UNIT 2

[2.1] How to study UNIT 2?

[2.2] Have to / don‟t have to

[2.3] Can / can‟t

[2.4] Who / which / where / that

[2.5] Present perfect vs. past simple

2
U NIT
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Pay attention to...

2.1. How to study UNIT 2?

To study this unit you should follow these steps:

1. Look up the Guía del alumno (pages 13 to 18). In this guide you‟ll find an outline
which will allow you to organize your study material.

2. Study the Manual del alumno (pages 32 to 38).

3. Listen to Self study CD 1 tracks 24 to 41 and in CD Listen and speak tracks 6 to

9.

4. Finally, practice with the corresponding exercises.

2.2. Have to / don‟t have to

Have to + infinitive is used to talk about a strong external obligation (it comes from
somewhere else), for example it could come from your boss, your parents...

Don't have to + infinitive is used when there isn't any obligation at all, there is no
need to do something. In these cases have/has can‟t have a contraction.

Affirmative and negative sentences

I
You have to
We don’t have to
travel a lot.
They
get up early every day.
He
has to
She
doesn’t have to
It

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In interrogative and negative sentences we use the auxiliary do / does in the present
tense and did in the past tense.

Interrogative sentences

Do you Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

have to work on the weekends? Yes, he does. / No, he
Does he
doesn’t.

 Both must and have to can be used to speak about obligation, necessity or to give a
personal opinion but in order to express an external obligation that doesn‟t involve an
opinion we use have to:

e.g.: I‟ve read a great book. (“You must read it” or “You have to read it”).
e.g.: In many countries, children have to go to school.

2.3. Can / can‟t

 The verb can is used in the following context:

Skills Can you drive?

Request Can you open the window, please?

Ask for permission Can I use your pen?

 The verb can doesn‟t change in the 3rd person and it is always followed by the
infinitive form:

I
You do this job.
Can
He / she / it make another mistake.
Cannot / can’t
We use that watch.
They

 In English, can is used with verbs of perception: see, look at, hear, listen to, and feel:

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e.g.: Can you hear that?

e.g.: I can see the train coming from far

 could / couldn’t. This form, along with can is usually used to:

Ask somebody to do Can / could you do this for me,

something please?
Can / could
Ask for something Can / could I have a coffee, please?

Ask for permission Can / could I borrow your book?

 The difference in use is that could is more polite while can is more informal.

2.4. Who / which / where / that

Relative pronouns who / which / that / where are used to join clauses to make a
complex sentence. They are used at the beginning of the subordinate clause which
normally gives specific information about the main clause.

Uses:

A nurse is a person who works in a

WHO Refers only to people
hospital.

WHICH Refers only to things A fridge is a thing which keeps food cold.

She‟s the person that won the lottery.

THAT Refers only to people and things
This is the TV that they gave to us.

This is the place where I wanted to take

WHERE Refers to places
you.

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2.5. Present perfect vs. past simple

 We use the Present Perfect to express that an action happened at an unspecified time
in the past. The exact time is not relevant.

 Ever and never are two expressions that are used with the Present Perfect. Ever is
often used in interrogative sentences to find out if someone has done something before
this moment. On the contrary, never is often used in negative sentences. Both ever and
never go before the main verb.

Affirmative and negative sentences

I
You have
We haven’t
finished my homework.
They
lost my car‟s key.
He
has
She
hasn’t
It

Interrogative sentences with ever

Have you played tennis?

ever
Has she studied it?

Negative sentences with never

You have listened to anything like this.

never
He has cleaned his room.

 Past Simple is used to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past.

 When we start a conversation we usually use Present Perfect followed by the Past
Simple:
E.g.: Have you ever been to London?
- Yes, I have.
- When did you go? Did you like it?

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Specially recommended

Master class

Have to / must

In this video, you´ll see the differences between these two verbs, have to and must, and
the rules to use both of them.

This class is available in the virtual classroom.

Don‟t miss…

August Rush

August Rush
Direction: Kirsten Sheridan.
Country: USA.
Year: 2007.
Duration: 2:30 m.
Genre: Drama, music, romance.
Starring: Kerri Russell, Jonathan Rhys-Meyer, Robin
Williams & Freddie Highmore

Synopsis

A drama with fairy tale elements, where an orphaned musical prodigy uses his gift as a
clue to finding his birth parents.

For further information visit Internet Movie Data Base at:

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0426931/

UNIT 2 – Specially recommended

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+ Information

More about…

8 Multiple Intelligences in children

“The first exploration into the theory of Multiple Intelligence was in a book by author,
Dr. Howard Gardner in 1983.

Dr. Gardner defined intelligence as consisting of three components:

- Ability to create an effective product or service that is valuable to one's culture

- Set of skills that enables an individual to solve problems encountered in life
- Potential for finding or creating solutions for problems, which enables a person to
acquire new knowledge.”

Read this interesting article about Dr. Gardner, who has become a world-renowned
authority on the topic of MI.

http://www.child-central.com/Multiple-Intelligences.html

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VIP

Howard Earl Gardner (1943 - 2002)

“Howard Earl Gardner was born and raised in Scranton, Pennsylvania. His parents,
Ralph and Hilde (maiden name Weilheimer), were refugees from Nazi Germany. [...]

Gardner received his B.A. summa cum laude in social relations from Harvard College in
1965 and his Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard University in 1971. At Harvard he
studied with the renowned developmental psychologists Jerome Bruner and Erik
Erikson, and the philosopher Nelson Goodman. He had thought he would research
children and their artistic abilities but became fascinated with neuropsychology after
attending a lecture on the subject given by Norman Geschwind, a well-known
neuropsychologist. [...]

His research has focused for the most part on the nature of human intelligence [...] For
numerous years, Gardner conducted research in symbol-using capacities in normal and
gifted children, and in adults who had experienced brain damage. Through his efforts
to bring these two areas of work together, he developed his theory of multiple types of
intelligence, which he introduced in Frames of Mind (1983). [...]

In the mid-1980s Gardner started to become involved in efforts to reform schools in the
United States. [...] One aspect of this work investigates the relationship between a
person's production of exemplary work and his or her personal values. [...]

[...] Gardner's work has been highly influential. His books have been translated into 20
languages. [...]”

Read the whole article in the following web page:

http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/270/Howard-Earl-Gardner.html

This is his personal web page:

http://www.howardgardner.com/

UNIT 2 – VIP
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Recording yourself

Multiple Intelligence Quiz

As we have studied, researches show that there are eight types of intelligence. We
recommend you to visit the following link in order to use the quiz to find out about your
own learning style.

http://www.jobsetc.gc.ca/toolbox/quizzes/mi_quiz.do?lang=e

After taking the Multiple Intelligence Quiz record yourself reading the results and
giving your opinion about them. Do you agree with them? If so why or not?

¿Cómo grabarte? Es muy sencillo, solo necesitas unos cascos con micrófono
incorporado. En el menú Inicio de Windows, deberás desplegar la pestaña Todos los
programas, pinchar en Accesorios, Entretenimiento y Grabadora de sonidos.
Aparecerá en tu pantalla un menú muy sencillo para que puedas grabar y escuchar tu
voz. Una vez que lo tengas grabado (puedes hacer las pruebas que sean necesarias)
pincha en Archivo y guárdalo con extensión *.wav. Por ejemplo: juan.perez_unit1.wav

UNIT 2 – Recording yourself

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Exercises

Task: Pilot killed as plane crashes into house

Read the text and answer the questions about it.

We recommend you to listen to it as well as to read it in the following web page:

http://www.rong-chang.com/qa2/stories/story054.htm

“A small plane crashed into a house Sunday

afternoon, killing the pilot and destroying half
of the home. The family inside the house
escaped without injury. The single-engine
airplane crashed about 5:30 p.m. The pilot, the
only one in the plane, was trying to make an
emergency landing at the airport. The pilot‟s
body was found on the bed in the master
bedroom. The plane crashed into one end of the house, where the three bedrooms were.

That part of the house was wrecked. The Carols, who own the house, were all at home
eating dinner.

“Oh, my gosh,” said Mrs. Carol, “I thought the world had come to an end. I never heard
such a loud sound. We all ducked under the table, thinking it was another earthquake.
When nothing else happened, we got brave and decided to investigate.”

They immediately called 911 when they discovered the cause of the thunderous sound.
The family was lucky because there was no fire. Authorities suspect that a lack of fuel
contributed to the crash. Mr. Carol said that they might have to move out until they can
get the house repaired. The police will release the pilot‟s name after they have notified
his next of kin.”

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Questions

Give full answers to the following questions about the text in your own words.

1. How big was the plane?

2. What did it crash into?
3. When did it crash?
4. Who was inside the house?
5. How many engines did the plane have?
6. How many were in the plane?
7. Where was the pilot trying to land?
8. What kind of landing was he trying to make?
9. Where was his body found?
10. Which bedroom was his body found in?

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Puedes consultar las soluciones de estas actividades en el material de la asignatura

(Transcripciones y Solucionario).

Language practice 2A

1. Match the words with the correct expression:

1 Walk a a plane, a class

2 Break b in your sleep
3 Do c Journalist
4 Fail d a famous person
5 Lose e a bone, a mirror
6 Meet f aerobics, exercise
7 Miss g your passport

Present Perfect and Past Simple

2. Reed Bill Bryson‟s text and match each date with the corresponding event.

1951 USA to England

1972 The Lost Continent
1977 his second book
1989 first time in Europe
1991 born

3. Complete the sentences with verbs in the correct tense.

Bill Bryson __was__ (be) born in Iowa, USA. He first ______ (come) to Europe in 1972,
when he _______ (be) 21, and he ______ (be) to many different countries in Europe. In 1977
he _______ (move) to England, where he now lives with his English wife and four children. He
_______ (meet) people from all over the world and he _______(write) a number of books
about his travelling experiences. He _______(write) his first travel book, The Lost Continent,
in 1989, and he _______(finish) his second book two years later.

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4. Write three sentences in each conversation (go to page 39 of the text book to follow
the pictures that illustrate the exercise):

Lose your passport

__Have you ever lost your passport?_______
Yes, I have.
__When did you lose it?_______________
Last year.
Where____________________________?
In Cairo.

Win the lottery

________________________________?
Yes, I have.
________________________________?
Last Christmas.
How much ________________________?
£500.

Break a bone
________________________________?
Yes, I have.
________________________________?
My left arm.
________________________________?
In the garden at home.

Do yoga
________________________________?
Yes, I have.
________________________________?
When I was at university.
________________________________?
No, I hated it.

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Language practice 2B

Vocabulary

1. Fill in the blank with the name of the profession according to the clues given in the
sentences:

He directs an orchestra. It‟s a very interesting and well-paid job.

Conductor

She has to drive people in the city. It‟s a stressful job because the traffic is very bad.
She‟s quite badly paid.
____-d_____

He works for the government. He has to work in an office.

_____-s______

My job is exciting. I wear different clothes every day

__d__

He works from 9.30 to 5.30 every day in a shop. It‟s a tiring job and can be boring.
____-a________

I fly planes. I have to wear a uniform and concentrate all the time.
_ _ _ _t

Underline the stressed syllable in the name of the professions.

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Have to

2. Fill in the following text with have to or don’t have to.

Perfect tunnel vision

Manuel Rodrigues, 24, a steward on the new Eurostar trains, was one of the first people to travel
through the Channel Tunnel. Now, the tour journey from London to Paris is all in a day‟s work
for him. He says, I _have to_ know both cities very well. I have found some lovely restaurants.
Eurostar stewards ____________ between 20 and 35 and physically fit. The company trains
all new stewards, so they ___________ have experienced in this kind of work, but they
__________ have a lively personality. You __________ have any qualifications but you
___________ speak fluent English and French to communicate with the passengers. Manuel
___________ wear a uniform. The company pays for his meals when he stays abroad, so he
______________ worry about restaurant bills.
„We arrive in Paris at about 11.00 a.m. Sometimes we __________ come back on the next
train, but when we ______________ return until the next we can go shopping or sightseeing‟

3. Write sentences using have to.

What time / Manuel / start work?

What time does Manuel have to start to work?__

What / he / do?
_________________________________

How old / they / be?

_________________________________

He / speak any languages?

_________________________________

What qualifications / they / have?

_________________________________

He / pay for meals?

_________________________________

UNIT 2 – Exercises
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Language practice 2C

Can / can’t

1. What do the following signs mean?

Phone here Smoke in this building Park here

Go in this way Pay with credit cards Turn right

You can park here

Describe

2. Fill in the description of the young man (check out the picture in page 41 in your text
book):

He‟s got dark curly hair, and a b____ and a m_______. He‟s w________ a w_____ T-shirt,
a black leather j______, and black t________.

UNIT 2 – Exercises
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3. Fill in the four dialogs with the following expressions:

Where can I park, then?

We can‟t sit here? Why not?
There‟s no smoking on internal flights.
OK, I‟d like these three, then.
But I asked for a smoking seat.
There is a car park at the end of the street.
This table is reserved.
Three. You can keep them for two weeks.

1
Waiter: I‟m sorry, sir, but you can‟t sit here.
Customer: ___We can’t sit here? Why not?________
Waiter: ______________________________
2
Man: Excuse me, how many books can I take home?
Librarian: _______________________________
Man: ________________________________
3
Flight attendant: Excuse me, Madam; I‟m afraid you can‟t smoke.
Passenger: _______________________________
Flight attendant: ________________________
4
Police officer: You can‟t park here, sir. You‟re on a double yellow line.
Driver: __________________________________
Police officer: __________________________

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Language practice 2D

Vocabulary

1. Write the names under the pictures:

Button Photo frame Ashtray

Box Ear-ring Desk

box

Describe the objects:

_It’s rectangular. It’s made of wood._

__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________

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Which, where, who

2. Write sentences with the given information:

1. Photographer looks after your teeth

2. Farm keeps cold and fresh food

3. Phone you can sunbathe

4. Stadium helps to govern a country

person which
5. Dentist thing where animals live
place who
6. Fridge you use when you travel

7. Politician you can watch sport matches

8. Suitcase takes pictures

9. Beach rings when you‟re in the bath

__A photographer is a person who takes pictures.__

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

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3. Complete the definitions, then match them with the words in the right column.

1 It‟s a book _which_ gives you the meaning of words. a Sofa

2 It‟s a __________ who works in a shop. b Shop assistant

3 It‟s _________ an armchair, but it‟s for two people. c Coconut

4 It‟s an _________ which means the opposite of beautiful. d Ugly

5 It‟s a place ________ you can take a train. e Dictionary

6 They‟re people __________ study at the university. f Wardrobe

7 It‟s a ___________ of fruit. It is full of milk. g Station

8 It‟s usually __________ of wood. You put clothes in it. h Students

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Grammar check UNIT 2

1. Present perfect or Past Simple?

Correct the following sentences if necessary.

Have you ever read a James Bond novel?  

What time have you finished work yesterday? 
I‟ve spoken to Natalia five minutes ago. 
We went to Miami last April. 
We‟ve been to USA three times. 
What have you done last night? 

2. Have to / don’t have to

Fill in the following sentences:

A waiter __has__ to stand up all day.

Tomorrow‟s a holiday. We _______________ go to school.
What time do you ____________ start work?
Does your brother _____________ work on Saturdays?
A teacher __________ wear uniform.
I‟m late. I ___________ go now.

3. Can / can’t
Fill in the dialogs with can / can’t:

1
A: _Can_ I borrow the car tonight?
B: No, sorry, you ______. I need it. You _____ get a taxi. It isn‟t far.
A: I _____. I haven‟t got any money.

2
A: _______ we park here?
B: No, we _______. It says No parking.
A: Look. There‟s a car park. We ______ park there.

UNIT 2 – Exercises
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4. Impersonal pronoun You

Complete the sentences with You can / can’t / You have to /don’t have to.

Credit

cards
__You can pay by credit card__
accepted

…
Coffee……..……1.50
TOTAL……..£35.00 Leave a tip _________________________

(Service is included)

Turn left ___________________________

Take pictures ________________________

Entrance Pay _______________________________

free

Smoke on international flights _____________

____________________________________

UNIT 2 – Exercises
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Test
1. She………... to get up early every morning.
A. has
B. have
C. had

2. He has to............ to Brazil next week.

A. goes
B. go
C. went

3. A teacher is a person.............. works in a school.

A. who
B. which
C. that

4. This is the purse............... Anna bought me.

A. that
B. whose
C. which

5. Is she the girl............ won the lottery?

A. that
B. which
C. who

6. She………… French in England.

A. taught
B. taughts
C. teaches

7. .................. she ever been to England?

A. Has
B. Have
C. Had

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8. Have you ever…………….. basketball?

A. play
B. played
C. game

9. Do you…………… work on the weekends?

A. has to
B. had to
C. have to

10. She............. to buy anything for the party.

A. don‟t have
B. doesn‟t has
C. doesn‟t have

UNIT 2 – Test