Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
(CVL 007)
Syllabus
• Introduction
• Railway Geometric
• Station and Yards
• Airport Engineering
• Harbours and Docks
Text Books: Railway Engineering by Saxena & Arora
Airport Engineering by Rangwala
Harbour, Docks and Tunnel Engineering by R.Srinivasan
Unit 1: Introduction
• Development and organization of Indian Railways. Modern
trends in railways: MAGLEV, TUBE, METRO. Permanent way:
Sub-grade, formation, embankment and cutting, track
drainage. Rails: Rail gauges, types of rails, defects in rails, rail
failure, creep of rail, Coning of Wheels, Tilting of Rails, Rail
Joints, Creep of Rails. Rail Fastenings: Fish plates, spikes,
chairs, keys, bearing plates. Sleepers : Timber, steel, cast iron,
concrete and prestressed concrete sleepers, manufacturing of
concrete sleepers, sleeper density, Adzing of Sleepers,.
Ballast: Ballast materials, size of ballast, screening of ballast,
specification of ballast, tests on ballast.
“Transportation is regarded as an index of
economic, social and commercial progress of
the country”.
Modes of Transport
• Land transport
• Water transport
• Air transport
Right of entry A railway track is defined on two rails and is Roads, though having well-defined limits,
within protected limits. Trains work as per a can be used by any vehicular traffic and even
prescribed schedule and no other vehicle has the by pedestrians they are open to all.
right of entry except at specified level crossings.
Cost analysis Owing to the heavy infrastructure, the initial as The cost of construction and maintenance of
well as maintenance cost of a railway line is high. roads is comparatively cheaper.
Gradients and The gradients of railway tracks are flatter Roads are constructed normally with steeper
(normally not more than 1 in 100) and curves are gradients of up to 1 in 30 and relatively
curves limited up to only 100 on broad gauge. much sharper curves.
Flexibility of Due to the defined routes and facilities required Roads transports have much more flexibility
for the reception and dispatch of trains, railway in movement and can provide door to door
movement can be used only between fixed points. sevices.
Environmental Railway has minimum adverse effects on the Road transport creates comparatively
environment. greater pollution than the railways.
pollution
Organization and Railways are government undertakings, with their Barring member state government
own organization. transport, road transport is managed by
control private sector.
Suitability Railways are best suited for carrying heavy goods Road transport is best suited for carrying
and large number of passengers over long lighter goods and smaller number of
distances. passengers over short distances.
Development of Indian Railway(IR)
• In 19 century before the introduction of railways, India
was a country with extremely poor means of
communications.
• In1844 the first proposals for the construction of
railway on India was submitted to East India Company
• In 1853 first railway line between Bombay to Thana was
opened.
• In 1905 Railway Board was established with one
president and two members.
• In 1939 total route kilometrage of India was 65,850
kms.
First Five Year Plan (1951-1956)
• out of total plan expenditure of Rs. 2378
crores the railway were allotted only 257
crores
• Rehabilitation of railway assets was main
objective.
• Industries boosted up their locomotive
production during these years
• Considerably helped India in achieving self
sufficiency
Second five year plan (1956-1961)
• Second five year plan had a provision of Rs. 896
crores for the development of Indian railways
out of total expenditure of Rs. 4800 crores.
• Many new lines were opened, and new
locomotives and coaches were placed on line.
• Considerable progress was made in
electrification of railway.
Third five year plan (1961-1966)
• Second five year plan had a provision of Rs.
1470 crores for the development of Indian
railways out of total expenditure of Rs. 7500
crores.
• Plan provided acquisition of 2070
locomotives, 157133 wagons and 7879
coaching vehicles.
• Made a provision for electrification about
2400 route kms.
• A length of 2400 kms new lines was also
constructed.
Fourth five year plan (1969-1974)
• With objective of modernisation of railway.
• Improving the operational efficiency of the
system by more intense utilisation.
Fifth five year plan (1974-1978)
Development of rapid transport system in
metropolitan cities.
A sum of 2200 crores were allotted out of total
39300 crores.
Sixth five year plan (1980-1985)
• Main objective was the limited resources of
the railways should be used for rehabilitation
of assets.
• The stress was to use existing resources in
best possible manner for getting high
operating efficiency.
Seventh five year plan (1985-1990)
• Provided for an outlay of Rs. 12334 crores.
• Augmentation of capacity for manufacturing
of passenger coaches, electric multiple units
and electric locomotives.
• Introduction of computer based freight
operation information system and
computerisation of passenger reservation.
Eighth five year plan (1992-1997)
Provided an outlay of 27202 crores.
Emphasis on modernisation of system to reduce
operating cost and improve reliability.
Convert a length of 6000 km of M.G and N.G
tracks to broad gauge.
Ninth five year plan (1997-2002)
Outlay of 45413 crore (14.1% of total plan)
Generation of rail transport capacity to handle
increased freight and passenger traffic.
Completion of replacement, rehabilitation and
renewal of over aged assets.
To continue with the policy of Uni-guage
throughout the country.
Introduction of 4000 H.P. diesel locomotives
and 6000 H.P. electric locomotives.
Organization of Indian Railway (IR)
• Biggest public undertaking
• Capital-at-charge of about Rs 560,000 million.
• The executive authority in connection with
the administration of railway vests with
Central Government and the same has been
delegated to Railway Board as per Indian
Railway Act 1890 and Indian Tramway act of
1816.
Railway Board (RB)
• RB exercise all powers of central government in
respect of regulation, construction, maintenance,
and operation of railway.
• RB consists of a chairman, a financial commissioner,
and five other functional members.
• Chairman reports to Minister for railway.
• The member of RB are separately in charge of
matters relating to staff, civil, electrical, mechanical
and traffic.
• Presently IR is divided into 17 zones.
• Each Zonal railway is administered by a general
manager(GM) assisted by additional GM and
HOD of different disciplines, namely, civil
engineering, mechanical, operating, commercial,
accounts, security, signals and
telecommunications, electrical, personnel,
medical, etc.
• Zonal railway is further divided into 3 to 6
divisions.
• Each division work under control of Divisional
railway manager (DRM).
• There are divisional officers in charge of each
discipline namely, divisional superintending engineer
(DSE) or Divisional Engineer for civil engineering etc.
• DSE is normally the head of the unit in the division.
• Under each DSE, there are 2 to 3 divisional engineers
(DENs)
• Each DEN is assisted by 2 to 3 assistant engineers
(AENs).
• An AEN has about 400 integrated track km under his
charge.
• The AENs are assisted by permanent way inspectors.
Modern trends in railways
• MAGLEV
• TUBE
• METRO
• MAGLEV Trains: The technology of such trains
is based on principle of magnetic repulsion.
• MAGLEV trains runs on U-shaped guide way.
The train as well as the guide way will be
equipped with magnets having south and
north pole arranged alternately.
Tube railways :- The railway provided
underground at a greater depth of about 18 m
or more (up to 52 m) are called tube railways.
This system of railways is so called as the
section of the underground tunnels, carrying
the track, is to avoid the interference of the
tracks with water and gas pipes, sewerage
systems and oil or drainage pipes, etc
Some important features of the tube
railways are given below :-
• The railways stations have to be of cylindrical
form.
• Escalators or moving stair cases are to be
constructed to reach the tube railways.
• Only electric traction to be used to avoid the
smoke and ventilation problems.
• Automatic signaling system is to be used.
Such a mechanism of the train is to be used that it
cannot start until all the doors are closed, and it
automatically stops, if the signal is at ‘STOP’
position.
This system of railways is used by the London
Post Office in transporting mails through a small
diameter tunnel with automatic control without
any driver.
A Metro or rapid transit system is a public
transport system in an urban area with high
capacity, high frequency not needing timetables,
is fast and is segregated from other
traffic. Operating on an exclusive right of way,
rapid transit systems are typically grade
separated and located either in underground
tunnels (subways) or elevated above street level
(elevated transit line).
Important Technical Terms
There are many important technical terms
concerning to Railways, but a few terms which are
of immediate concern are only discussed bellow:-
1. Railway track:-A track formed of rails of iron or
steel along which trains are driven is known as
railway track.
In general, the term railway also includes all
lines of rails, sidings or branches.
2. Rolling stock:- The locomotives, passenger
coaches and goods wagons which roll or run on
railway tracks constitute rolling stock.
3. Locomotive:- The mechanical device which
transfers chemical energy of fuel into
mechanical energy in the form of motion is
called locomotive.
The fuel used in the locomotives may be in
the form of water and coal, diesel or
electricity.
4. Wagons :- The goods compartments are
called wagons. This term applies only to
good stock.
5. Coaches or vehicles :- The passenger
compartments are called coaches or vehicles.
This term applies only to coaching stock.
6. Siding: when a branch starting from main line
terminates at the dead end with a buffer stop is
known as siding.
7. Ballast: is the granular material packed under
and around the sleepers to transfer the loads
from the sleepers to subgrade.
TYPES OF GAUGES PREVALENT IN
INDIA
The different gauges prevalent in India are of
the following these types :-
1. Broad gauge (1676),
2. Meter gauge (1000),
3. Narrow gauge (762 mm & 610 mm).
In India, efforts are being made to convert all N.G. and M.G. lines
to B.G. lines on important sections as and when funds are
available.
Permanent Way
Permanent way: The combination of rails, fitted
on sleepers with the help of fixtures and
fastenings and resting on ballast and subgrade
is called the railway track or permanent way.
Track Cross-section
Track Cross-section
Track Components
• Gauge: defined as the minimum distance
between two rails. Indian Railway follows this
practice.
Wooden sleepers
Tamping
rod
Shape tests:
Flakiness index: The flakiness index of aggregates is the
percentages by weight of particles whose least
dimension(thickness) is less than 0.6 of their mean
dimension.
Elongation index:
• The elongation index of an aggregate is the
percentage by weight of particles whose greatest
dimension (length) is greater than 1.8 times of their
mean dimension. The elongation test is not applicable
to sizes smaller than6.3 mm.
THICKNESS GAUGE
Length gauge
S.no Characteristics Tests
Spikes:
For holding the rails to the wooden sleepers, spikes of various types
are used.
Requirements of spikes:
Spikes should be strong enough to hold the rail in position and it
should have enough resistance against motion to retain its
original position.
The spikes should be deep for better holding power.
It should be easy in fixing and removal from the sleepers.
The spikes should cheap in cost and it should capable of maintaining
the gauge.
Various types of spikes:
1. Dog spikes: For holding F.F rail to wooden
sleeper.
These are stout nails to hold rail flanges with timber
sleepers.