04 Rotating Equipment PDF

Rotating Equipment:
Pumps, Compressors, &

Turbines/Expanders
Chapters 2 & 9
Topics
Fundamentals Equipment
 Starting relationships  Pumps
• Thermodynamic relationships • Centrifugal pumps
• Bernoulli’s equation • Reciprocating pumps
 Simplifications • Gear pumps
• Pumps – constant density compression  Compressors
• Compressors – reversible ideal gas • Centrifugal compressors
compression • Reciprocating compressors
 Use of PH & TS diagrams • Screw compressors
 Multistaging • Axial compressors
Efficiencies  Turbines & expanders
 Adiabatic/isentropic vs. mechanical • Expanders for NGL recovery
 Polytropic • Gas turbines for power production
o What is “heat rate”?
Updated: February 6, 2018

2
Copyright © 2017 John Jechura (jjechura@mines.edu)
Fundamentals

Review of Thermodynamic Principals
1st Law of Thermodynamics – Energy is conserved

 (Change in system’s energy) = (Rate of heat added) – (Rate of work performed)
Ê  Q  W
 Major energy contributions

• Kinetic energy – related to velocity of system
• Potential energy – related to positon in a “field” (e.g., gravity)
• Internal energy – related to system’s temperature
o Internal energy, U, convenient for systems at constant volume & batch systems
2
ˆE  Uˆ  u  g h
2gc gc
o Enthalpy, H = U+PV, convenient for systems at constant pressure & flowing systems
2
u g
Eˆ  Hˆ   h
2gc gc

4
Review of Thermodynamic Principals
2nd Law of Thermodynamics

 In a cyclic process entropy will either stay the same (reversible process) or
will increase
Relationship between work & heat
 All work can be converted to heat, but…
 Not all heat can be converted to work

5
Common Paths for Heat and Work
Isothermal constant temperature ΔT = 0

Isobaric constant pressure ΔP = 0
Isochoric constant volume ΔV = 0
Isenthalpic constant enthalpy ΔH = 0
Adiabatic no heat transferred Q=0
Isentropic no increase in entropy ΔS = 0
(ideal reversible)

6
1st Law for steady state flow
Equation 1.19a (ΔH  ΔU for flowing systems)
ˆ u2 g
H   z  Q  W
2gc gc
For adiabatic, steady-state, ideal (reversible) flow (using WS as positive value)
ˆ  Hˆ  u 2
g
Ws  z
2gc gc
P2
u 2
g
  Vˆ dP   z
P1
2gc gc
P2 P2
ˆ  Vˆ dP  dP
Ws P P 
1 1
 The work required is inversely proportional to the mass density

7
Thermodynamics of Compression
Work depends on path – commonly assume adiabatic or polytropic compression

Calculations done with:
 PH diagram for ΔH
P2
Ws   VdP  H
P1
 Evaluate integral using equation of state

• Simplest gas EOS is the ideal gas law
• Simplest liquid EOS is to assume incompressible (i.e., constant density with respect to
pressure)
P2 P
dP 1 2 P P
Ws     dP  2 1
P1
  P1 

8
Liquid vs. Vapor Compression
Can compress liquids with little temperature change
ΔH for gas compression much

larger than for liquid pumping
GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

9
Mechanical Energy Balance
Differential form of Bernoulli’s equation for fluid flow (energy per unit mass)
d  u2 
2
 g dz 
dP

 
 d  wˆ s   g d hˆf  0
 Frictional loss term is positive

 Work term for energy out of fluid – negative for pump or compressor
If density is constant then the integral is straight forward – pumps
  u2  P
 g z   wˆ s  g hˆf  0
2 
If density is not constant then you need a pathway for the pressure-density
relationship – compressors
  u2  P2
 dP 
 g z      wˆ s  g hˆf  0
2 P1 
 

10
Pump equations
Pumping requirement expressed in terms of power, i.e., energy per unit time
Hydraulic horsepower – power delivered to the fluid
 Over entire system
   u2  P 
Whhp  m  wˆ s    V  
  g z   g hf 
ˆ
 2  
 
 V  P    V   g z    V  g hˆf   V   u2 
1
2
 Just across the pump, in terms of pressure differential or head:
Whhp  V  P  or Whhp  V gH
Brake horsepower – power delivered to the pump itself

Whhp
Wbhp 
pump

11
Pump equations for specific U.S. customary units
U.S. customary units usually used are gpm, psi, and hp

 in3 
231 gal 
 gal  f 
lb  
W hhp hp     2
 min   in   sec   in   ft  lb f / sec 
60 12
 min   ft   550 
 hp 
 1  gal   lb f 
 
 1714  min   in 
2
Also use the head equation usually using gpm, ft, specific gravity, and hp
 lbm   ft 
 8.33719   32.174 
 gal   gal 
W hhp hp     o 
2
ft   sec 
 min   sec   ft  lb f / sec   32.174 lbm  ft 
60
 min   550 
 hp  lb f  sec2 
 1  gal 
    ft  o 
 3958  min 

12
Static Head Terms
Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed.

Kidnay, Parrish, & McCartney
13
Pump Example
Liquid propane (at its bubble point)
is to be pumped from a reflux drum
to a depropanizer.
 Pressures, elevations, & piping
system losses as shown are shown in
the diagram.
 Max flow rate 360 gpm.
 Propane specific gravity 0.485 @
pumping temperature (100oF)
 Pump nozzles elevations are zero &
velocity head at nozzles negligible
What is the pressure differential
across the pump?
What is the differential head?
What is the hydraulic power?
GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

14
Pump Example
Pressure drop from Reflux Drum to Pump inlet:
g
P   z   P piping
gc
 0.485 62.3665   20 
   0.5  0.2
144
 3.5 psi
 Pinlet  203.5 psia
Pressure drop from Pump outlet to Depropanizer:

g
P   z   P piping
gc
 0.485 62.3665   74 
  3.0  2.0  1.2  13.0  1.0  9.0
144
 44.7 psi
 Poutlet  264.7 psia

15
Pump Example
Pump pressure differential:
 P pump  Poutlet  Pinlet

 264.7  203.5  61.2 psi
Pump differential head:

gc  P pump
hpump 
g 
144 
  61.2   291 ft
 0.485 62.3665
Hydraulic power:
Whhp 
360 gpm 61.2 psi  12.85 hp OR Whhp 
360 gpm 0.485 291 ft   12.84 hp
1714 3958

16
PH Diagrams
Ref: GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

17
TS Diagram

18
19
20
21
Assume ideal gas: PV = RT

Choices of path for calculating work:
 Isothermal (ΔT = 0)
P2 P2
dP P 
Ws   VdP  RT   RT ln  2 
P1 P1
P  P1 
• Minimum work required but unrealistic

 Adiabatic & Isentropic (ΔS = 0)
• Maximum ideal work but more realistic
 Polytropic – reversible but non-adiabatic
• Reversible work & reversible heat proportionately added or removed along path
• More closely follows actual pressure-temperature path during compression

22
Ideal gas isentropic (PV = constant) where  = CP/CV
Molar basis Mass basis

  P  1/   RT   P   1/  
s   RT1 
W  2   1 ˆ  1
Ws
 2   1
  1  P1   M   1 P1  
 
Polytropic (PV= constant) where  is empirical constant usually

greater than 
RT   P  1/  
ˆ  1
W  2   1
p
M   1 P1  


23
Calculation of  for gas mixture

xC i p ,i

xC i p ,i
xC i V ,i xC R
i p ,i
Use the ideal gas heat capacities, not the real gas heat capacities
Heat capacities are functions of temperature. Use the average
value over the temperature range

24
Example Compression Calculation
Want to compress sales gas (assume pure methane) from initial

conditions of 40oF & 100 psig to 400 psig.
Compute work of compression on mass basis…
 Using PH diagram
 Assuming ideal gas and adiabatic compression
 Using a process simulator

25
Example Calculation – PH Diagram
H2 = 462 Btu/lb
H1 = 370 Btu/lb
WS = (H2 – H1) = 92 Btu/lb

26
Example Calculation – Ideal Gas Compression
For methane:
  = 1.3
 M = 16
 T1 = 40oF = 500oR
 P1 = 100 psig = 114.7 psia
 P2 = 400 psig = 414.7 psia
 R = 1.986 Btu/lb.mol oR
  1 / 
RT1  P2   1.3 1.986  500   414.7 1.31/1.3 
Ws     1     1  93 Btu/lb
M    1  P1    
16 1.3  1  114.7  


27
Example Calculation – Using a Simulator
Work Btu/lb Outlet oF

HYSYS Peng-Robinson 90.52 212.8
HYSYS Peng-Robinson & Lee- 90.96 211.6
Kesler
HYSYS SRK 91.14 212.4
HYSYS BWRS 90.82 211.9
Aspen Plus PENG-ROB 90.62 214.0
Aspen Plus SRK 91.27 213.6
Aspen Plus BWRS 90.93 213.1
Aspen Plus BWR-LS 91.09 213.1

28
Discharge temperature
For ideal gas compression

  1 / 
P 
T2  T1  2 
 P1 
For the example problem:

1.31 /1.3
 414.7 
T2   40  460     673°R  213°F
 114.7 

29
If customer wants 1,000 psig (when the inlet pressure 100 psig)…
 Then pressure ratio of (1015/115) = 8.8
 Discharge temperature for this ratio is ~360oF
For reciprocating compressors the GPSA Engineering Data Book
recommends
 Maximum discharge temperature of 250 to 275oF for high pressure systems
AND …
 Pressure ratios of 3:1 to 5:1
To obtain pressure ratios higher than 5:1 must use multistage
compression with interstage cooling

30
Multistaging
To minimize work need good interstage cooling and equal pressure ratios in
stages.
The number of stages is calculated using
ln  P2 / P1 
1/ m
P 
RP   2   m
 P1  ln RP 
To go from 100 to 1000 psig with a single-stage pressure ratio of 3 takes 2

(1.98) stages & the stage exit temp ~183oF (starting @ 40oF)
 1014.7 
ln  
 114.7  ln  8.8 
m   1.98
ln  3  ln  3 
  1 /  1.31 /1.3

 P 1/ m   1014.7 1/2 
T2  T1  2     40  460      643°R  183°F
 P1     114.7  

31
Multistaging
Work for a single stage of compression

  1 / 
RT1  P2   1.3 1.986  500   1014.7 1.31/1.3 
Ws     1     1  175.8 Btu/lb
M    1  P1   16 1.3  1   114.7  
 
Work for two stages of compression (interstage cooling to 40oF)

 Intermediate pressure
Pint  P2P1  1014.7 114.7   341.2 psia
 Total work
Ws 
1.3 1.986  500    341.2  
1.3 1 /1.3
  1014.7 1.31/1.3  
 1    1 
   
 
16 1.3  1   114.7    341.2   
 153.9 Btu/lb

32
Compression Efficiency
Compression efficiencies account for

actual power required compared to
ideal
 Isentropic (also known as adiabatic)
efficiency relates actual energy to
fluid to energy for reversible
compression
 H S 0 WS 0
IS   Wfluid 
 H fluid IS
 Mechanical efficiency relates total

work to device to the energy into the
fluid
Wfluid Wfluid W
mech   Wtotal   S 0
Wtotal mech mech IS

33
Compressor Efficiency – Discharge Temperature
GPSA Engineering Data Book suggests the isentropic temperature

change should be divided by the isentropic efficiency to get the
actual discharge temperature
  1 /   P   1/  
P 
 T S 0  T1  2   T1  T1  2   1
 P1   P1  
  1 / 
 P2 
  1
 T S 0 P
So:  T act   T1  1 
IS IS
  P   1/  
  2  1
 P 
 T2, act  T1   T act  T1 1  1  
IS
 
 

34
Polytropic Compression & Efficiency
Definition of polytropic compression (GPSA Data Book 14th ed.):

A reversible compression process between the compressor inlet
and discharge conditions, which follows a path such that,
between any two points on the path, the ratio of the reversible
work input to the enthalpy rise is constant. In other words, the
compression process is described as an infinite number of
isentropic compression steps, each followed by an isobaric heat
addition. The result is an ideal, reversible process that has the
same suction pressure, discharge pressure, suction temperature
and discharge temperature as the actual process.

35
Polytropic Efficiency
Polytropic path with 100% efficiency is adiabatic & is the same as

the isentropic path
 Polytropic efficiency, p, is related to the isentropic path
P 
   1 / 
   1 / 
In general P > IS

Polytropic coefficient from discharge temperature
 1
ln  T2 / T1 
 
P     1
T2  T1  2    where  
 P1  1  ln  P2 / P1 

36
Polytropic Efficiency
Actual work is calculated from the polytropic expression divided by

its efficiency
1ˆ
WRT   P  1/  
ˆ 
W  p1
 2   1
act
p p M   1 P1  

Note:
ˆ
W Wˆ
ˆ
Wact  p
 S 0
p IS

37
Compressor efficiency example
Compress methane from 40oF & 100 psig to 400 psig @ 80%
isentropic efficiency & 10% mechanical losses
Actual work required is:
  1 / 
1 RT1   P2   1 1.986  500  1.3  414.7 
1.3 1 /1.3 
ˆ
W     1    1

fluid
IS M   1 P1 
  0.8 16  1.3  1  114.7  
 116 Btu/lb
Discharge temperature:
  P   1/     414.7 1.31/1.3 
  2
 1     1
P
  1   114.7 
T2, act  T1 1    500  1   716R  256F
IS  0.8 
   
   

38
Using polytropic pathway:
ln  T2 / T1  ln  716 / 500 
   0.2792
ln  P2 / P1  ln  414.7 / 114.7 
1 1
   1.387
1  1 0.2792
P 
   1 /   1.3  1 / 1.3  0.827
   1 /  1.387  1 / 1.387
  1 / 
1 RT1   P2   1 1.986  500  1.387  414.7 
1.387 1 /1.387 
ˆ
W     1    1
fluid 
p M   1 P1   0.827 16 1.387  1 114.7  
 
 116 Btu/lb

39
Can use either expression for the power to the fluid to determine
the total power to the compressor
Wfluid 116
Wtotal    129 Btu/lb
mech 1 0.1

40
Why Use Polytropic Equations?
Polytropic equations give consistent P-T pathway between the initial

& discharge conditions

41
Compression vs. Expansion Efficiency
Work to compressor is greater Work from expander is less

than what is needed in the than what can be obtained in
ideal case the ideal case
 Work to the fluid  Work from the fluid
 H S 0 W  H fluid
IS   Wfluid  S 0 IS   Wfluid  IS WS  0 
 H fluid IS  H S  0
 Total work to the device  Total work from the device

Wfluid
mech   Wtotal
Wtotal mech  
Wfluid
Wfluid W
Wtotal   S  0 Wtotal  mechWfluid  mechISWS  0
mech mech IS

42
Equipment:
Pumps, Compressors,
Turbines/Expanders

Pump & Compressor Drivers
Internal combustion engines Gas turbines

 Industry mainstay from beginning  Availability is > 99%
 Emissions constraints  Lower emissions than IC engine
 Availability is 90 to 95%
Steam turbines
Electric motors  Uncommon in gas plants on
 Good in remote areas compressors
 Availability is > 99.9%  Used in combined cycle and Claus
units

44
Pump Classifications


45
Centrifugal Pump Performance Curves


46
Compressor Types
Positive displacement –
compress by changing
volume
 Reciprocating
 Rotary screw
 Diaphragm
 Rotary vane
Dynamic – compress by
converting kinetic
energy into pressure
 Centrifugal
 Axial

47
Reciprocating Compressors
Workhorse of industry since Drawbacks

1920’s  Availability ~90 to 95% vs
99+% for others, spare
Capable of high volumes and compressor needed in critical
discharge pressures service
 Pulsed flow
High efficiency – up to 85%
 Pressure ratio limited, typically
Performance independent of 3:1 to 4:1
gas MW  Emissions control can be problem
(IC drivers)
Good for intermittent service  Relatively large footprint
 Throughput adjusted by variable
speed drive, valve unloading or
recycle unless electrically driven

48
Reciprocating Compressors - Principle of Operation
Double Acting – Crosshead Single Acting - Trunk Piston

Typical applications: Typical Applications:
 All process services, any gas & up  Small size standard compressors
to the highest pressures & power for air and non-dangerous gases
Courtesy of Nuovo Pignone Spa, Italy

49
Reciprocating Compressors - Compression Cycle
5 4
1
Pressure
p0
2 3
Volume
Suction
1 2 3 4 5
Discharge

50
Reciprocating Compressors - Main Components

51
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6_jw841vKE

52
Rotary Screw Compressor
Left rotor turns clockwise, right rotor

counterclockwise.
Gas becomes trapped in the central
cavity
The Process Technology Handbook, Charles E. Thomas, Courtesy of Ariel Corp

UHAI Publishing, Berne, NY, 1997.

53
Rotary Screw Compressors
Oil-free Oil-injected
First used in steel mills because handles “dirty” Higher throughput and discharge pressures
gases
Has two exit ports
Max pressure ratio of 8:1 if liquid injected with
 Axial, like oil-free
gas
 Radial, which permits 70 to 90% turndown
High availability (> 99%) without significant efficiency decrease
 Leads to low maintenance cost
Pressure ratios to 23:1
Volumetric efficiency of ~100%
Tight tolerances can limit quick restarts
Small footprint (~ ¼ of recip)
Requires oil system to filter & cool oil to 140oF
Relatively quiet and vibration-free
Oil removal from gas
Relatively low efficiency
 70 – 85% adiabatic efficiencies Oil compatibility is critical
Relatively low throughput and discharge Widely used in propane refrigeration systems,
pressure low pressure systems, e.g., vapor recovery,
instrument air

54
Dynamic Compressors
Centrifugal
 High volumes, high discharge pressures
Axial
 Very high volumes, low discharge pressures
Use together in gas processing
 Centrifugal for compressing natural gas
 Axial for compressing air for gas turbine driving centrifugal compressor

55
Centrifugal compressors
Single stage (diffuser) Multi-stage
Bett,K.E., et al
Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers
Page 226

56
Centrifigual Compressor
Siemens https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-bbAoxZmBg
https://www.energy.siemens.com/br/en/compression-
expansion/product-lines/single-stage/stc-sof.htm

57
Centrifugal Compressor

58
Centrifugal Compressors vs. Reciprocating
Compressors
Centrifugal Reciprocating
Constant head, variable volume Constant volume, variable pressure
Ideal for variable flow Ideal for constant flow
- MW affects capacity + MW makes no difference
++ Availability > 99% - Availability 90 to 95%
+ Smaller footprint - Larger footprint
- ηIS = 70 – 75% + ηIS = 75 – 92%
CO & NOx emissions low Catalytic converters needed
- Surge control required ++ No surge problems
++ Lower CAPEX and maint. ++ Fast startup & shutdown
(maint cost ~1/4 of recip)

59
Gas Turbine – Centrifugal Compressor
Axial Centrifugal
Compressor Compressor
Exhaust
Gas Low Pressure Gas
Air
High Pressure Gas

Fuel Gas
Combustion
Turbine

60
Industrial Gas Turbines
Ref: GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

61
What is “heat rate”?
Heat rate is the amount of fuel gas needed (expressed heating

value) to produce a given amount of power
 Normally LHV, but you need to make sure of the basis
Essentially the reciprocal of the thermal efficiency
2544
Thermal efficiency 
Btu  LHV 
Heat rate,
hp  hr
 Example: Dresser-Rand VECTRA 30G heat rate is 6816 Btu/hp·hr
2544
Thermal efficiency   0.3732
6816
Includes effects of adiabatic & mechanical efficiencies

62
Gas Turbine

63
Gas Turbine Engine
Gas Turbine Engine
From: F.W.Schmuidt, R.E. Henderson, and C.H. Wolgemuth,
“Introduction to Thermal Sciences, second edition” Wiley, 1993
Fuel
Combustion P3
chamber
P2
P1 shaft shaft
Compressor Turbine Load
P4 Combustion
Atmospheric air products
Assumptions
To apply basic thermodynamics to the process above, it is necessary to make a number of

assumptions, some rather extreme.
1) All gases are ideal, and compression processes are reversible and adiabatic (isentropic)
2) the combustion process is constant pressure, resulting only in a change of temperature
3) negligible potential and kinetic energy changes in overall process
4) Values of Cp are constant

64
Gas Turbine Engine
P2 = P3
3 Patm = P1 = P4
T
Temperature
2
4
Entropy S
wS = -∆h = -CP∆T (9.1 and 1.18)
Note the equations apply to both the compressor and the turbine,since
thermodynamically the turbine is a compressor running backwards
Neglecting the differences in mass flow rates between the compressor and
the turbine, the net work is:
wnet = wt – wc = CP(T3 – T4) – (T2 -T1)
Since (T3 – T4) > (T2 – T1) (see T – S diagram)
Since wnet is positive work flows to the load

65
GT - Principle of Operation
Theoretical Cycle
Temperature
°F 3
Fuel Gas
Exhaust
Combustion Gas (~950°F)
Chamber Real Cycle
~650 - 950°F 3 4
2 4
~1800 - 2
1 2300°F
Air Axial Centrifugal
Compressor Compressor
1
H.P./L.P. Turbine
A B
Entropy
Simple Cycle Gas Turbine
Ideal Cycle Efficiency
  1 / 
T T P 
id  1 4 1  1  1 
T3  T2  P2 
66
Modeling Gas Turbine with Aspen Plus
Basics to tune model

 Combine heat rate & power output to determine the fuel required
 Determine the air rate from the exhaust rate
 Adjust adiabatic efficiencies to match the exhaust temperature
 Adjust the mechanical efficiencies to match the power output

67
Turboexpanders
GPSA Engineering Data Book, 14th ed.

Summary

Summary
Work expression for pump developed Need to limit the compression ratio on a
assuming density is not a function of gas
pressure
• Interstage cooling will result in
Work of compression is much greater than decreased compression power required
that for pumping – a great portion of the
energy goes to increase the temperature
• Practical outlet temperature limitation –
usually means that the maximum
of the compressed gas
compression ratio is about 3
There are thermodynamic/adiabatic &
mechanical efficiencies
• Heat lost to the universe that does
affect the pressure or temperature of
the fluid is the mechanical efficiency

70
Supplemental Slides


72
Propane Refrigeration Compressors

73
Propane Compressors with Air-cooled Heat Exchangers

74
Reciprocating Compressor at Gas Well

75
2 stage 2,000 HP Reciprocating Compressor
Courtesy of Ariel Corp

76
Oil-Injected Rotary Screw Compressor
Courtesy of Ariel Corp

77
Two-stage screw compressor
Courtesy of MYCOM / Mayekawa Mfg

78
Centrifugal Compressors – Issues
Surge
• Changes in the suction or
outlet pressures can cause Axial
Line
backflow; this can
become cyclic as the
Stonewall Line
Surg
Centrifugal
compressor tries to adjust.
The resulting pressure
oscillations are called
SURGE Reciprocating
Stonewall
• When gas flow reaches
sonic velocity flow cannot
be increased.
79
Air & Hot Gas Paths
Gas Turbine has 3 main sections:
A compressor that takes in clean outside air and then compresses it through a series of rotating and
stationary compressor blades
FRESH AIR EXHAUST
COMPRESSION
MECHANICAL
ENERGY

80
Air & Hot Gas Paths
A combustion section where fuel is added to the pressurized air and ignited. The hot pressurized combustion
gas expands and moves at high velocity into the turbine section.
FRESH AIR EXHAUST
COMBUSTION
COMPRESSION
MECHANICAL
ENERGY

81
Air & Hot Gas Paths
A turbine that converts the energy from the hot/high velocity gas flowing from the combustion chamber into
useful rotational power through expansion over a series of turbine rotor blades
FRESH AIR EXHAUST
COMBUSTION
EXPANSION
COMPRESSION TURBINE
MECHANICAL
ENERGY

82

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Rotating Equipment:

Pumps, Compressors, &

Updated: February 6, 2018

Updated: February 6, 2018

1st Law of Thermodynamics – Energy is conserved

 Major energy contributions

Updated: February 6, 2018

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Updated: February 6, 2018

Isothermal constant temperature ΔT = 0

Updated: February 6, 2018

Equation 1.19a (ΔH  ΔU for flowing systems)

For adiabatic, steady-state, ideal (reversible) flow (using WS as positive value)

 The work required is inversely proportional to the mass density

Work depends on path – commonly assume adiabatic or polytropic compression

 Evaluate integral using equation of state

Updated: February 6, 2018

Can compress liquids with little temperature change

ΔH for gas compression much

GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

Updated: February 6, 2018

 Frictional loss term is positive

Updated: February 6, 2018

Whhp  V  P  or Whhp  V gH

Brake horsepower – power delivered to the pump itself

Updated: February 6, 2018

U.S. customary units usually used are gpm, psi, and hp

Updated: February 6, 2018

Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed.

GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

Updated: February 6, 2018

Pressure drop from Pump outlet to Depropanizer:

Updated: February 6, 2018

 P pump  Poutlet  Pinlet

Pump differential head:

Updated: February 6, 2018

Ref: GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

Updated: February 6, 2018

Updated: February 6, 2018

Assume ideal gas: PV = RT

• Minimum work required but unrealistic

Updated: February 6, 2018

Ideal gas isentropic (PV = constant) where  = CP/CV

Molar basis Mass basis

Polytropic (PV= constant) where  is empirical constant usually

Updated: February 6, 2018

Calculation of  for gas mixture

Updated: February 6, 2018

Want to compress sales gas (assume pure methane) from initial

Updated: February 6, 2018

WS = (H2 – H1) = 92 Btu/lb

Updated: February 6, 2018

Updated: February 6, 2018

Work Btu/lb Outlet oF

Updated: February 6, 2018

For ideal gas compression

For the example problem:

Updated: February 6, 2018

Updated: February 6, 2018

To go from 100 to 1000 psig with a single-stage pressure ratio of 3 takes 2

  1 /  1.31 /1.3

Updated: February 6, 2018

Work for a single stage of compression