UP Academic League of Chemical Engineering Students (UP ALCHEMES)

Academic Affairs Committee - Reviews and Tutorials Series, A.Y. 2015-2016

Chem 16 LE 1 (ANSWER KEY)

I. True or False 9. True.

1. Chemical change.
There is no change in composition during a 10. True.
physical change.

2. True. 11. Paramagnetic.

A mixture is only a combination of the Draw the molecular orbital diagram for O2-.
substances; they do not change in composition. One of the π2p* orbitals has an unpaired
electron so it’s paramagnetic.
3. Gold-foil experiment.
The oil drop experiment was used by Millikan 12. True.
to measure the mass of an electron. In the gold
Although sulfates are usually soluble, PbSO4 is
foil experiment, the deflection pattern of the
alpha radiation fired at the foil showed that one of the exceptions (along with sulfates of
most of the atom is empty space with a highly Hg2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+)
dense charged center.
13. Red.
4. Azimuthal quantum number.
The azimuthal quantum number corresponds to 14. Does not conduct.
the subshell (s,p,d,or f), which tells the shape
Although acetic acid is a weak electrolyte in
of the orbital.
solution, glacial acetic acid cannot dissociate
5. Shorter. into ions as there is very little water.
Bond length is inversely proportional to bond
order. 15. Not (completely) dissolve / partially dissolve.
The chosen solvent should completely dissolve
6. sp3d2. the solute when hot, not at low temperatures.
In an octahedral molecule, the central atom is
bonded to six other atoms. This involves 6 II. Multiple Choice.
1. D - Saltwater and brass are homogeneous
hybrid orbitals so it must be sp3d2 hybridized.
mixtures while copper is an element.
The sp3 hybridization is for tetrahedral
molecules.
2. A - The most covalent bond is the one with the
least electronegativity difference between
7. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle.
atoms.
Hund’s rule states that electrons occupy
degenerate orbitals singly first before pairing
3. C - Metallic character increases down a group
up.
and decreases across a period.
8. Smaller.
4. A - CO2 is a linear molecule and has no net
For isoelectronic cations, the more positive the
dipole. SO2 is bent while NH3 and PBr3 are
ionic charge means that it has a greater number
trigonal pyramidal
of protons. More protons in its nucleus would
increase the effective nuclear charge, attracting
5. C – All nitrates are soluble in water.
the electrons and decreasing the radius.
III. Identification/Fill in the Blanks
1. 15 protons, 16 electrons, 16 neutrons. 3. Let x be the percentage abundance of chlorine-
35.
2. Aufbau’s Principle.
34.96885 36.9659
35.45 = 100 x + 100 (100-x)
3. 3, 1, -1, +1/2.
35.45 = 0.3496885x + 0.369659(100-x)
The electron configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p1.
-1.5159 = -0.0199705x
n = 3 (3rd energy level), l = 1 (p orbital), m l = -
x = 75.9
1 (occupies first p orbital), ms = +1/2 (spin up)
The percentage abundance of chlorine-35 is
4. Increases; decreases.
75.9% while the percentage abundance of
Across a period the effective nuclear charge
chlorine-37 is 24.1%.
increases, increasing the attraction of the atom
towards electrons. Down a group the radius of
an atom increases, decreasing the attraction to
4. Ni has 28 electrons. In Ni+, one electron is
electrons.
removed from the outermost shell (4s).
Ni+: 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d8 or [Ar] 4s13d8
5. Square-planar.
Xe has 8 valence electrons. 4 electrons would
S has 16 electrons. S2- has 18 electrons, making
be involved in its bonds with F, leaving 2 lone
it have the same number of electrons as Ar.
pairs of electrons.
S2-: 1s22s22p63s23p6 or [Ar]
5. 2- 2- 2-
6. sp3d.
O S O O S O O S O
S has 6 valence electrons. 4 would be involved
in its bonds with F, leaving one lone pair of O O O
electrons. Its geometry is see-saw.
2-
7. 14 sigma, 2 pi. O S O
There are 12 single bonds and 2 double bonds.
O
Each single bond consists of a sigma bond
while each double bond consists of 1 sigma and For SO3-, the central atom should have 0
1 pi bond. formal charge. As such, it can expand its octet
to accommodate a double bond with one of the
8. sp2 - It has three groups bonded to it and no oxygen atoms. If an atom can exceed the octet
in favour of having a 0 formal charge, it
lone pair of electrons. Its geometry is trigonal usually would. This forms several resonance
planar structures.
- - -
IV. Problem Solving O N O O N O
1. O N O
O O O
3Ba(OH)2 + 2FeCl3  3BaCl2 + 2Fe(OH)3
3Ba2+ + 6OH- + 2Fe3+ + 6Cl-  3Ba2++ 6Cl- +
2Fe(OH)3 -
2Fe3++ 6OH-  + 2Fe(OH)3 O N O
Fe3+ (aq) + 3OH- (aq)  + Fe(OH)3(s) O
67.88
2. 57.9353( 100 ) +
26.23
59.9332( 100 ) + For NO3-, nitrogen would have a formal charge
1.19 3.66 1.08
of +1. Although unfavourable, Nitrogen cannot
60.9310( 100 ) + 61.9283( 100 ) + 63.9280( 100 ) expand its octet. Generally, elements before
= 58.73 g/mol period 3 cannot go over the octet rule (though
 B can have only 6). There are resonance
structures available.
____
O Cl O H σ*2p
___ ___
π*2p
In HClO2 all atoms can have a 0 formal charge, ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
with Cl expanding its octet. 2p 2p
___
σ2p
6. ___ ___
For N22-: π2p
a. Take note that there is large 2s-2p
interaction for N2. As such, the π2p is of ___
lower energy than σ2p. σ*2s
___ ___ ___
σ*2p 2s 2s
___ ___ ___
π*2p σ2s
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
2p 2p ___
___ σ*1s
σ2p ___ ___
___ ___ 1s 1s
For N2: π2p ___

___
σ*2s b. Bond order =
___ ___ 𝐵𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠−𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
2s 2s 2
6−0
___ N2 : Bond order = =3
σ2s 2
5−0
N2+ : Bond order = = 2.5
___ 2
6−2
σ*1s N22-: Bond order = =2
___ ___ 2
1s 1s
___ c. N22- < N2+ < N2
σ1s

___
d. N2+ and N22- are paramagnetic
σ*2p
___ ___
π*2p
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
2p 2p
___
σ2p
___ ___
For N2+: π2p

___
σ*2s
___ ___
2s 2s
___
σ2s

___
σ*1s
___ ___
1s 1s
___
σ1s