ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J.

Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
Lecture 1: Intro and Review of Undergrad Reinforced Concrete, Deflections

 This course focuses on advanced topics in reinforced concrete design.

 In today’s lecture, we will review some of the basics concepts that you should already be
familiar with such as beam design, concrete material properties, and shear design.
 Some topics I completely ignored in this review that I discuss in my undergrad class and
won’t be repeated in this class include one-way slab design, flexural moments in continuous
beams and slabs, foundation design, and loads and load combinations.
 We will review columns and beam-columns next time.

Concrete Stress-Strain Curve and Critical Material Properties

 A typical stress-strain curve determined from a load-displacement compressive cylinder test.

Ec

f’c
Failure
fc, Compressive Strength (ksi)

0.0015 to
0.0025

0.003

c, Strain

 A typical compressive strength test is with a 6” x 12” cylinder but ultimately, the ratio of
height to diameter is always 2:1.
 The concrete is hardened for 24 hrs at the job site usually in temperatures of 60oF to 80oF.
 The cylinders are protected from loss of moisture and excessive heat at the job site.

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
 After 28 days, the concrete is tested and the properties are obtained including the
compressive strength, f’c which is the most important concrete property in design.
 There are two types of concrete used in building design; Lightweight concrete and
Normalweight Concrete.
The nominal density of lightweight concrete is: wc = 110 pcf
The nominal density of normalweight concrete is: wc = 145 pcf
 These values are typically assumed when computing the elastic modulus and other properties
of the concrete itself.
 However, when determining the weight of concrete beams for the dead load of the structure,
it is generally assumed that the density is 5 pcf higher to account for the reinforcing steel
which has a typical density of s = 490 pcf
 Empirical equations have been developed for the modulus of elasticity of concrete and are
published in ACI 318.
 The modulus of elasticity equations are dependent on the density of the concrete and the
specified compressive strength of the concrete as follows:
1.5
E c  33wc f 'c (wc in pcf, f’c in psi, Ec in psi)

E c  57000 f 'c (For wc = 145 pcf, f’c in psi, Ec in psi)

Reinforcing Steel:
 Reinforcing steel is generally made with ASTM designation A615, A706, and A996.
 Gr. 60 is by far the most common steel grade used in reinforced concrete.
 Typically, this grade has specified minimum yield strength of 60000 psi and a specified
ultimate strength of 90000 psi.
 However, reinforced concrete design, it is assumed that the steel is much more ductile than
the concrete and we simply assume an elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain curve as shown in
the diagram below.
 Typical strain hardening strains are of a magnitude of approximately 0.01 (1%) which is
much higher than the maximum concrete strain of 0.003.

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

Spacing and Clear Cover Requirements (Sections 25.2 and 20.6 of ACI 318):

 In order to properly develop forces in each reinforcing bar and to develop a proper bond
between the concrete and the steel, ACI 318 specifies minimum spacing between the
reinforcement bars and a minimum “clear cover” from the edges of the bar and the concrete.
 A specified clear cover is also often critical to ensure that moisture does not infiltrate and
corrode the steel.

Shear Stirrups
Two Layers

‘cc’

‘sc2’

‘cc’

‘cc’
‘sc’
‘sc’
‘s’ ‘cc’
‘s’

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

 In the figure above, ‘cc’ represents the clear cover.

 ‘s’ is the nominal spacing between reinforcement bars.
 ‘sc’ is the clear spacing between reinforcement bars.
 According to ACI 318-14, Section 25.2, the spacing limits are as follows:
o Minimum clear spacing ‘sc’ between parallel bars in a layer is equal to ‘db’ but not less
than 1” or (4/3)dagg. Note that ‘db’ is the nominal bar diameter and dagg is the maximum
course aggregate size. Do not worry about the aggregate sizes for this course.
o When reinforcement is placed in multiple layers, the upper layers shall be placed directly
above bars in bottom layers with clear distance between layers ‘sc2’ not less than 1”.
o In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced columns, minimum clear spacing ‘sc’ between
longitudinal bars is 1.5db but not less than 1.5” or (4/3)dagg.
o In walls and one-way slabs, primary reinforcement shall not be spaced ‘s’ farther apart
than 3 times the wall or slab thickness nor 18”.
 Minimum clear cover is given in ACI 318-14, Section 20.6 as follows:
o These are valid for nonprestressed concrete members
Specified Concrete Cover for cast-in-place nonprestressed concrete members

Design of Singly Reinforced Beams and other Flexural Members

 In concrete beam design, which is similar to the design of most structural elements, one
major assumption is made: “Plane Sections Remain Plane Before and After Bending”.
 This essentially means that the strain diagram remains linear.

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

 However, in concrete design more so than in any other material, this does not mean that the
stress diagram remains linear.
 It is assumed that the concrete cracks in tension and has no capacity.
 See the diagram below for some nominal dimensions and some stress and strain conditions of
a concrete beam subjected to bending.

c = 0.003 

d
h Tension

cracked

 As shown in the above diagram, we generally note that ‘d’ is the distance from the top of the
concrete or sometimes the bottom of the concrete for reversed loading to the centroid of the
tensile reinforcement which may be in multiple layers.
 ‘h’ is the nominal heigh and ‘b’ is the nominal width.
 As specified in ACI 318-14 Sec. 22.2.2.1, the nominal flexural strength of a member is
reached when the strain in the extreme compression fiber reaches 0.003.
 Depending on the strain in the tension steel, the section is classified as either tension-
controlled, compression controlled, or in between and the strength reduction factor  varies
from a value of 0.90 to 0.65.
 Generally, a beam will be tension-controlled, but it must be checked and  = 0.90.
 ACI Sec. 21.2.2 defines a tension-controlled section as one which the strain in the
tension steel  t  0.005 when the concrete reaches its ultimate strain of  c = 0.003
 Researchers over the years have indicated that trying to determine the center of the force (and
the resultant force) on the compressive side of the stress diagram is difficult.

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

Actual Stress Distribution Idealized Stress Distribution

0.85f’c 0.85f’c
a/2
a = 1c
c

Moment Arm, Z
NA d

Whitney Stress Block

T = AsFy T = AsFy

 Therefore, for several years, the actual concrete stress distribution was idealized as an
equivalent stress box known as the “Whitney” stress block ‘a’ is equal to the depth of the
compression concrete ‘c’ multiplied by ‘1’
 ‘1’ defines the depth and is an empirical factor. The higher the compressive strength, the
lower the factor ‘1’.
 According to ACI 318:
 1  0.85 [ f ' c  4000 psi]
 1  0.85  ( f ' c 4000) / 20000 [ 4000  f ' c  8000 psi]
 1  0.65 [ f ' c  8000 psi]

 For singly reinforced flexural members, the bottom reinforcement resists the tension.
 It is generally assumed preliminarily that, T = Total Tension Force = AsFy
 The total compression force is equal to the maximum stress of the concrete multiplied by the
area of the concrete stress block.
 We will denote the total force in the concrete equal to ‘Cc’.
 Cc = 0.85f’c x a x b = (0.85f’cab)
 Now, since this is a flexural member with no axial force running through the member, the
resultant force in the section is equal to zero. (i.e. Cc = T).
 The maximum moment is equal to the force multiplied by the couple: Mn = T*Z
 Mn = AsFy * (d – a /2) (1)

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

 We know all these parameters except ‘a’. However, we do know that:

 0.85f’cab = AsFy (i.e. Cc = T).
As Fy
 Therefore, a  (2)
0.85 f ' c b

 Equations (1) and (2) above are all that is required to determine the “nominal” moment
capacity of a singly reinforced flexural member.

Determining if Tension Controlled

 As mentioned before, in order to determine the appropriate resistance factor for the flexural
member, we have to determine if it is tension controlled.
 If the strain in the bottom layer of tension steel is 0.005 or greater, the section is classified as
tension controlled and  = 0.9 for flexure.
 Let’s look at the figures again.


c = 0.003

a = 1c
c

d
h d-c

t

 At this point, we know c, d, and a.

t d  c
 Assuming a linear relationship, 
c c

d c  d  a / 1 
 Therefore: t  c  0.003 (3)
c a / 1

 You can also prove that if c/d ≤ 0.375, a tension controlled section results.

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

Example
Determine the moment capacity of the reinforced concrete beam shown below assuming that the
steel reinforcement is Gr. 60 and the concrete compressive strength, f’c = 6000 psi. Assume
spacing and edge distances are adequate.

12”

(3) No. 10 bars

(Centered)

18”

3”

3”
TYP

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
Givens:
Beam Width: b  12 in
Beam Height: h  18 in
Concrete Strength: fc  6000 psi
Steel Strength: Fy  60000 psi

Area of 1 No. 10 bar: 2

A s_1  1.27 in

Dist Reinf From Bottom: Le  3 in

Solution:
Depth to reinforcement: d  h  Le d  15 in
ß1, For Concrete strength fc  4000
between 4000 psi and 8000 psi.  1  0.85   1  0.75
20000
2
Total Steel Area: A s  3 A s_1 A s  3.81 in

A s  Fy 2
Depth of Whitney: a  a  3.735 in
0.85 fc b

Mn  A s  Fy   d 
a 6
Nominal Moment Capacity:  Mn  3.002 10 lb  in
 2
a
Determine if Tension Controlled: c  c  4.98 in
1
( d  c) 3
 t  0.003  t  6.035 10 in / in (Greater than 0.005, Therefore Tension Controlled)
c
6
  0.9 M n    Mn M n  2.702 10 lb  in

We will often list the final moment capacity in units of k-ft.

Therefore, we will divide by 12 ft lb-ft and devide again by 1000 for k-ft.

1
M n  M n  M n  225.154 k  ft Answer
12 1000

Doubly Reinforced Beams:

 In some instances, it is necessary to design our beams as doubly reinforced instead of singly
reinforced. This may be at the end of the beam or as part of a beam-column.
 Doubly reinforced does not help that much with capacity but it does help with serviceability.
 A designer can only put so much reinforcement at the bottom of concrete beam due to
spacing, clear cover, maximum reinforcement ratios (for tension controlled), etc.
 Therefore, reinforcement is added to the top as shown in the illustration below.

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

c = 0.003 0.85f’c
a/2 Cs= A’sf’s
d’ s’
A’s c a = 1c

d
Cc = (a*b-A’s)*0.85*f’c
h
Subtract A’s only if
As found in Whitney stress
s block
T = AsFy

 The figure above assumes positive curvature with the bottom of the section in tension and
the top of the section in compression.
 Note that in a lot of instances, a doubly reinforced beam is opposite with tension on the top
and compression on the bottom.
 As shown in the above figure, the top area reinforcement is designated with a ‘.
Area of Compression Reinforcement = A’s
Depth from top of concrete to top reinforcement = d’
Strain in top steel = ’s
Stress in top steel = f’s
 If the depth to the top of the reinforcement d’ is less than the depth of the compressive side
of the neutral axis ‘c’, then the top reinforcement is in compression.
 Therefore, the strain in the top reinforcement is computed as follows:

0.003
 's  (c  d ' ) (From Similar Triangles)
c
 Once the strain is known, the stress can be found.
 If the strain is less than the yield strain (y = fy/Es), then the stress is equal to:
f’s = Es * ’s
 If the strain is greater than the yield strain, the stress is equal to the yield stress.

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
 The bottom reinforcement and the concrete force contributions are computed in the same
fashion as with the singly reinforced case:
Cc = 0.85f’c x a x b = (0.85f’cab) (See note above in diagram)
Ts = AsFy (Tension steel assumed to yield at bending moment capacity).
 However, Cc ≠ Ts
 Instead: Cc + C s = T s
As Fy
 This will mean that: a
0.85 f ' c b

 Solution better determined from theory above and trial and error of depth to neutral axis ‘c’

Example - Analysis
A reinforced concrete beam with an effective depth of 16 in and a width of 12 in is reinforced
with grade 60 bars and has a concrete compressive strength of 3000 psi. The depth to the
centroid of the compressive reinforcement is 3”. Determine if the beam can support a factored
moment of 178 ft-kips.

3”

2 #5’s

16”

3#9’s

12”

Solution:

Preliminary Properties:
As = 3 * 1 = 3 in2
A’s = 2 * 0.31 = 0.62 in2
fy = 60 ksi f’c = 3 ksi

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
1 = 0.85 (for f’c = 3 ksi)

Givens: 2 2
b  12 in d  16 in A sp  0.62 in A s  3 in

fc  3 ksi fy  60 ksi  1  0.85 For 3000 psi concrete d prime  3 in Es  29000 ksi

fy 3
Part b: y  y  2.069 10
Es

Solution c  0.003 in / in (Will use trial and error approach)

Assume: c  6 in This is what I iterate

 c  d prime  3
stop  0.003   stop  1.5  10 in / in
 c 

fstop  if stop  y  fy  stop  Es  fstop  43.5 ksi

Cs   fstop  0.85  fc  A sp Cs  25.389 kips

a  c   1 a  5.1 in

Cc  0.85  fc  b  a Cc  156.06 kips

s  0.003 
d c  3 in / in
 s  5  10 Tension Controlled = 0.005
 c 

fs  if s  y  fy  s  Es  fs  60 ksi If iteration correct, P = 0 kips since no applied axial
load. Must have force equilibrium
Ts  fs  A s Ts  180 kips

P  Cs  Cc  Ts P  1.449 kips OK Within 2 kips a good enough iteration:

  Cc   d 
1 a  
Mn    Cs   d  d prime   Mn  202.422 k  ft
12   2  
Already determined that the section was tension controlled, Therefore:   0.9
Mn    Mn Mn  182.18 k  ft Greater than 178 k-ft, OK

Note: In Mn equation, moments are taken about the bottom steel reinforcement.

Flanged Section with Tension Reinforcement

 Flanged Sections are usually considered to increase the strength of the rectangular beam.
 They generally exist when a beam is integral with the slab.
 Ultimately, we can assume a portion of the slab works with the beam such that the total
design beam is a ‘T’ or an ‘L’.

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

 According to Section 6.3.2.1 of ACI 318-14, the slab effective as a T-beam flange shall not
exceed the following:
 1 / 4 * span length

o be  min  bw  16 * h f
beam centerline spacing


 For the case of unequal spacing between T-beams, the effective T-beam flange shall not
exceed one-quarter of the span length of the beam, and the effective overhanging flange
width on each side of the web shall not exceed:
o 8 times the slab thickness (8hf)
o One-half the clear distance to the next web.

 When the rectangular stress block (a*b) is wholly contained in the flange, a flange section
may be designed similar a rectangular beam (Not the case shown below).

bw

 In the analysis of a T-beam or L-beam, it is recommended to first check if the stress block
extends past the flange thickness. A good way to determine this is by setting Cc = T and then
performing the equation below which assumed that the stress block is within the flange:
As Fy
o a
0.85 f 'c b

 Then you complete the problem like problems we solved before for moment capacity.
o M n  0.9 As Fy ( d  a / 2) (check tension controlled)

 If the value of ‘a’ extends past flange thickness ‘hf’, then your assumption was incorrect and
you have a new problem with a stress distribution as shown above.
 It is then recommended to break it up into the Cf and Cw forces, where:

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
o Cf = 0.85f’cAf = 0.85f’c(b-bw)hf
o Cw = AsFy – Cf (From Equilibrium)
o a = total depth of compressive stress block which is also equal to the depth of the Cw force.
o Then the moment capacity can be computed by summing moments at tension force:
o M n  0.9(C w (d  a / 2)  C f (d  h f / 2)) (check tension controlled)

Example Analysis (One with stress block flange only and other in flange and web):
Determine the moment capacity of the reinforced concrete T-beam shown below:

Solution:

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

Shear Design

 The shear strength of a concrete element is calculated assuming that the area above the
bottom reinforcement is subjected to a uniform steel stress.

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

V d d
h

b = bw bw

RECT. BEAM T-BEAM

AREA IN SHEAR

 Per several experiments conducted by various researchers, it was determined that the nominal
allowable shear strength of a concrete beam should be limited to:
o vc = 2*SQRT(f’c) (units = psi)
o Where f’c is the compressive strength of the concrete in psi.

 The total shear strength (force) of the concrete in a reinforced concrete beam is equal to:
o Vc = 2*SQRT(f’c)*bw*d

 This is a conservative and usually sufficiently accurate.

 However, ACI provides an alternate more precise value which is equal to:
o Vc = [1.9SQRT(f’c) + (2500*w*Vu*d/Mu)]*bw*d

o Vu*d / Mu ≤ 1.0
o SQRT(f’c) ≤ 100 psi
o Mu is the factored moment simultaneously with Vu at the section being analyzed.

o w is the reinforcement ratio and can be computed as As/bwd

 Note that this later calculation is also empirical and requires calculation of the shear and
moments at several locations along the length the beam.
 The resistance factor for shear is always:  = 0.75

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

 If the concrete nominal dimensions are inadequate to resist the design shear load, steel
reinforcement may be used to provide additional reinforcement.
 Below is an example of what shear reinforcement may look like.

Shear Stirrups
No. 4, e.g.

 If all possible, it is recommended to keep shear stirrups as small as No. 4.

 The nominal shear capacity of inclined stirrups is equal to the following:
o Vs= Av fyt d(sin + cos) / s

o Vs is the strength of the shear reinforcement.

o Av is the area of shear reinforcement projecting vertically within a cross-section.
o For example, the area of the shear reinforcement shown in the figure above:
 Av = 2 * *(4/8)2 / 4
o fyt is the nominal yield strength of the shear reinforcement which is generally the
same as the longitudinal reinforcement.
 For vertical stirrups, which is often the case, the shear equation reduces to:
o Vs= Avfytd / s

 Note, that the nominal shear strength of the reinforcement is limited to:
o Vsmax = 8*SQRT(f’c)*bw*d

 The total nominal strength of the concrete beam and the design strength of the concrete
beams are shown below

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

o Vn = Vs+ Vc

o Vn = (Vs + Vc)

 ACI limits the spacing of stirrups to a maximum value of d/2 or 24” and when the value of Vs
exceeds 4bwd*SQRT(f’c), the spacing is reduced to a maximum value of d/4 or 12”.
 There are some other maximum spacing rules (or minimum shear reinforcement area
requirements) a designer must be familiar with but they rarely control.
0.75 f ' c bw s 50bw s
o Av min   (1)
f yt f yt

 If Vu exceeds (Vc), a minimum amount of stirrups per these rules (last two bullet points)
must be included.

Example
For the concrete beam shown below, assume f’c = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi for the longitudinal and
shear reinforcement, determine the design shear strength. Check maximum spacing. The stirrups
are vertical with a spacing of 18 in.

12”

(3) No. 10 bars

(Centered)
No. 4 Stirrups
18”

3”

4”
TYP

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
Givens:
f’c = 4000 psi, fy = 60000 psi, d = 18” – 3” = 15”
bw = 12”, s = 18”
Solution:
Vc = 2*SQRT(f’c)*bw*d = 2 * SQRT(4000)*12*15 = 22768 lbs = 22.8 kips
Vs= Avfytd / s = 2*0.2*60000 * 15/ 18 = 20000 lbs = 20 kips
Check: 8bwd*SQRT(f’c) = 4*22.8 = 91.2 kips, Therefore, 20 kips controls
Nominal Shear Strength: Vn = Vs + Vc = 22.8 kips + 20 kips = 42.8 kips
Design Shear Strength: Vn = 0.75*42.8 = 32.1 kips ANSWER
Check Max Spacing
4bwd*SQRT(f’c) = 2*22.8 = 45.6 kips < Vs
Therefore, the maximum spacing of d/2 or 24” controls.
d/2 = 7.5” < 18”. Therefore, No Good, Decrease Spacing
0.75 f ' c bw s 50bw s
Av min   also has to be checked but rarely controls.
f yt f yt

DEFLECTIONS
 I’m going to emphasize beam deflections in this review more than the other topics since I
learned last time I taught this class, this is the one students were least familiar with. I need
students to understand this topic when we discuss slab deflections.
 Serviceability considerations and deflections are important in the design of beams.
 We will consider deflections as the vertical displacement downward of a beam.
 Unlike other structural elements, the concrete will crack, thus decreasing the gross moment
of inertia of the section as more loading is applied.
 This decreases stiffness. However, the gross moment of inertia must be computed as part of
our equations.
 We also have to compute what is known as the cracked moment of inertia, Icr.
 The cracked moment of inertia is a section property (i.e. not dependent on the actual loads).
 Finally, we have to calculate what is known as the effective moment of inertia that considers
both the gross moment of inertia and the cracked moment of inertia in addition to the actual
applied moments. In general, the effective moment of inertia is somewhere between the
gross moment of inertia and the cracked moment of inertia.

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
 In addition, once the effective moment of inertia is calculated, we have to then consider the
influences of short-term deflection in combination with long term deflection since concrete
is constantly changing.

Deflection Limitations
 The allowable, immediate deflection of a flexural member supporting non-sensitive
elements is specified in ACI Table 24.2.2 as the following:
L / 180 for immediate deflection on flat roofs due to either live roof load or stnow
L / 360 for floors due to immediate live load
 Total deflection after attachment of nonstructural elements (sum of long-term deflection due
to all sustained loads and the immediate deflection due to additional live, roof live, snow).
L / 240 with nonstructural elements unlikely to be damaged by large deflections
L / 480 with nonstructural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections
 L = the span length of the beam or one-way slab.
 However, deflections do not always have to be checked.
 If the span to depth ratio is low enough, the deflections do not have to be calculated for
members supporting non-sensitive equipment.
 These span/depth ratios are provided in Tables 7.3.1.1 and 9.3.1.1

Effective Moment of Inertia (Section 24.2.3.5)

 Short term deflections generally include those from live load and are computed using an
effective moment of inertia by the following equation.

M 
3
 M 
3

I e   cr  I g  1   cr  I  I (1)
 Ma    Ma   cr g
 
 Ig = the gross moment of inertia for the section. For a rectangular section, this is:
b * h3
Ig  (2)
12
 Icr = the cracked moment of inertia for the section. The equation for the cracked moment of
inertia is given as follows:
bw ( kd ) 3
 n * As  d  kd 
2
I cr  (3)
3

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
k = neutral axis depth factor at service loads given by the equation
 k  (2 n  ( n) 2 )  n (4)
As = the area of tension reinforcement as before
d = the depth from the top of the section to the tensile reinforcement as before.
 = the reinforcement ratio of the tension steel = As / (bwd)
n = modular ratio, which is the ratio of the elastic modulus of steel to that of
concrete = Es / Ec
Essentially, ‘n’ is used to convert the steel into an equivalent area of concrete
since our deflection calculations will be based on Ec.
There is information available in textbooks for computing ‘k’ based on ‘n’.
However, it really isn’t that difficult of a calculation.
 Back to Equation 1:
 Ma = maximum moment in member at stage of deflection (i.e. due to dead loads only, due to
dead + live, etc).
 Mcr = cracking moment that is given by:
M cr  2 f r I g / h (Eqn. for rectangular Section Only) (5)
 fr is the modulus of rupture defined as:
fr = 7.5**SQRT(f’c) (6)
 As shown in Equation 1, the cracked condition and the uncracked condition are both
considered in the expression.
  = 0.75 for lightweight concrete. 1.0 for normal weight concrete.
 Essentially, the final effective moment of inertia is somewhere in between but it can’t be
greater than Ig. (It makes no sense if it is greater than the gross moment of inertia. However,
the calculations can tell us that since they are empirical).

Short Term and Long Term Deflections

 Short-term deflections are calculated by using the effective moment of inertia.
 Once the moment of inertia is known, the deflections can be calculated.
 For instance, the deflection of a simply supported beam with a uniform load ‘w’ is equal to:

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
5 * w * L4

384 E c I e

 The deflection of a simply supported beam with a Point Load, ‘P’, at midspan is equal to:
P * L3

48 E c I e

 Additional long term deflection is when you have sustained loads such as the dead loads.
 These additional long term deflections are estimated by ACI Sec. 24.2.4.1.1 by multiplying
the short term deflection by the multiplier:


1  50 *  '

’ is the reinforcement ratio for the compression reinforcement As’ / bd

 Therefore, compressive reinforcement decreases the long term deflection.
  = time dependent factor for sustained loads defined in Section 24.2.4.2.1 and shown in the
table below.
 In general, unless asked otherwise, long term deflection is specified in 60 months.
Time Period, MO 
60 2.0
12 1.4
6 1.2
3 1.0

 The deflection is calculated for each loading case using the appropriate value of the effective
moment of inertia.
 Thus, the short-term deflection D may be calculated for dead load only and the short-term
deflection D+L may be calculated for the total applied load.
 The live load deflection is then given by:
LD+L - D
 The total deflection considering long term deflections is then calculated as the following:
TD(1 + ) + L = D+L + D Note: This is just an example for typical
long term dead and short term live. Can
Check Against Code = D + L have other loading scenarios
 Ok, that’s a little confusing.
 Here’s what is happening:

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
The actual moment influences the effective moment of inertia.
Assumed that when the dead load is applied that the section has cracked only somewhat.
When you apply live load, the section cracks which changes the effective moment of inertia
Therefore, you can’t compute the live load deflection using the loads just from live load
because you are underestimating the reduction in stiffness.
Therefore, the live load has to be the difference between the two.
The long term effects are assumed to influence the moment of inertia but an empirical
expression is used to increase the dead load effects.

Example (Standard Short Term Live and Long Term Dead)

A reinforced concrete beam spanning 12 ft has an effective depth of 16 in, an overall depth of 18
in, a compressive strength of 3000 psi, and is reinforced with three No. 8 bars. The beam is 12”
wide. The bending moment due to sustained dead loads is 60 ft-kips. The weight of
nondeflection – nonsensitive elements, which are attached immediately after removing the
falsework may be neglected. Fy = 60 ksi
The transient floor live load moment is 30 ft-kips. Compare the beam deflections with the
allowable values and determine the final beam deflection due to long-term effects and transient
loads. The applied moments are due to distributed loads. wD and wL
Solution:
The allowable live load deflection for the floors is given in ACI Table 9.5(b) as:
L_ALLL / 360 = (12 ft)*(12 in/ft) / 360 = 0.40 in.
The allowable deflection after attachment of nonsensitive elements is:
D+L)_ALLL / 240 = (12 ft)*(12 in/ft) / 240 = 0.60 in.
From Equation Sec. 8.5:
1.5 33 * 1451.5 3000
E c  33wc f 'c   3320 ksi (Note, 3320 assumed wc = 150, incorrect)
1000
Es = 29000 ksi (Typical)
E s 29000 As 3 * 0.79
n   8.73    0.0123
Ec 3320 b * d 12 *16
n  0.0123 * 8.73  0.108

k  ( 2 n  ( n) 2 )  n  (2 * 0.108  (0.108) 2 )  0.108  0.3691

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ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
The moment of inertia of the cracked transformed section is equal to:
bw ( kd ) 3 12 * (0.3691*16) 3
 n * As  d  kd  
2
I cr   (8.73) * (3 * 0.79) * (16  0.3691 * 16) 2
3 3
 2932 in 4

The gross moment of inertia is equal to:

bw (h) 3 12 *183
Ig    5832 in 4
12 12
The modulus of rupture is given by ACI 19.2.3 as:
fr = 7.5*SQRT(f’c) = 7.5*SQRT(3000) = 411 psi = 0.411 ksi
2 fr I g 2 * 0.411 * 5832
The cracking moment is given by: M cr    22.18 ft-k
h 18 * 12(in / ft )

The effective moment of inertia for dead load bending moment is given by:
3
 M 3

 I   22.18  5832  1   22.18  2932  3078 in4
3 3
M  
I e   cr  I g  1   cr 
 MD    MD   cr  60    60  
   

This is from a distributed load:

wD * L2 8 * M D 8 * 60
MD   wD   = 3.333 k/ft
8 L2 12 2
 3.333  4
5*
4  * (12 *12)
5 * wD * L  12  = 0.152 in.
D  
384 E c I e 384 * 3320 * 3078

The effective moment of inertia for dead + live load bending moment is given by:

 M cr 
3
  M 
3
 3
 3

I e    I g  1   cr
  I   22.18  5832  1   22.18  2932 
MD  ML   M  ML  cr
 90    90  
  D    
2975 in 4

This is from a distributed load:

wD  L * L2 8 * M D  L 8 * 90
M D L   wD  L   = 5 k/ft
8 L2 12 2
 5
4 5 *   * (12 * 12) 4
5 * wD  L * L  12  = 0.236 in.
 D L  
384E c I e 384 * 3320 * 2975

The short term deflection due to transient live load is equal to:
LD+L - D = 0.236 in – 0.152 in = 0.084”

24
ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
We required 0.4” as a max from the beginning of the example. Therefore, OK
The multiplier for additional long term deflection is given by:

 2.0 for 60 months (Typically Used for dead)
1  50 *  '

2
There is no compression reinforcement:   2
1  50 * 0
The deflection due to short term live loads and long term dead loads
i.e. defection after immediate deflections is what we are concerned about.
D+L)” < 0.60” limit defined earlier. Therefore, OK
The final total deflection is computed as:
TD(1 + ) + L =  in
This is compared against nothing, we calculated it for reporting purposes:

Example 2:
Assume the same general loading conditions and member as in the previous example. However,
assume that 40% of the live load is sustained for a period of 12 months. In addition, assume that
2 #6 bars are added to the top of the beam for compression reinforcement. Reanalyze the
problem for short term and long term deflections.
Solution:
Short Term Deflections:
For short term deflections, the analysis does not change since the total immediate short term
deflection after the attachment of nonsensitive elements is still due to the entire live load. Also,
the addition of compression reinforcement only influences the  factor and therefore is not
applicable for short term deflections.
Long Term Deflections:
First of all, the compression steel changes the  factor for the sustained dead load:
'
As 2 * .44 2
'   0.00458 D   1.627
bd 12 *16 1  50 * 0.00458

Now, we also have long term effects for 40% of the live load applied for 12 months:
1.4
 = 1.4 (For 12 Months) 0.4 L   1.139
1  50 * 0.00458
 Now, here is the trick. We multiply this by a short term deflection due to 40% of the live.

25
ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
 Therefore, we do not take 40% of the previously computed short term live load deflection
and multiply by the  factor.
 Instead, we have to calculate the short term deflection as if only 40% of the live load was
applied directly after the dead load. Therefore, we need a new Ie calculation:

 
3
  
3
 3
   
3

I e  
M cr
 I g  1  
M cr
  I   22.18  
 5832  1  
22.18
 2932 
 M D  0.4 M L  M  0.4 M L  cr  60  0.4 * 30 
   D     60  0.4 * 30  
3017 in 4

Then, the deflection due to dead and 40% live is computed as follows:
wD 0.4 L * L2 8 * M D 0.4 L 8 * 72
M D  0. 4 L   w D  0 .4 L   = 4 k/ft
8 L2 12 2
 4
4 5 *   * (12 *12) 4
5 * w D  0. 4 L * L  12  = 0.186 in.
 D  0.4 L  
384 Ec I e 384 * 3320 * 3017

The short term deflection due to 40% live load is equal to:
LD+0.4L - D = 0.186 in – 0.152 in = 0.034”
Total Live Load Deflection: L = 0.084” (Still add whole thing for immediate live load)
Long Term Deflection due to sustained live: LL = 0.034*1.139 = 0.039”
Long Term Deflection due to sustained dead: DD = 1.627*”
Total Deflection after initial dead = all deflections due to sustained loads and immediate live load
defection:
D+0.4L+L) 0.37” < 0.60” limit defined earlier. Therefore, OK

Example 3:
a) Investigate the deflection for short term deflections for the simply support beam that
spans 40 ft. Assume the member is designed by the strength method f’c = 4000 psi, fy =
60000 psi, and the ACI Code.

26
ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

Solution:
The minimum depth per ACI Section 9.3.1 for ignoring deflection calculations is given by:
L / 16 = 40*12/16 = 30 in > 24”. Therefore, deflection calculations are required.

27
ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures

28
ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
Gross Moment of Inertia:
3
h 4 4
b  18 in h  24 in Ig  b  Ig  2.074 10 in
12

Dead Load Maximum Moment: Ln  40 ft

18 24
wsw  0.15  wsw  0.45 k / ft (As shown in drawing)
12 12
2
wsw  Ln
MD  MD  90 k  ft
8

Cracked Moment of Inertia:

See Table 4.3.1 of your textbook. The modular ratio can be estimated as: n  8
2
A s  4 0.79  4 1 A s  7.16 in d  20.7 in

As
    0.019   n  0.154
b d

2
k  2   n     n     n k  0.422
3
b  ( k d ) 2 4 4
Icr   n  A s  ( d  k d ) Icr  1.22  10 in Answer
3
Cracking Moment/Effective Moment Inertia Dead: fc  4000 psi

fr  7.5 fc fr  474.342 psi

2 fr Ig
Mcr  Mcr  68.305 ft - k < MD Ec  3605 psi For 4000 psi concrete
h  1000 12
3   Mcr  3
 Mcr  4 4 Answer
Ie     Ig   1   MD    Icr Ie  1.593 10 in
 MD     
 wsw 
   Ln 12
4
5 
 D 
 12   D  0.451 in
384Ec Ie

  2 Long Term:  D    D  D  0.903 in ANSWER

29
ECE 5753 Dr. Keith J. Kowalkowski
Advanced Concrete Structures
Ln
Dead Load Plus Short Term Live Load: PL  25 k ML  PL Ln ML  250 k  ft
Dead Load Plus Short Term Live Load: PL  25 k ML  PL 4 ML  250 k  ft
4
Total Service Moment: M T  MD  ML MT  340 k  ft
Total Service Moment: M T  MD  ML MT  340 k  ft
3   M cr  33
 Mcr  3  1   M cr    I 4 4
Ie   Mcr   Ig  cr Ie  1.227 104 in4 Answer
Ie   MT   Ig  Answer
 1   M T
 
  Icr Ie  1.227 10 in
 MT    T  M
The total deflection is compted as follows:
The total deflection is compted as follows:
 wsw 
5  wsw    Ln 12 4
4
PL  Ln 12 3
3
5  12    Ln 12
 D_L   12  P 
 L n  L  12  D_L  1.888 in
 D_L  384Ec Ie  48Ec Ie  D_L  1.888 in
384Ec Ie 48Ec Ie
The short term live load deflection is computed as:
The short term live load deflection is computed as:
 L   D_L   D  L  1.437 in
 L   D_L   D  L  1.437 in
Assume this to be a floor beam not supporting partitions, the immediate live load allowable
Assume
deflection this to be by
is this
given a floor
ACI beam
Table not supporting partitions, the immediate live load allowable
Assume that is a floor beam,9.5b
the as:
immediate live load deflection per ACI Table 24.2.2 is given as:
deflection is given by ACI Table 9.5b as:
Ln 12
All  Ln 12 All  1.333 in (NO GOOD)
All  360 All  1.333 in (NO GOOD)
360
If plastered ceilings or frangible partitions are to be supported, the deflection due to long-term creep
If
andplastered
shrinkageceilings
must or
befrangible
added topartitions arelive
that due to to be supported,
loads. the deflection
The acceptable due
limit for to deflection
this long-term creep
is
and
L/480.shrinkage must be added to that due to live loads. The acceptable limit for this deflection is
L/480.

30