Examples of Shear-Friction

10 Reinforced Concrete Design

1) At interface between concretes cast at different times

Shear & Diagonal Tension #3 V

Shear-Friction Construction joint

Brackets & Corbels

V Vu

B-(Beam) and D-(Discontinuity) Regions Nuc
Shear wall

Strut-and-Tie Method (STM)
2) At junction of a corbel (bracket) with column

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
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Shear-Friction
3) At junction of precast concrete
From time to time, shear must be transferred across an interface between
two members that can be slip relative to one another.

The interface on which the shear act is referred to as the shear plane or
slip plane.
Vu
Reinforcement
4) At interface between steel and concrete
V V
Frictional Vu
stress Embedded
Studs welded to plate,
V studs
Compression on plate welded to angle bracket
concrete surface
Tension in
reinforcement

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Shear-Friction Concept
Inclined Reinforcement
Shear resistance = Friction force
T sin αf
V
V Vn = Avf fy µ T T cos αf

Applied shear

a Shear-friction
reinforcement
µC αf
Reinforcement Avf
C =T sin αf
in which tension Compressive force Shear strength:
T
is induced to keep crack
T = Avf fy from opening Vn = Avf fy ( µ sin α f + cos α f )
a

Vu
Required Avf =
φ fy ( µ sin α f + cos α f )
V V
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Coefficient of Friction ( µ )
1) 
   µ = 1.4 λ
Shear Friction Test
2) 


  !"#$ 1/4' µ = 1.0 λ
3) 


  !" ) µ = 0.6 λ
4) 

)* Headed stud 234 µ = 0.7 λ

λ = 1.0 for normal weight concrete
= 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
= 0.75 for all lightweight concrete

Maximum Nominal Shear Strength:

max Vn = vn Ac = 0.2 f’c Ac ≤ 56.3 Ac

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EXAMPLE 10-1 Design of the Reinforcement in the Bearing Region of a Steel area required to resist tensile force :
Precast Beam (f’c = 240 ksc, fy = 4,000 ksc)
Nu 5
An = = = 1.47 cm2
φ fy 0.85(4.0)

Ld Total steel required = Avf + An = 5.88 + 1.47 = 7.35 cm2

50 cm 1.7
260 mm 3DB20
Provide 3 DB20 (As = 9.42 cm2) across the assumed crack.
Assumed crack
5 ton
30 cm
28 ton Ld
1.7
3DB20
1. Assume the cracked plane :
Assumed crack
Assume that the beam end is enclosed by a 150-mm x 150-mm angle 5 ton

Assume 60o crack intercepts beam end at 150 tan 60o = 260 mm 28 ton

Crack length = 150 / cos 60o = 300 mm These must be anchored on both sides of the crack.

This is done by welding them to the bearing angle and by extending them 1.7Ld.
Crack area, Acv = 300 mm x 300 mm = 90,000 mm2
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2. Compute the area of steel required : 3. Check maximum shear-transfer strength :

5 ton Vn,max = 0.2 f’c Ac or 56.3 Ac

28 ton
Crack area, Acv = 90,000 mm2 = 900 cm2
60o
Vn,max = 0.2 (0.24) (900) = 43.2 ton Control
Normal force on crack plane = 28cos60o – 5sin60o = 9.67 ton
or Vn,max = 56.3 (900) / 1,000 = 50.7 ton
Shear force on crack plane = 28sin60o + 5cos60o = 26.8 ton
φVn,max = 0.85(43.2) = 36.7 ton
However, it is quick and conservative to assume that
Vu = 28 ton ≤ φVn,max = 0.85(43.2) = 36.7 ton OK
Shear force Vu = Vertical reaction = 28 ton

Normal force Nu = Horizontal reaction = 5 ton (TEN.)

Vu 28
Assume αf = 90o, From Vn = Avf fy µ : A vf = = = 5.88 cm2
φ fy µ 0.85(4.0)(1.4)

where µ = 1.4λ since crack plane is in monolithically placed concrete

λ = 1.0 since normal-weight concrete is used
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 Structural Action of a Corbel
Brackets and Corbels
Reinforcing steel An to resist normal force Nuc :
Brackets or corbels are short-haunched cantilevers that project av Vu
Nuc
from the inner part of columns to support heavy concentrated T =φ Asc fy Nuc An =
φ fy
loads or beam reactions.
Shear plane Reinforcing steel Af to resist bending
Vu moment :
d
h
a Mu = Vu av + Nuc (h – d)
As = ρbd
Nuc Compression
or use simple formular :
strut
Vu a v + Nuc (h − d)
Af =
h d φ fy jd
Ah
Reinforcing steel Avf to resist shear-friction Vu :

Vu
A vf =
φ fy µ
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Corbel Reinforcement
Cracking in Corbel
Steel reinforcement is to be provided as shown in the figure includes:
V V
Asc = primary tension reinforcement (tension tie)
N N
Ah = shear reinforcement (closed stirrups or ties)

Potential 2
failure A sc ≥ A vf + A n
3
surface

V V or A sc ≥ A f + A n

N N
whichever is larger :

Too shallow Deep enough A sc f′

ρ = ≥ 0.04 c
an outer face crack into column bd fy

A h ≥ 0.5(A sc − A n )
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Corbel Design Requirements Mu V a + Nuc (h − d)
Af = = u where jd = 0.85d
φ fy jd φ fy jd
11.9.1(a) av /d not greater than 1, and
16(12) + 3.2(45 − 35)
= = 2.22 cm2
11.9.1(b) Nuc ≤ Vu 0.85(4.0)(0.85 × 35)

11.9.2 Depth at outside edge ≥ 0.5d av Nuc 3.2

An = = = 0.94 cm2
φ fy 0.85(4.0)
11.9.3.2.1 Vn not greater than
Step 4 Check the controlling area of primary steel Asc and shear reinforcement Ah
Min.
Vn,max = 0.2 f’c Ac ≤ 56.3 Ac d/2 (a) Asc = (2/3)Avf + An = (2/3)(3.36) + 0.94 = 3.18 cm2 Control

11.9.3.4 Reinforcement An to resist (b) Asc = Af + An = 2.22 + 0.94 = 3.16 cm2

Nuc shall be determined from
fc′ 280
Minimum A sc = 0.04 b d = 0.04 × × (30)(35)
φ An fy ≥ Nuc ≥ 0.2Vu fy 4,000

= 2.94 cm2 < 3.18 cm2 OK

USE 3 DB12 (Asc = 3.39 cm2)

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EXAMPLE 10-2 : Design of a Bracket or Corbel Horizontal closed stirrups:

Ah = 0.5(Asc – An) = 0.5(3.18 – 0.94) = 1.12 cm2
Design a corbel to support a factored vertical load Vu = 16 ton acting at a distance
a = 12 cm from the face of the column. It has a width b = 30 cm, a total thickness USE 3 DB10 closed stirrups = 2 x 3 x 0.785 = 4.71 cm2
h = 45 cm, and an effective depth d = 35 cm. Given: f’c = 280 ksc, fy = 4,000 ksc spread over 2/3 d = (2/3)(35) = 23.3 cm
Solution: USE 3 DB10 closed stirrups at 7 cm center-to-center
V 16
Step 1 Vn ≥ u = = 18.8 ton
φ 0.85 Vu DB10 welded
Primary tension steel anchor bar
12 cm
0.2 fc′ b d = 0.2(0.28)(30)(35) = 58.8 ton > Vn Asc = 3 DB12 Nuc
56.3b d = 56.3(30)(35) /1,000 = 59.1 ton > Vn OK
7 cm 20 cm

h = 45 cm
d = 35 cm
Step 2 Monolithic construction; normal-weight concrete µ = 1.4λ: 21 cm 7 cm
Vn 18.8 7 cm
A vf = = = 3.36 cm2
fy µ 4.0 × 1.4 3 DB10 closed ties

Step 3 Since no value of Nuc is given, use

3 DB10 framing bars
Min. Nuc = 0.20Vu = 0.2(16) = 3.2 ton 25 cm

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B-(Beam) and D-(Discontinuity) Regions “Cut-Away” and “Filled-In” Truss
B-(Beam)
Beam) Regions are those parts of the structure in which there is a linear
linear The STM is based on the lower bound theory of plasticity.
plasticity. Therefore,
Therefore, the
variation in strain over the depth of the member.
member. actual capacity of the structure is considered to be equal to or greater
greater than
that of the idealized truss.
truss.
D-(Discontinuity)
Discontinuity) Regions are those parts of a structure in which there is a
complex variation in strain.
strain. - Concentrated force (load or reaction point)
point)

- Change in section depth

- Opening,
pening, or another discontinuity

Capacity PB of Deep Beam B (equivalent to Truss A + three concrete fills)

fills)
is at least equal to PA.

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Strut-and-Tie Models
and Steps in Design
1) Define D-Region boundaries
2) Sketch internal supporting truss
3) Select reinforcing steel
4) Evaluate dimensions of struts and
nodes
5) Provide distributed reinforcement
to ensure ductile behavior.

Radial Walls of Skydome,

Skydome, Toronto:
Toronto: Designed using the STM
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