK), Bmin and B1y
0.15
as a function of s/a for t1 /a = 0.3 nm, t2 /a = 0.1, a = 1 μm
J/U

0.1 and B1x = −12 mG. All parameters are defined as in Table 2
x(y)

1.5
0.05 and Figure 4.
1
−20 −15 −10 −20 −15 −10 a) b)
B1x (mG) B1x (mG)

ΔUm /kB (pK)

c) d) 0.3
500 −200
1.4
Bmin (mG)

J/U

0.2
B1y (mG)

400 −300

x(y)
1.2
−400 0.1
300
1
200 −500 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
−20 −15 −10 −20 −15 −10 t1 /a t1 /a
B1x (mG) B1x (mG) c) d)
−250
x(y)
Fig. 4. (Color online) J/U , ΔUm /kB , Bmin and B1y versus
Bmin (mG)

B1y (mG)
B1x , the x component of the bias magnetic field, for t1 /a = 0.3, 350 −300
x(y)
t2 /a = 0.1, s/a = 0.5 and a = 1 μm. B1y , Bmin and ΔUm
300 −350
are calculated using equations (12), (14) and (26), respectively.
250
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Substituting (24) into (35), we obtain t1 /a t1 /a
x(y)
Fig. 6. (Color online) J/U , ΔUm /kB (pK), Bmin and B1y
U = c5 |B1x |3/4 (36) versus t1 /a for t2 /a = 0.1, s/a = 0.5, a = 1 μm and
B1x = −12 mG. All parameters are defined as in Table 2
where  1/4 and Figure 4.
22 m3F μ3B c33
c5 = 4πas . (37)
ma6
the superfluid to Mott insulator in a 2D permanent mag-
We can also numerically calculate the hopping matrix netic lattice.
element J defined in (6). Figure 4 shows the values
x(y) Figures 5, 6 and 7 show that J/U = 0.060 is also acces-
of J/U, and also the values of ΔUm /kB , Bmin and sible within a range of values of s/a, t1 /a and t2 /a. How-
B1y , versus B1x , the x component of the bias magnetic ever, in practice, for a 2D permanent magnetic lattice it is
field, for the input parameters in Table 2. According more convenient to keep s, t1 , t2 and a constant and adjust
to Figures 4a and 4d, the most accurate value J/U = the bias magnetic field B1 = B1x x̂+B1y ŷ. Looking at Fig-
0.060 (Tab. 1), which is the critical value of the superfluid ures 4, 5, 6 and 7, it is clear that the critical values of J/U
to Mott insulator quantum phase transition in a 2D Bose- obtained in 2D with other methods (Tab. 1) are also acces-
Hubbard model obtained using an improved quantum sible in a 2D permanent magnetic lattice. More accurate
Monte Carlo simulation [27] is accessible at a bias field calculations can be performed using the maximally local-
B1x  −11.0 mG and B1y  −262 mG. At this bias field, ized Wannier states [22,23], although, we should empha-
the absolute value of the minima of the total magnetic field size that the non-separability of the magnetic lattice po-
Bmin  261 mG (Fig. 4c) and the potential barrier height tential makes the job of calculating Wannier states much
x(y)
in the x- or y-directions ΔUm /kB  1.24 pK (Fig. 4b) more challenging than in the (usually) separable optical
for the zero temperature quantum phase transition from lattice case.
310 The European Physical Journal B

a) b)
4. M. Greiner, O. Mandel, T. Esslinger, T.W. Hänsch, I.
3

ΔUm /kB (pK)

0.4 Bloch, Nature 415, 39 (2002)
0.3 5. T. Calarco, E.A. Hinds, D. Jaksch, J. Schmiedmayer, J.I.
J/U

0.2 2 Cirac, P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. A 61, 022304 (2000)

x(y)
6. C. Monroe, Nature 416, 238 (2002)
0.1
7. E.A. Hinds, I.G. Hughes, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32, R119
1 (1999)
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
t2 /a t2 /a 8. A. Günther, S. Kraft, M. Kemmler, D. Koelle, R. Kleiner,
c) d) C. Zimmermann, J. Fortágh, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 170405
400
(2005)
Bmin (mG)

−200
B1y (mG)

300 9. I. Barb, R. Gerritsma, Y.T. Xing, J.B. Goedkoop, R.J.C.

−300
200
−400
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
t2 /a
x(y)
Fig. 7. (Color online) J/U , ΔUm /kB (pK), Bmin and B1y
as a function of t2 /a for t1 /a = 0.3, s/a = 0.5, a = 1 μm
and B1x = −12 mG. All parameters are defined as in Table 2
and Figure 4.
5 Conclusion
We have considered a single particle simple harmonic os-
cillator approximation method and numerically studied
the accessibility of the critical parameters for the super-
fluid to Mott insulator quantum phase transition in 2D
permanent magnetic lattices.
We have shown that in a 2D permanent magnetic lat-
tice the critical values for the superfluid to Mott insulator
quantum phase transition are accessible within a range
of realistic parameters. In this calculation we considered
the analytical expressions for the magnetic field produced
by two crossed arrays of parallel rectangular permanent
magnets and a bias magnetic field.
This project is supported by a Swinburne University Strategic
Initiative fund and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum
Atom Optics.
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