INTERPRETATION IN BIMODAL CARBONATE ROCKS BASED ON
Frederico Bastos Schuab, Petrobras, Alessandra Winter and Osvair Vidal Trevisan, State University of
Campinas, Leonardo André Fraga Bonzanini,
Copyright 2015, held jointly by the Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log
Analysts (SPWLA) and the submitting authors.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPWLA 56th Annual Logging
Symposium held in Long Beach, California, USA, July 18-22, 2015.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a case study of core-to-log data
integration of a well drilled in a carbonate formation
bearing bimodal pore system. Based on the evidences, a
new approach is proposed for the interpretation of
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logging data. The
main tasks involved in the data integration process
were: 1) interpretation of available basic and special
core analysis data (porosity/permeability of 163 plugs,
Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP) data of 43
samples and wettability tests), 2) NMR measurements
in 9 plugs at different saturations (100% brine and Swi)
for three different wettability conditions (plugs were
aged in oil for 18, 33 and 42 days) and, 3) integration of
the lab results with NMR well logging data. The main
objective of the study was to understand fluid
distribution in the bimodal pore system, in order to
reduce the uncertainties associated with water
saturation and permeability determinations from the
NMR log interpretations.
The first NMR log interpretations of the well using
conventional cutoff (~ 100 ms) resulted in high water
saturations. Such saturations were incompatible with
the laboratory results. Core analysis from the key cored
interval have shown the rocks to be of grainstone
texture and composed of rounded grains with high
porosities and permeabilities. The analyses also point to
a high volume of micropores which were confirmed by
the MICP analysis and by the transverse relaxation time
distribution (T2) in the 100% brine saturated plugs. The
macro and microporosity proportions determined by
both methods (NMR and MICP) confirmed each other,
indicating proportionality between the amount of pores
and throats. In addition, macroporosity revealed a good
correlation with absolute permeability, allowing to
conclude that macroporosity is the dominant parameter
controlling fluid flow. For the analysis of T2
distribution at irreducible water saturation (Swi) and
different aging times, rock samples were displaced with
1
a high viscosity oil (110 cp at 90°C) whose transverse
relaxation time (T2) was lower than the two distinct
micro and macropores modes. Results revealed that
with aging macropores and part of the micropores were
sequentially filled by oil.
This large amount of microporosity filled by oil affects
the T2 distribution and therefore the determination of
cutoffs (T2cutoff), since these micropores, related to Bulk
Volume of Irreducible Water (BVI), may contain oil
but do not have significant contribution to permeability.
This study shows that, depending on the formation
wettability and porosity distribution, the use of a second
cutoff in the NMR interpretation solves the
incompatibility problem between permeability and
porosity of the wells obtained by NMR logs.
INTRODUCTION
One of the main products used in NMR log
interpretation is the transverse relaxation time (T2). As
shown in the equation below, the relative importance of
the three relaxation mechanisms depends on the type of
fluid in the pores, the sizes of the pores, the strength of
the surface relaxation, and the wettability of the rock
surface (Coates et al., 1999).
T2bulk: fluid transverse relaxation time;
: suface relaxativity
S/V: surface to volume ratio
T2D: diffusion transverse relaxation time;
Neglecting shale effects, the entire T2 distribution area
must match the sample effective porosity. For
permeability and saturation estimations, it is necessary
to apply to T2 distributions (T2cutoff) a time cutoff which
aims to separate the spectrum areas called in the
literature (Coates et al., 1999) by BVI (Bound Volume
Irreducible of Water) and FFI (Free Fluid Index),
located at left and right of the T2cutoff, respectively.
SPWLA 56th Annual Logging Symposium, July 18-22, 2016
Figure 1: Example of a unimodal T2 distribution from a
brine fully saturated plug (filled blue curve) and at Swi
Air-Water (full red curve). The cutoff defined is around
40 ms and separates the BVI on the left and FFI on the
right.
Water saturation is calculated from the ratio between
the irreducible volume of water and the total area of T2
(total porosity).
Permeability can be calculated by the Timur-Coates
equation, one of the most used with NMR logs (Romero
and Gomez, 2004).
In the example of Figure 1, the T2 distribution is
influenced only by surface relaxation effects because
the rock is completely saturated with brine. Besides, it
is a sample with an homogeneous pore distribution
(unimodal).
According to May and Kantzas (2002), it is usually
assumed that the fluid in the small pores will not be
produced and that the fluid in the large pores are prone
to flow. Therefore, the T2cutoff separates capillary fluid
from free fluid, while separating large pores from small
pores.
In a study of petrophysycal NMR characterization with
100% (brine) saturated plugs, Lonnes et al. (2003)
suggested that the interpretation of T2 as porosity
distribution could lead to errors, and therefore, the
NMR data should be calibrated to laboratory results
other than NMR measurements on plugs.
2
According to Trevizan et al (2014), besides the large
heterogeneity degree of carbonate rocks, another
complicating factor is the possible occurrence of mixed
wettability, which are present in the carbonates of the
Arab-D formation studied by Clerke (2007).
A common observation found in studies of carbonate
rocks such as Chang et al. (1997), Allen et al. (2001),
May and Kantzas (2002), or even with more complex
lithologies (Romero and Gomes, 2004), is the need for
new permeability models that best fit the laboratory
data, because the equations and T2 cutoffs published in
the literature can not yield good enough results.
The paper examines fluid distributions (oil and brine) in
the different pore structures (micro and macro) of
carbonate rocks carrying neutral to oil wettability. The
integration of the obtained results and related
petrophysical analysis provide valuable quantitative and
qualitative information for the interpretation of NMR
well log cutoff.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A well data package covering approximately 45 meters
of a carbonate reservoir was analyzed in the study.
The data package covered basic and special
petrophysical data from plugs totalling 163 porosity and
absolute permeability values, 8 irreducible water
saturation (Swi) results, 43 pore throat radius (ptr)
distributions and 8 wettability index values.
In addition, 9 plugs were taken for NMR analyzes
under varying saturation conditions, according to the
sequence:
Cleaning ; drying and full brine- saturation
NMR (T2) measurements;
Irreducible water saturation by centrifuge (Air-
Water);
NMR (T2) measurements;
Cleaning, drying and full brine-saturation;
Irreducible water saturation by centrifuge (Oil-
Water);
NMR (T2) measurements;
 SPWLA 56th Annual Logging Symposium, July 18-22, 2015

Aging at 64°C for 1008 hours with NMR (T2)

measurements at 18, 33 and 42 days.

The brine saturation was attained after vacuuming the

samples to 10-2 mbar for a minimum of 18 hours
followed by a 3,000 psi pressurization with brine for 24
hours.

The water saturation tests down to the irreducible

condition were performed in an Ultra-Centrifuge URC-
628, from Coretest Systems, Inc., up to speeds of 7,000
rpm. Experiments with air-water were performed at
25°C for 9 samples. With oil-water at 60°C, 6 samples
were tested.
X50
NMR transverse relaxation time (T2) measurements
were carried out at 35°C using Model GeoSpec 2-53 /
Maran XRD HF (2.2 MHz) manufactured by Oxford
Instruments, UK, equipped with a 53mm probe. The
pulse sequence used for T2 measurement was CPMG Figure 2: Well log and thin section images. Zone #3 is
(Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill). The T2 distributions were the main reservoir.
obtained by calculating the inverse Laplace transform
of CPMG measurements, using the software WinDXP RCAL results in Figure 3 shows that zone #3 provides
version 1.8.1.0. The acquisition settings were: echo the best perm-porous qualities, but scattered values
spacing (TE) of 0.2 ms and signal to noise ratio (SNR) suggest the occurrence of pores with different
exceeding 100. contributions to permeability. On the other hand, zones
# 2 and # 4 show good correlation between porosity and
The fluids used were a sodium chlorine brine at permeability, suggesting more homogeneous porous
200kppm concentration and a high viscosity oil (110 cp structures with low permeability.
and 0.952 g/cc density, both measured at 90°C).

The NMR logging tool used was the CMR-PlusTM and

it was run in a well drilled with a water-based mud. The
log interpretation and the core-to-log integration were
carried out with Interactive Petrophysics IP ™.

RCAL

The key oil reservoir interval analyzed in the study has

28 meters of carbonate rocks classified as grainstones
according to Dunham (1962), as shown in Figure
2.Above the interval, rock textures are better described
as packstones and wackestones (# 2). Cemented
grainstones (# 4) form the zone below.
Figure 3: Porosity-permeability correlation.

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SPWLA 56th Annual Logging Symposium, July 18-22, 2015

MICP AND NMR (SW100% BRINE) in Figure 5. As in the ptr distribution, samples #176 and
#325 showed unimodal T2 distribution, which are
MICP analysis investigates the injection pressure associated with zones #2 and #4.
variation that is inversely proportional to the pore throat
size. The smaller the pore throat, the higher the pressure
required to overrun it and fill out the subsequent pore
space.

Figure 4 shows the pore throat radius (ptr) distribution

of 43 samples. Out of them, 38 samples are strongly
bimodal and are related to the higher permeabilities and
grainstone texture of zone #3. The remaining 5
unimodal (ptr) samples pertain to zones # 2 and # 4,
with low permeabilities.

Figure 5: T2 distribution in fully saturated brine

samples.

Table 1 shows the values of micro and macropore

relative volumes obtained with both methods for the
rock taken from the reservoir interval.

Table 1: Micro and macroporosity values obtained by

the two methods.

Microporosity Macroporosity
MICP NMR MICP NMR
AVG 52.26% 51.49% 39.86% 48.51%
Figure 4: Pore throat radius distribution of 43 samples.
Mínimum 33.93% 38.19% 16.94% 30.55%
Máximum 74.56% 69.45% 58.94% 61.81%
For the bimodal grainstones (zone # 3), the plot shows
Samples 38 7 38 7
that the rock is composed mainly of pores connected by
Reference rgp<0.5 T2<200-250 ms rgp>5 T2>200-250 ms
throat radii smaller than 0.5 micrometers and larger
than 5 micrometers. These limits are the same as those
used by Allen et al (2001) studying similar carbonate As suggested by Clerke (2007), permeability is
rocks from the Middle East. The volumes detected governed by the larger pores of these bimodal rocks.
above 5 microns radii represent the macropores and are Large pores are expected to be connected by large
associated with interparticle porosity. As there is no throats, appearing above 5 micrometers in the MICP
matrix present in the zone, the volumes found below the analyzes. Likewise it is expected that the longer times,
0.5 microns throat radii are associated with the grain, above 200-250 ms at T2 plots, are related to larger
i.e., with intraparticle porosity (microporous grain). pores.
Zones #2 and #4 carry only micropores associated with
the grain and the fine matrix. Cantrell and Hagerty Despite the fact that MICP and NMR analyzes are
(1999) found the occurrence of such microporosity in based on different principles, the equivalence between
similar carbonate rocks in the Arab-D formation. the micro and macroporous fractions of the two
methods suggests that there are no significant effects of
In the NMR analysis with fully saturated brine samples diffusive coupling between these pore classes, as noted
(100% brine), relaxation surface effects predominates by Allen et al. (2001). Furthermore, it shows that pore
(Coates et al., 1999) and T2 distribution reflects the and throat sizes are proportional (small pores are
porosity distribution. connected by small throats and big pores are connected
by big throats) in these bimodal carbonates.
Out of the 9 samples used in the NMR analysis, 7
samples showed a bimodal T2 distribution, resembling
the ptr distribution obtained via MICP, as demonstrate
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 SPWLA 56th Annual Logging Symposium, July 18-22, 2015

Another important point suggested by the similarity of inferior perm-porosity qualities. The obtained
the curves is that the low mesoporosity volumes, seen cutoff and irreducible water saturation values are
in MICP, probably presents relaxation times within the shown in Table 2. As this cutoff separates the
macroporous portion of NMR. In other words, the irreducible water from the moving fluids will be
NMR macroporous fraction accounts for sum of the adopted the term T2Swi to name it.
meso and macroporosity contributions in MICP.
Table 2: T2cutoff and irreducible water saturation
The plots in Figure 6 show the good correlations values.
between volumes larger than 0.5 micrometers Unimodal Bimodal
(MICP) and greater than 200 ms (NMR) with the T2cutoff (ms) Swi (%) T2cutoff (ms) Swi (%)
permeability of the samples. Such good correlation AVG 69 35,0% 58 27,7%
supports that micropores, although connected, do Mínimum 39 21,2% 35 22,8%
not contribute significantly to permeability. The Máximum 98 48,8% 76 32,1%
straightforward consequence is that permeability Samples 2 7
can be estimated from the macroporosity values
evaluated by both methods.
NMR (SWIOIL-WATER)

The oil saturation analyzes were performed on 6

samples with grainstone texture, taken from zone
#3.

The purpose of the test was to understand how the

Figure 6: Correlation of
macroporosity results from MICP (ptr > 0.5 microns)
and NMR (T2 > 200 to 250 ms).
NMR (SWIAIR-WATER, T2SWI)
fluids were distributed within the different classes
of pores with aging in a condition close to that of
the reservoir. A viscous oil (110 cp at 90°C) was
used. The oil bulk was tested to have relaxation
time in the order of 1 to 10 ms faster than the
micropore relaxation time. Such contrast promoted
the oil signal recognition and helped recognizing
fluid redistribution in the pores during aging.
permeability and Figure 7 summarizes the T2 distributions at
different aging times (solid curves). To help
interpreting, the bulk relaxation times of brine and
oil (dashed curves) are also plotted on the same
graph.

After centrifuging the samples at 7,000 rpm (in air-

water), the T2 distribution at irreducible water
saturation condition (SwiAir-Water) and,
consequently, the T2 cutoff as well as the
irreducible water saturation value were obtained
for each sample. The average overall cutoff value
determined using the method described by Coates
et al. (1999) was 60 ms and the water saturation
was 29.3%. All the cutoff estimates were below
the literature values (100 ms) and also below the
cutoff used to separate the micro and macro NMR
fractions. This suggests that centrifugation is de-
saturating portions of the micropores and therefore
the cutoff value falls inside the micropore range.
Only one sample (#325) presented the cutoff close
Figure 7: Summary of T2 distribution for sample
to the literature value (98 ms), but that is a #258 after oil saturation and aging.
unimodal sample from the cemented zone #4, with
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SPWLA 56th Annual Logging Symposium, July 18-22, 2015

In the 1st saturation condition (SwiO-W, red curve), reservoir condition.

after centrifuging, the macropore signal is
significantly reduced while the micropore response
barely changes, from fully brine-saturated curve.
The change in macropores curve points that almost
all the water was displaced by the oil.
With the progressive aging and the concurrent
NMR measurements made at 18, 33 and 42 days,
the T2 peaks corresponding to micropores (in the
plot middle of Fig.7) progressively reduce in
amplitude while the oil-pore signal at the leftmost
segment of the curves increases its strength. This
is a strong suggestion that the micropores are filled
progressively by oil with aging, through
imbibition, especially during the first aging step.
In relation to macropores, signal changes are minor
during aging. The position of the T2 peaks appear at a
time shorter than that of the total brine saturation,
suggesting that the remaining water is stick to the rock
surface.
These distributions confirm that micropores are
partially saturated with oil, which is in agreement with
the previous de-saturation of micropores when
centrifuging samples in air-water (SwiAir-Water). This is
also consistent with the results provided in the dataset
indicating neutral to oil wettability. However, the signal
corresponding to the water remaining in the micropores
suggests a surface relaxation effect. Therefore, the
water probably saturates the smaller pores in micro
structure. The macropores signal showed small changes
with aging. So it is possible to conclude that they are
wetted by oil since the first exposure step to the fluid.
Based on these observations, it is interpreted that these
rocks carry a mixed wettability, as described by
Salathiel (1973). In these systems, the oil forms a
continuous phase preferably in the larger pores while
water does the same in the smaller pores.
According to Allen et al. (2001), in the case of
carbonates, the NMR log calibration with the NMR lab
results were not satisfactory, probably due to the
differences between laboratory and reservoir
conditions, especially the temperature and hydrocarbon
fluids.
In the present study, the qualitative information
resulting from the rock analyzes integration were
critical to the NMR log interpretation, providing the
following findings:
1. Macroporosity provides the highest
contribution to permeability;
2. Oil saturates portions of the micropores but
water fills the smallest capillaries, resulting in
a mixed wettability rock;
3. Suggestion of splitting the T2 cutoff in two,
one for permeability (T2K) and one for
saturation (T2Swi) for consistency with the
finding that storage (porosity) is not related to
flow(permeability) in the NMR of these rocks.
After the rock analyses, the NMR logs were examined
at the corresponding depth of the plugs, and at the
adjacent layers (LOG-1 and LOG+1). Figure 8 shows
the T2 log distribution and the T2 plug distribution for
sample #258.

CORE-TO-LOG (NMR)

The NMR plug results for fully and partially brine-

saturated conditions, integrated with RCAL and
MICP results, provided important information
such as irreducible water saturation (Swi),
permeability and the characteristics of the porous
Figure 8: T2 plug distribution (LAB) from sample
system. Moreover the NMR results with aging for
#258 and corresponding T2 log distributions.
oil-water saturated conditions allowed to
understand qualitatively the fluid distribution in
the pore system. However, these NMR results
were obtained in laboratory conditions, not in

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 SPWLA 56th Annual Logging Symposium, July 18-22, 2015

In Figure 8, LOG-1 and LOG+1 correspond to logs for plugs in fully brine saturated condition (blue).
depth variations of 0,5ft. The dashed lines represent the Furthermore, track 7 plots microporosity (red squares)
fluid bulk relaxation, measured for the brine (in blue) and meso + macroporosity (blue squares) derived from
and estimated for the reservoir oil (black). the MICP interpretation. It is observed that the
irreducible fluid curve (NMRbft) presents values that
For all samples, the T2 log distribution shows 3 distinct are below the MICP microporosity measurements
peaks. Based on the findings of the rock data analyses, (Phi_Micro). After the findings on fluid distribution in
the first peak in short times, generally below 30 ms, is the plugs, that was expected due to the oil remaining
interpreted as due to the capillary water in the smaller inside micropores.
micropores. The peak at intermediate times is related to
the oil, in both micropores and macropores. Some
curves show brief breaks around 100 ms, as in sample
#258, suggesting time separation between the two pore
signals. In the case, probably the longer times are
related to oil filling larger pores. The latest time peaks
appear at up to 2,000 ms and are probably associated
with bulk relaxation of filtrate invasions of the water
based drilling fluid.

For the T2 log cutoff determination focused on water

saturation (T2Swi), the values obtained from the NMR
plug analysis in air-water were used as a reference for
saturation. The T2 log cutoff was determined so to fit
the Swi value of each corresponding depth sample. For
the seven samples with bimodal pore size distribution
from zone #3, the calculated average T2 log cutoff X25
(T2Swi) was 25 ms. For the two samples from zones #2
and #4, the average T2 cutoff was 31 ms. Table 3
presents the results for all samples.

Table 3 – NMR T2 cutoff results for samples (LAB) and

at the corresponding depths in the NMR log (LOG).

X50

Figure 9: Re-interpreted saturation log.

For the T2 log cutoff determination focused on

permeability, micro and macroporosity values from the
T2 distribution of plugs in the fully brine-saturated
condition were used. Thus, at each corresponding depth
on the NMR log, a T2 cutoff value was determined so to
equal micro and macro areas on the log T2 distribution
Figure 9 shows the NMR well log interpretation using
to those on the plugs. For the seven samples with
the T2cutoff of 25 ms. It is noticeable that the final water
bimodal porosity distribution (zone #3) the resulting
saturation curve (last track) presents a good fit with the
average cutoff value was 75 ms.
eight water saturation results from analyses performed
on aging samples (black dots). Track 6 shows the T2 log
distribution (green) and the T2 distribution from the

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SPWLA 56th Annual Logging Symposium, July 18-22, 2015
Figure 10 shows the well NMR log interpretation after
using the T2cutoff of 75 ms. In this case, the
microporosity log curve (NMRbft) shows a good fit
with the MICP microporosity results, as shown on track
7. As seen in the fully brine-saturated plug analyses,
macroporosity is the primary responsible for
permeability. Therefore, permeability was calculated
by the Timur-Coates equation with fixed coefficients (a
= 10, b = 2 and c = 4), and macroporosity (NMRff) and
microporosity (NMRbvi) corresponding to FFI and BVI
respectively. For comparison purposes, two
permeability curves were calculated and plotted along:
one by direct regression with macroporosity and the
other considering the T2cutoff for Swi purposes.
X25
X50
Figure 10: Re-interpreted permeability log.
The last track shows the 3 permeability curves
built by the different approaches. The orange
curve with the 25 ms T2cutoff (T2Swi) and the blue
curve with the 75 ms T2cutoff (T2K), both using
Timur-Coates equation. The red curve was based
on a regression between macroporosity and
permeability. The black dots are the RCAL
8
permeability results. As expected, the best fit of the
modelled permeability curve with RCAL permeability
data was achieved using the Timur-Coates equation and
micro and macroporosity obtained by 75 ms T2cutoff
(T2K).
CONCLUSIONS
The laboratory results integration from RCAL, MICP
and NMR analysis in fully brine-saturated condition,
showed that the main reservoir (zone #3) has bimodal
pore throat and pore size distributions with large
fractions of micropores (52.26%) and macropores. As
grainstones are free of matrix textures, these volumes
are related to porosity within the grains (intraparticle)
and between the grains (interparticle), respectively.
The NMR plug analysis at irreducible water saturation
condition revealed T2cutoff average of 58ms for bimodal
samples from zone #3. The average water saturation
resulting from the T2 interpretation using each sample
cutoff was 27.7%. This value is in agreement with the
average (28.7%) water saturation from other laboratory
measurements in 7 samples of the same zone.
The NMR analysis of the plugs when saturated with a
high-viscosity oil allowed visualizing the fluid
distribution in the different pore structures during
aging. At the end of the process, it was found that
micropores are saturated by a substantial amount of the
oil.
Because the T2 interpretation is based on applying a
T2cutoff that separates, at the same time, irreducible
fluid/small pores and free fluid/large pores, the use of a
single T2cutoff for zone #3 could lead to an incorrect free
fluid volume increase resulting in overestimated
permeability values.
So for the NMR log interpretation the paper proposes
the use of two T2cutoffs, called T2Swi (25 ms), and T2K (75
ms), which showed good matches with the laboratory
water saturation and permeability measurements.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge Petrobras for
providing the well database and for funding the study.
 SPWLA 56th Annual Logging Symposium, July 18-22, 2015
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Frederico Bastos Schuab joined Petrobras in 2006
working as a petrophysicist mainly in carbonate
reservoirs. He holds a B.Sc. in Geology from State
University of Rio de Janeiro and M.Sc. in Science and
Petroleum Engineering from State University of
Campinas.
Alessandra Winter is researcher at Center of
Petroleum Studies (Cepetro) since 2012. She has
experience in the areas of Chemical and Petroleum
Engineering, with emphasis in petrophysical reservoir,
flow in porous media and processing and
characterization of oil. She holds a B.Sc. degree in
Chemical Engineering from the State University of
Maringá (2004), Master (2007) and PhD (2011) in
Chemical Engineering from the State University of
Campinas.
Osvair Vidal Trevisan is Full Professor at State
University of Campinas. He was chairman of the Center
of Petroleum Studies (Cepetro) from 2008 through
2014. He has experience in the areas of Mechanical
Engineering and Petroleum Engineering, acting on the
following topics: Flow in Porous Media, Heat Transfer,
Reservoir Engineering, Well Test Analysis and
Enhanced Oil Recovery. He holds a B.Sc. degree in
Mechanical Engineering from the State University of
Campinas (1979), Master (1981) and PhD (1986) in
Mechanical Engineering from the State University of
Campinas.
Leonardo André Fraga Bonzanini joined Petrobras in
2006 and since 2009 works with petrophysics and core-
to-log correlation at Petrobras Research Center. He has
a B.Sc. in Geology from Rio Grande do Sul Federal
University and M.Sc. in Geosciences from Rio Grande
do Norte Federal University.