Sei sulla pagina 1di 15

References

1. [Guideline] Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, et al. ACC/AHA
2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report
of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
(Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure):
developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society
for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. Sep
20 2005;112(12):e154-235. [Medline].

2. Kajstura J, Leri A, Finato N, Di Loreto C, Beltrami CA, Anversa P. Myocyte proliferation in end-stage
cardiac failure in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Jul 21 1998;95(15):8801-5. [Medline].

3. Cohn JN. Structural basis for heart failure. Ventricular remodeling and its pharmacological
inhibition. Circulation. May 15 1995;91(10):2504-7. [Medline].

4. Anversa P, Nadal-Ginard B. Myocyte renewal and ventricular remodelling. Nature. Jan


10 2002;415(6868):240-3. [Medline].

5. Leri A, Claudio PP, Li Q, Wang X, Reiss K, Wang S. Stretch-mediated release of angiotensin II induces
myocyte apoptosis by activating p53 that enhances the local renin-angiotensin system and decreases the
Bcl-2-to-Bax protein ratio in the cell. J Clin Invest. Apr 1 1998;101(7):1326-42. [Medline].

6. Jencks SF, Williams MV, Coleman EA. Rehospitalizations among patients in the Medicare fee-for-service
program. N Engl J Med. Apr 2 2009;360(14):1418-28. [Medline].

7. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Flegal K, et al. Heart disease and
stroke statistics--2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and
Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. Jan 27 2009;119(3):480-6. 

8. Stewart S, Wilkinson D, Hansen C, Vaghela V, Mvungi R, McMurray J. Predominance of heart failure in


the Heart of Soweto Study cohort: emerging challenges for urban African communities. Circulation. Dec
2 2008;118(23):2360-7.

9. Damasceno A, Cotter G, Dzudie A, Sliwa K, Mayosi BM. Heart failure in sub-saharan Africa: time for
action. J Am Coll Cardiol. Oct 23 2007;50(17):1688-93.

10. MacIntyre K, Capewell S, Stewart S, Chalmers JW, Boyd J, Finlayson A. Evidence of improving prognosis
in heart failure: trends in case fatality in 66 547 patients hospitalized between 1986 and
1995. Circulation. Sep 5 2000;102(10):1126-31.

11. Dries DL, Exner DV, Domanski MJ, Greenberg B, Stevenson LW. The prognostic implications of renal
insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am
Coll Cardiol. Mar 1 2000;35(3):681-9.

12. Gottlieb SS, Khatta M, Friedmann E, Einbinder L, Katzen S, Baker B, et al. The influence of age, gender,
and race on the prevalence of depression in heart failure patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. May
5 2004;43(9):1542-9.

13. Gottlieb DJ, Yenokyan G, Newman AB, O'Connor GT, Punjabi NM, Quan SF. Prospective study of
obstructive sleep apnea and incident coronary heart disease and heart failure: the sleep heart health
study. Circulation. Jul 27 2010;122(4):352-60.

14. [Guideline] Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, et al. 2009 Focused
update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart
Failure in Adults A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association
Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart
and Lung Transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. Apr 14 2009;53(15):e1-e90.

15. [Best Evidence] Steinhart B, Thorpe KE, Bayoumi AM, Moe G, Januzzi JL Jr, Mazer CD. Improving the
diagnosis of acute heart failure using a validated prediction model. J Am Coll Cardiol. Oct
13 2009;54(16):1515-21.

16. [Best Evidence] Berger R, Moertl D, Peter S, Ahmadi R, Huelsmann M, Yamuti S, et al. N-terminal pro-B-
type natriuretic peptide-guided, intensive patient management in addition to multidisciplinary care in
chronic heart failure a 3-arm, prospective, randomized pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Feb
16 2010;55(7):645-53. [Medline].
17. [Guideline] Adams, KF, Lindenfeld J et all. Executive Summary: 2006 Comprehensive Heart Failure
Practice Guidelines. J Cardiac Failure. 2006;12:10-38.

18. Stevenson LW. Are hemodynamic goals viable in tailoring heart failure therapy? Hemodynamic goals are
relevant. Circulation. Feb 21 2006;113(7):1020-7; discussion 1033. [Medline].

19. [Best Evidence] Anker SD, Comin Colet J, Filippatos G, Willenheimer R, Dickstein K, Drexler H, et
al. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med. Dec
17 2009;361(25):2436-48. [Medline].

20. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and
preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet. Sep
6 2003;362(9386):777-81. [Medline].

21. Konstam MA, Gheorghiade M, Burnett JC Jr, et al. Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for
worsening heart failure: the EVEREST Outcome Trial. JAMA. Mar 28 2007;297(12):1319-31. [Medline].

22. Rich MW, McSherry F, Williford WO. Effect of age on mortality, hospitalizations and response to digoxin in
patients with heart failure: the DIG study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Sep 2001;38(3):806-13. [Medline].

23. Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and
reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the
CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet. Sep 6 2003;362(9386):772-6. [Medline].

24. McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure
and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the
CHARM-Added trial. Lancet. Sep 6 2003;362(9386):767-71. [Medline].

25. CIBIS Investigators and Committees. A randomized trial of beta-blockade in heart failure. The Cardiac
Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS). Circulation. Oct 1994;90(4):1765-73. [Medline].

26. Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe
chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS)
study. Circulation. Oct 22 2002;106(17):2194-9. [Medline].

27. Anand IS, Carson P, Galle E, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy reduces the risk of hospitalizations
in patients with advanced heart failure: results from the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing and
Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial. Circulation. Feb 24 2009;119(7):969-77. [Medline].

28. [Best Evidence] Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Klein H, Brown MW, Daubert JP, et al. Cardiac-
resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med. Oct
1 2009;361(14):1329-38. [Medline].

29. [Best Evidence] Levy WC, Lee KL, Hellkamp AS, Poole JE, Mozaffarian D, Linker DT, et al. Maximizing
survival benefit with primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in a heart failure
population. Circulation. Sep 8 2009;120(10):835-42. [Medline].

30. Massie BM, Collins JF, Ammon SE, et al. Randomized trial of warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients
with chronic heart failure: the Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure (WATCH)
trial. Circulation. Mar 31 2009;119(12):1616-24. [Medline].

31. Abraham WT, Greenberg BH, Yancy CW. Pharmacologic therapies across the continuum of left
ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol. Sep 8 2008;102(5A):21G-28G. [Medline].

32. Alexandre Mebazaa,MD,PhD, Mihai Gheorghiade, MD, FACC et all. Practical recommendations for pre-
hospital and early in-hospital management of patients presenting with acute heart failure syndromes. Crit
Care Med. 2008;36 (suppl):S129-S139.

33. Allen LA, O'Connor CM. Management of acute decompensated heart failure. CMAJ. Mar


13 2007;176(6):797-805. [Medline].

34. Anand IS. Anemia and chronic heart failure implications and treatment options. J Am Coll Cardiol. Aug
12 2008;52(7):501-11. [Medline].

35. Anderson JL. Hemodynamic and clinical benefits with intravenous milrinone in severe chronic heart
failure: results of a multicenter study in the United States. Am Heart J. Jun 1991;121(6 Pt 2):1956-
64. [Medline].
36. Applegate RJ, Little WC. Systolic and diastolic left ventricular function. Prog Cardiol. 1991;4:63.

37. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive
heart failure. N Engl J Med. Jan 20 2005;352(3):225-37. [Medline].

38. Baumstark A, Swensson RG, Hessel SJ, et al. Evaluating the radiographic assessment of pulmonary
venous hypertension in chronic heart disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. May 1984;142(5):877-84. [Medline].

39. Beltrami CA, Finato N, Rocco M, et al. Structural basis of end-stage failure in ischemic cardiomyopathy in
humans. Circulation. Jan 1994;89(1):151-63. [Medline].

40. Bigger JT Jr. Diuretic therapy, hypertension, and cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. Jun
30 1994;330(26):1899-900. [Medline].

41. Binanay C, Califf RM, Hasselblad V, et al. Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary
artery catheterization effectiveness: the ESCAPE trial. JAMA. Oct 5 2005;294(13):1625-33. [Medline].

42. Blasco VV. Features of hepatic involvement in congestive heart failure. Cardiovasc Rev Rep. 1963;4:963.

43. Bradley TD, Logan AG, Kimoff RJ, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and
heart failure. N Engl J Med. Nov 10 2005;353(19):2025-33. [Medline].

44. Brater DC. Pharmacokinetics of loop diuretics in congestive heart failure. Br Heart J. Aug 1994;72(2
Suppl):S40-3. [Medline].

45. Braunwald E. The pathogenesis of heart failure: Then and now. Medicine. 1991;70:68.

46. Braunwald E, Mock MB, Watson J, eds. Congestive Heart Failure: Current Research and Clinical
Applications. NY: Grune & Stratton; 1982:364.

47. Braunwald E, Ross J Jr, Sonnenblick EH. Mechanisms of Contraction of the Normal and Failing Heart. 2nd
ed. Boston: Little Brown & Co; 1976:417.

48. Bristow MR, Anderson FL, Port JD, et al. Differences in beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms in
ischemic versus idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. Sep 1991;84(3):1024-39. [Medline].

49. Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Umans V, et al. Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic-receptor subpopulations in
nonfailing and failing human ventricular myocardium: coupling of both receptor subtypes to muscle
contraction and selective beta 1-receptor down-regulation in heart failure. Circ Res. Sep 1986;59(3):297-
309. [Medline].

50. Burger AJ, Elkayam U, Neibaur MT, et al. Comparison of the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in
patients with acutely decompensated congestive heart failure receiving dobutamine versus nesiritide
therapy. Am J Cardiol. Jul 1 2001;88(1):35-9. [Medline].

51. Butman SM, Ewy GA, Standen JR, et al. Bedside cardiovascular examination in patients with severe
chronic heart failure: importance of rest or inducible jugular venous distension. J Am Coll
Cardiol. Oct 1993;22(4):968-74. [Medline].

52. Carson P, Ziesche S, Johnson G, Cohn JN. Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure:
analysis of the vasodilator-heart failure trials. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial Study Group. J Card
Fail. Sep 1999;5(3):178-87. [Medline].

53. Chatterjee K, Hutchison SJ, Chou TM. Acute ischemic heart failure: pathophysiology and
management. In: Poole-Wilson P, Colucci W, Chatterjee K, Massle B, eds. Heart Failure: Scientific
Principles and Clinical Practice. NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1976:523-49.

54. Chatterjee K, Parmley WW. Vasodilator therapy for acute myocardial infarction and chronic congestive
heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 1983;1(1):133-53. [Medline].

55. Cheitlin MD, Alpert JS, Armstrong WF, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Clinical Application of
Echocardiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task
Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Developed in
coll. Circulation. Mar 18 1997;95(6):1686-744. [Medline].

56. Chen HH, Burnett JC. Natriuretic peptides in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure. Curr Cardiol
Rep. May 2000;2(3):198-205. [Medline].
57. Cheng V, Kazanagra R, Garcia A, et al. A rapid bedside test for B-type peptide predicts treatment
outcomes in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure: a pilot study. J Am Coll
Cardiol. Feb 2001;37(2):386-91. [Medline].

58. Chidsey CA, Harrison DC, Braunwald E, Mason DT. Augmentation of plasma norepinephrine response to
exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1962;267:650.

59. Chin MH, Goldman L. Gender differences in 1-year survival and quality of life among patients admitted
with congestive heart failure. Med Care. Jul 1998;36(7):1033-46. [Medline].

60. Circulation. Effects of metoprolol CR in patients with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy : the
randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction pilot study. Circulation. Feb
1 2000;101(4):378-84. [Medline].

61. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and
mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. Apr 14 2005;352(15):1539-49. [Medline].

62. Clifford R Greyson, MD. Pathophysiology of right ventricular failure. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(suppl):S57-


65.

63. Cody RJ. Clinical trials of diuretic therapy in heart failure: research directions and clinical
considerations. J Am Coll Cardiol. Oct 1993;22(4 Suppl A):165A-171A. [Medline].

64. Cody RJ. Hormonal alterations in heart failure. In: Hosenpud JB, Greenberg BH, eds. Congestive Heart
Failure: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Comprehensive Approach to
Management. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000:199-212.

65. Cody RJ. The potential role of endothelin as a vasoconstrictor substance in congestive heart failure. Eur
Heart J. Nov 1992;13(11):1573-8. [Medline].

66. Cody RJ, Haas GJ, Binkley PF, et al. Plasma endothelin correlates with the extent of pulmonary
hypertension in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation. Feb 1992;85(2):504-
9. [Medline].

67. Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive
heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. Jun
12 1986;314(24):1547-52. [Medline].

68. Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in
the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. Aug 1 1991;325(5):303-10. [Medline].

69. Cohn JN, Levine TB, Olivari MT, et al. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with
chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. Sep 27 1984;311(13):819-23. [Medline].

70. Cohn JN, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart
failure. N Engl J Med. Dec 6 2001;345(23):1667-75. [Medline].

71. Cohn JN, Ziesche S, Smith R, et al. Effect of the calcium antagonist felodipine as supplementary
vasodilator therapy in patients with chronic heart failure treated with enalapril: V-HeFT III. Vasodilator-
Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT) Study Group. Circulation. Aug 5 1997;96(3):856-63. [Medline].

72. Colucci WS, Denniss AR, Leatherman GF, et al. Intracoronary infusion of dobutamine to patients with and
without severe congestive heart failure. Dose-response relationships, correlation with circulating
catecholamines, and effect of phosphodiesterase inhibition. J Clin Invest. Apr 1988;81(4):1103-
10. [Medline].

73. Colucci WS, Elkayam U, Horton DP, et al. Intravenous nesiritide, a natriuretic peptide, in the treatment of
decompensated congestive heart failure. Nesiritide Study Group. N Engl J Med. Jul 27 2000;343(4):246-
53. [Medline].

74. Colucci WS, Packer M, Bristow MR, et al. Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild
symptoms of heart failure. US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. Circulation. Dec 1 1996;94(11):2800-
6. [Medline].

75. Colucci WS, Ribeiro JP, Rocco MB, et al. Impaired chronotropic response to exercise in patients with
congestive heart failure. Role of postsynaptic beta-adrenergic
desensitization. Circulation. Aug 1989;80(2):314-23. [Medline].
76. Colucci WS, Sonnenblick EH, Adams KF, et al. Efficacy of phosphodiesterase inhibition with milrinone in
combination with converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with heart failure. The Milrinone Multicenter
Trials Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. Oct 1993;22(4 Suppl A):113A-118A. [Medline].

77. Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, et al. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients
hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. Feb 13 2007;49(6):675-
83. [Medline].

78. Cotter G, Cotter OM, Kaluski E. Hemodynamic monitoring in acute heart failure. Crit Care
Med. Jan 2008;36(1 Suppl):S40-3. [Medline].

79. Cowie MR, Struthers AD, Wood DA, et al. Value of natriuretic peptides in assessment of patients with
possible new heart failure in primary care. Lancet. Nov 8 1997;350(9088):1349-53. [Medline].

80. Criteria Committee, New York Heart Association. Disease of the Heart and Blood Vessels. Nomenclature
and Criteria for Diagnosis. 6th ed. Boston: Little Brown & Co; 1964:114.

81. Crozier I, Ikram H, Awan N, et al. Losartan in heart failure. Hemodynamic effects and tolerability. Losartan
Hemodynamic Study Group. Circulation. Feb 1 1995;91(3):691-7. [Medline].

82. Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF. Rationale and design of the OPTIME CHF trial: outcomes of a
prospective trial of intravenous milrinone for exacerbations of chronic heart failure. Am Heart
J. Jan 2000;139(1 Pt 1):15-22. [Medline].

83. Dao Q, Krishnaswamy P, Kazanegra R, et al. Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of
congestive heart failure in an urgent-care setting. J Am Coll Cardiol. Feb 2001;37(2):379-85. [Medline].

84. de Bold AJ, Borenstein HB, Veress AT, Sonnenberg H. A rapid and potent natriuretic response to
intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci. Jan 5 1981;28(1):89-94. [Medline].

85. Diamond G, Forrester JS. Effect of coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction on left
ventricular compliance in man. Circulation. Jan 1972;45(1):11-9. [Medline].

86. [Guideline] DiDomenico RJ, Park HY, Southworth MR, Eyrich HM, Lewis RK, Finley JM, et al. Guidelines
for acute decompensated heart failure treatment. Ann Pharmacother. Apr 2004;38(4):649-60. [Medline].

87. Digoxin Investigator's Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and hospitalizations in patients with heart
failure. Presented at: The 45th Annual Scientific Sessions, American College of Cardiology. March
1996;Orlando, Fla:.

88. Cardiovascular Diseases. In: Dean T. Jamison, Richard G. Feachem, Eduard R. Bos, Malegapuru W.
Makgoba, Florence K. Baingana, Karen J. Hofman, Kahma O. Rogo. Disease and mortality in Sub-
Saharan Africa. 2. Washington D.C.: World Bank Publications; 2006:21.

89. Douglas PS, Berko B, Lesh M, Reichek N. Alterations in diastolic function in response to progressive left
ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. Feb 1989;13(2):461-7. [Medline].

90. Dries DL, Exner DV, Gersh BJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk for mortality and
heart failure progression in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic
dysfunction: a retrospective analysis of the SOLVD trials. Studies of Left Ven. J Am Coll
Cardiol. Sep 1998;32(3):695-703. [Medline].

91. Dries DL, Exner DV, Gersh BJ, eta l. Racial differences in the outcome of left ventricular dysfunction. N
Engl J Med. Feb 25 1999;340(8):609-16. [Medline].

92. Dunkman WB, Johnson GR, Carson PE, et al. Incidence of thromboembolic events in congestive heart
failure. The V- HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation. Jun 1993;87(6 Suppl):VI94-
101. [Medline].

93. Dzau VJ. Autocrine and paracrine mechanisms in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Am J Cardiol. Oct
8 1992;70(10):4C-11C. [Medline].

94. Dzau VJ. Tissue renin-angiotensin system in myocardial hypertrophy and failure. Arch Intern Med. Apr
26 1993;153(8):937-42. [Medline].

95. Dzau VJ, Re R. Tissue angiotensin system in cardiovascular medicine. A paradigm


shift?. Circulation. Jan 1994;89(1):493-8. [Medline].
96. Eichhorn EJ, Heesch CM, Barnett JH, et al. Effect of metoprolol on myocardial function and energetics in
patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
study. J Am Coll Cardiol. Nov 1 1994;24(5):1310-20. [Medline].

97. Elefteriades JA, Tolis G Jr, Levi E, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting in severe left ventricular
dysfunction: excellent survival with improved ejection fraction and functional state. J Am Coll Cardiol. Nov
1 1993;22(5):1411-7. [Medline].

98. Emil M deGoma, MD, Randall H Vagelos, MD, FACC, Michael B. Fowler, et al. Emerging Therapies for
the Management of Decompensated. Heart Failure. JACC. 2006;48(12):2398-2409.

99. Ewy GA. Inotropic infusions for chronic congestive heart failure: medical miracles or misguided
medicinals?. J Am Coll Cardiol. Feb 1999;33(2):572-5. [Medline].

100. Ezekowitz JA, Hernandez AF, Starling RC, et al. Standardizing care for acute decompensated
heart failure in a large megatrial: the approach for the Acute Studies of Clinical Effectiveness of Nesiritide
in Subjects with Decompensated Heart Failure (ASCEND-HF). Am Heart J. Feb 2009;157(2):219-
28. [Medline].

101. Feldman AM, Combes A, Wagner D, et al. The role of tumor necrosis factor in the
pathophysiology of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. Mar 1 2000;35(3):537-44. [Medline].

102. Ferguson DW, Abboud FM, Mark AL. Selective impairment of baroreflex-mediated


vasoconstrictor responses in patients with ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. Mar 1984;69(3):451-
60. [Medline].

103. Finkel MS, Oddis CV, Jacob TD, et al. Negative inotropic effects of cytokines on the heart
mediated by nitric oxide. Science. Jul 17 1992;257(5068):387-9. [Medline].

104. Finley JJ 4th, Konstam MA, Udelson JE. Arginine vasopressin antagonists for the treatment of
heart failure and hyponatremia. Circulation. Jul 22 2008;118(4):410-21. [Medline].

105. Flaker GC, Blackshear JL, McBride R, et al. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy and cardiac mortality in
atrial fibrillation. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. J Am Coll
Cardiol. Sep 1992;20(3):527-32. [Medline].

106. Fonarow GC. Epidemiology and risk stratification in acute heart failure. Am Heart
J. Feb 2008;155(2):200-7. [Medline].

107. Fonarow GC. The treatment targets in acute decompensated heart failure. Rev Cardiovasc
Med. 2001;2 Suppl 2:S7-S12. [Medline].

108. Fonarow GC, Adams KF Jr, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ. Risk stratification for in-
hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree
analysis. JAMA. Feb 2 2005;293(5):572-80. [Medline].

109. Fonarow GC, Chelimsky-Fallick C, Stevenson LW, et al. Effect of direct vasodilation with
hydralazine versus angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibition with captopril on mortality in advanced heart
failure: the Hy-C trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. Mar 15 1992;19(4):842-50. [Medline].

110. Fonarow GC, Stevenson LW, Steimle AE, et al. Persistently high left ventricular filling pressures
predict mortality despite angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in advanced heart
failure. Circulation. 1994;90:1-488.

111. Fonarow GC, Stevenson LW, Walden JA, et al. Impact of a comprehensive heart failure
management program on hospital readmission and functional status of patients with advanced heart
failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. Sep 1997;30(3):725-32. [Medline].

112. Forrester JS, Diamond G, Parmley WW, Swan HJ. Early increase in left ventricular compliance
after myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest. Mar 1972;51(3):598-603. [Medline].

113. Fowler MB, Laser JA, Hopkins GL, et al. Assessment of the beta-adrenergic receptor pathway in
the intact failing human heart: progressive receptor down-regulation and subsensitivity to agonist
response. Circulation. Dec 1986;74(6):1290-302. [Medline].

114. Francis GS, Benedict C, Johnstone DE, et al. Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in


patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. A substudy of the
Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation. Nov 1990;82(5):1724-9. [Medline].
115. Francis GS, Cohn JN, Johnson G, et al. Plasma norepinephrine, plasma renin activity, and
congestive heart failure. Relations to survival and the effects of therapy in V-HeFT II. The V-HeFT VA
Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation. Jun 1993;87(6 Suppl):VI40-8. [Medline].

116. Frishman WH, Fozailoff A, Lin C, Dike C. Renin inhibition: a new approach to cardiovascular
therapy. J Clin Pharmacol. Sep 1994;34(9):873-80. [Medline].

117. Garg R, Yusuf S. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on


mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor
Trials. JAMA. May 10 1995;273(18):1450-6. [Medline].

118. Geltman EM. Mild heart failure: diagnosis and treatment. Am Heart J. Dec 1989;118(6):1277-
91. [Medline].

119. Gheorghiade M, Bonow RO. Chronic heart failure in the United States: a manifestation of
coronary artery disease. Circulation. Jan 27 1998;97(3):282-9. [Medline].

120. Gheorghiade M, Pang PS. Acute heart failure syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. Feb


17 2009;53(7):557-73. [Medline].

121. Goldberg LR, Jessup M. Stage B heart failure: management of asymptomatic left ventricular
systolic dysfunction. Circulation. Jun 20 2006;113(24):2851-60. [Medline].

122. Goldstein RE, Boccuzzi SJ, Cruess D, Nattel S. Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart
failure in postinfarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction. The Adverse Experience
Committee; and the Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group. Circulation. Jan 1991;83(1):52-
60. [Medline].

123. Gottlieb SS, Abraham W, Butler J. The prognostic importance of different definitions of worsening
renal function in congestive heart failure. J Card Fail. Jun 2002;8(3):136-41. [Medline].

124. Grantham JA, Burnett JC Jr. BNP: increasing importance in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of
congestive heart failure. Circulation. Jul 15 1997;96(2):388-90. [Medline].

125. Grogan M, Smith HC, Gersh BJ, Wood DL. Left ventricular dysfunction due to atrial fibrillation in
patients initially believed to have idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. Jun
15 1992;69(19):1570-3. [Medline].

126. Grossman W. Diastolic dysfunction in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. Nov


28 1991;325(22):1557-64. [Medline].

127. Grossman W, Jones D, McLaurin LP. Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left
ventricle. J Clin Invest. Jul 1975;56(1):56-64. [Medline].

128. Gunther S, Grossman W. Determinants of ventricular function in pressure-overload hypertrophy in


man. Circulation. Apr 1979;59(4):679-88. [Medline].

129. Guyatt GH, Sullivan MJ, Fallen EL, et al. A controlled trial of digoxin in congestive heart
failure. Am J Cardiol. Feb 1 1988;61(4):371-5. [Medline].

130. Gwathmey JK, Warren SE, Briggs GM, et al. Diastolic dysfunction in hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy. Effect on active force generation during systole. J Clin Invest. Mar 1991;87(3):1023-
31. [Medline].

131. Haber HL, Simek CL, Gimple LW, et al. Why do patients with congestive heart failure tolerate the
initiation of beta-blocker therapy?. Circulation. Oct 1993;88(4 Pt 1):1610-9. [Medline].

132. Habib GB, Mann DL, Zoghbi WA. Normalization of cardiac structure and function after regression
of cardiac hypertrophy. Am Heart J. Aug 1994;128(2):333-43. [Medline].

133. Haddad F, Doyle R, Murphy DJ, Hunt SA. Right ventricular function in cardiovascular disease,
part II: pathophysiology, clinical importance, and management of right ventricular failure. Circulation. Apr
1 2008;117(13):1717-31. [Medline].

134. Hall RE, Tu JV. Hospitalization rates and length of stay for cardiovascular conditions inCanada,
1994 to 1999. Can J Cardiol. Sep 2003;19(10):1123-31. [Medline].
135. Hall SA, Cigarroa CG, Marcoux L, et al. Time course of improvement in left ventricular function,
mass and geometry in patients with congestive heart failure treated with beta- adrenergic blockade. J Am
Coll Cardiol. Apr 1995;25(5):1154-61. [Medline].

136. Hare JM, Loh E, Creager MA, et al. Nitric oxide inhibits the positive inotropic response to beta-
adrenergic stimulation in humans with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. Oct 15 1995;92(8):2198-
203. [Medline].

137. Hayashida W, Kumada T, Nohara R, et al. Left ventricular regional wall stress in dilated
cardiomyopathy. Circulation. Dec 1990;82(6):2075-83. [Medline].

138. He J, Ogden LG, Bazzano LA, et al. Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and
women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Arch Intern Med. Apr 9 2001;161(7):996-
1002. [Medline].

139. Herholz H, Goff DC, Ramsey DJ, et al. Women and Mexican Americans receive fewer
cardiovascular drugs following myocardial infarction than men and non-Hispanic whites: the Corpus
Christi Heart Project, 1988-1990. J Clin Epidemiol. Mar 1996;49(3):279-87. [Medline].

140. Hjalmarson A, Waagstein F. The role of beta-blockers in the treatment of cardiomyopathy and
ischaemic heart failure. Drugs. 1994;47 Suppl 4:31-9; discussion 39-40. [Medline].

141. Ho KK, Anderson KM, Kannel WB, et al. Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in
Framingham Heart Study subjects. Circulation. Jul 1993;88(1):107-15. [Medline].

142. Hobbs RE, Miller LW, Bott-Silverman C, et al. Hemodynamic effects of a single intravenous
injection of synthetic human brain natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure secondary to ischemic or
idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. Oct 15 1996;78(8):896-901. [Medline].

143. Ingram CW, Satler LF, Rackley CE. Progressive heart failure secondary to a high output
state. Chest. Dec 1987;92(6):1117-8. [Medline].

144. Israili ZH, Hall WD. Cough and angioneurotic edema associated with angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitor therapy. A review of the literature and pathophysiology. Ann Intern Med. Aug
1 1992;117(3):234-42. [Medline].

145. Jackson EK. Diuretics. In: Hardman JG, et al, eds. Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 1996:199-248.

146. Jarcho JA. Biventricular pacing. N Engl J Med. Jul 20 2006;355(3):288-94. [Medline].

147. Jensen KT, Eiskjaer H, Carstens J, Pedersen EB. Renal effects of brain natriuretic peptide in
patients with congestive heart failure. Clin Sci (Lond). Jan 1999;96(1):5-15. [Medline].

148. John W Petersen, MD, G Michael Felker, MD, MHS, FACC. Inotropes in the management of
acute heart failure. Crit Care Med. 2008;36 (suppl):S106-S111.

149. Johnstone D, Limacher M, Rousseau M, Liang CS, Ekelund L, Herman M. Clinical characteristics
of patients in studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD). Am J Cardiol. Oct 1 1992;70(9):894-
900. [Medline].

150. Kajstura J, Leri A, Castaldo C, Nadal-Ginard B, Anversa P. Myocyte growth in the failing
heart. Surg Clin North Am. Feb 2004;84(1):161-77. [Medline].

151. Kale P, Fang JC. Devices in acute heart failure. Crit Care Med. Jan 2008;36(1 Suppl):S121-
8. [Medline].

152. Kalyanam Shivkumar, James N. Weiss, Gregg C. Fonarow, Jagat Narula. Structural Substrates
for Arrhythmias in Heart Failure. In: Eugene Braunwald. Atlas of Electrophysiology in Heart
Failure. Philadelphia: Current Medicine LLC; 2005:14.

153. Kaplan MM. Liver dysfunction secondary to congestive heart failure. Practical Cardiol. 1960;6:39.

154. Karlsberg RP, DeWood MA, DeMaria AN, et al. Comparative efficacy of short-term intravenous
infusions of milrinone and dobutamine in acute congestive heart failure following acute myocardial
infarction. Milrinone-Dobutamine Study Group. Clin Cardiol. Jan 1996;19(1):21-30. [Medline].
155. Kavitha M Chinnaiyan, MD, Daniel Alexander, DO, Michael Maddens, MD, et al. Curriculum in
cardiology: Integreted diagnosis and management of diastolic heart failure. Am Heart J. 2007;153:189-
200.

156. Kelly RA, Smith TW. Digoxin in heart failure: implications of recent trials. J Am Coll
Cardiol. Oct 1993;22(4 Suppl A):107A-112A. [Medline].

157. Kjekshus J. Arrhythmias and mortality in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. May


22 1990;65(19):42I-48I. [Medline].

158. Krum H, Sackner-Bernstein JD, Goldsmith RL, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the
long-term efficacy of carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation. Sep
15 1995;92(6):1499-506. [Medline].

159. Krumholz HM, Chen YT, Wang Y, et al. Predictors of readmission among elderly survivors of
admission with heart failure. Am Heart J. Jan 2000;139(1 Pt 1):72-7. [Medline].

160. Kubo SH, Rector TS, Heifetz SM, Cohn JN. Alpha 2-receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in
patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation. Dec 1989;80(6):1660-7. [Medline].

161. Lainscak M, Cleland JG, Lenzen MJ, Follath F, Komajda M, Swedberg K. International variations
in the treatment and co-morbidity of left ventricular systolic dysfunction: data from the EuroHeart Failure
Survey. Eur J Heart Fail. Mar 2007;9(3):292-9. [Medline].

162. Lee MA, Bohm M, Paul M, Ganten D. Tissue renin-angiotensin systems. Their role in
cardiovascular disease. Circulation. May 1993;87(5 Suppl):IV7-13. [Medline].

163. Leier CV, Binkley PF. Parenteral inotropic support for advanced congestive heart failure. Prog
Cardiovasc Dis. Nov-Dec 1998;41(3):207-24. [Medline].

164. Leier CV, Binkley PF, Cody RJ. Alpha-adrenergic component of the sympathetic nervous system
in congestive heart failure. Circulation. Aug 1990;82(2 Suppl):I68-76. [Medline].

165. Lenihan DJ, Gerson MC, Hoit BD, Walsh RA. Mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of diastolic
heart failure. Am Heart J. Jul 1995;130(1):153-66. [Medline].

166. Levin ER, Gardner DG, Samson WK. Natriuretic peptides. N Engl J Med. Jul 30 1998;339(5):321-
8. [Medline].

167. Levine HJ, Gaasch WH. Clinical recognition and treatment of diastolic dysfunction and heart
failure. In: Gaasch WH, LeWinter MM, eds. Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction and Heart
Failure. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1994:445.

168. Levy D, Kenchaiah S, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Kupka MJ, Ho KK, et al. Long-term trends in the
incidence of and survival with heart failure. N Engl J Med. Oct 31 2002;347(18):1397-402. [Medline].

169. Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS, et al. The progression from hypertension to congestive heart
failure. JAMA. May 22-29 1996;275(20):1557-62. [Medline].

170. Liang KV, Williams AW, Greene EL, Redfield MM. Acute decompensated heart failure and the
cardiorenal syndrome. Crit Care Med. Jan 2008;36(1 Suppl):S75-88. [Medline].

171. Libby, Bonow, Mann, Zipes. Braunwald's Heart Disease a Textbook of Cardiovascular


Medicine. 8th edition. 2008:509-727.

172. Little WC, Cheng CP. Left ventricular-arterial coupling in conscious dogs. Am J


Physiol. Jul 1991;261(1 Pt 2):H70-6. [Medline].

173. Little WC, Cheng CP. Vascular versus myocardial effects of calcium antagonists. Drugs. 1994;47
Suppl 4:41-5; discussion 45-6. [Medline].

174. Little WC, Cheng CP. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic performance. In: Warltier DC,
ed. Ventriuclar Function. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1995:111.

175. Litwin SE, Grossman W. Diastolic dysfunction as a cause of heart failure. J Am Coll
Cardiol. Oct 1993;22(4 Suppl A):49A-55A. [Medline].

176. Lucas C, Johnson W, Hamilton MA, et al. Freedom from congestion predicts good survival
despite previous class IV symptoms of heart failure. Am Heart J. Dec 2000;140(6):840-7. [Medline].
177. Maeda K, Tsutamoto T, Wada A, et al. High levels of plasma brain natriuretic peptide and
interleukin-6 after optimized treatment for heart failure are independent risk factors for morbidity and
mortality in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. Nov 1 2000;36(5):1587-93. [Medline].

178. Maeda K, Tsutamoto T, Wada A, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a biochemical marker
of high left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in patients with symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Am
Heart J. May 1998;135(5 Pt 1):825-32. [Medline].

179. Maeder MT, Kaye DM. Heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll
Cardiol. Mar 17 2009;53(11):905-18. [Medline].

180. Maisel AS, Koon J, Hope J, et al. A rapid bedside test for brain natriuretic peptide accurately
predicts cardiac function in patients referred for echocardiography. Am Heart J. 2001;141:374-9.

181. Marin-Neto JA, Pintya AO, Gallo Junior L, et al. Abnormal baroreflex control of heart rate in
decompensated congestive heart failure and reversal after compensation. Am J Cardiol. Mar
15 1991;67(7):604-10. [Medline].

182. Masoudi FA, Havranek EP, Smith G, Fish RH, Steiner JF, Ordin DL. Gender, age, and heart
failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 15 2003;41(2):217-
23. [Medline].

183. Massie B, Bourassa M, DiBianco R, et al. Long-term oral administration of amrinone for


congestive heart failure: lack of efficacy in a multicenter controlled trial. Circulation. May 1985;71(5):963-
71. [Medline].

184. Massie BM, Abdalla I. Heart failure in patients with preserved left ventricular systolic function: do
digitalis glycosides have a role?. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. Jan-Feb 1998;40(4):357-69. [Medline].

185. Massie BM, Carson PE, McMurray JJ, et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved
ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. Dec 4 2008;359(23):2456-67. [Medline].

186. Matsuda M, Matsuda Y, Yamagishi T, et al. Effects of digoxin, propranolol, and verapamil on


exercise in patients with chronic isolated atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res. Jun 1991;25(6):453-
7. [Medline].

187. McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D, et al. Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their
combination in congestive heart failure: randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction
(RESOLVD) pilot study. The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators. Circulation. Sep 7 1999;100(10):1056-
64. [Medline].

188. Metra M, Nardi M, Giubbini R, Dei Cas L. Effects of short- and long-term carvedilol administration
on rest and exercise hemodynamic variables, exercise capacity and clinical conditions in patients with
idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. Dec 1994;24(7):1678-87. [Medline].

189. Miller LW. Outpatient dobutamine for refractory congestive heart failure: advantages, techniques,
and results. J Heart Lung Transplant. May-Jun 1991;10(3):482-7. [Medline].

190. Mills RM, LeJemtel TH, Horton DP, et al. Sustained hemodynamic effects of an infusion of
nesiritide (human b- type natriuretic peptide) in heart failure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled clinical trial. Natrecor Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jul 1999;34(1):155-62. [Medline].

191. Mohindra SK, Udeani GO. Long-acting verapamil and heart failure. JAMA. Feb


17 1989;261(7):994. [Medline].

192. Murdoch DR, McDonagh TA, Byrne J, et al. Titration of vasodilator therapy in chronic heart failure
according to plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration: randomized comparison of the hemodynamic
and neuroendocrine effects of tailored versus empirical therapy. Am Heart J. Dec 1999;138(6 Pt 1):1126-
32. [Medline].

193. Myers J, Gullestad L, Vagelos R, et al. Clinical, hemodynamic, and cardiopulmonary exercise test
determinants of survival in patients referred for evaluation of heart failure. Ann Intern Med. Aug
15 1998;129(4):286-93. [Medline].

194. Nagata K, Iwase M, Sobue T, Yokota M. Differential effects of dobutamine and a


phosphodiesterase inhibitor on early diastolic filling in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll
Cardiol. Feb 1995;25(2):295-304. [Medline].
195. Nony P, Boissel JP, Lievre M, et al. Evaluation of the effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on
mortality in chronic heart failure patients. A meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;46(3):191-
6. [Medline].

196. O'Connell JB. The economic burden of heart failure. Clin Cardiol. Mar 2000;23(3 Suppl):III6-


10. [Medline].

197. O'Connor CM, Whellan DJ, Lee KL, et al. Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with
chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA. Apr 8 2009;301(14):1439-
50. [Medline].

198. Okonko DO, Grzeslo A, Witkowski T, et al. Effect of intravenous iron sucrose on exercise
tolerance in anemic and nonanemic patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure and iron deficiency
FERRIC-HF: a randomized, controlled, observer-blinded trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 15 2008;51(2):103-
12. [Medline].

199. Olivetti G, Abbi R, Quaini F, et al. Apoptosis in the failing human heart. N Engl J Med. Apr
17 1997;336(16):1131-41. [Medline].

200. Olivetti G, Melissari M, Capasso JM, Anversa P. Cardiomyopathy of the aging human heart.
Myocyte loss and reactive cellular hypertrophy. Circ Res. Jun 1991;68(6):1560-8. [Medline].

201. Olsen SL, Gilbert EM, Renlund DG, et al. Carvedilol improves left ventricular function and
symptoms in chronic heart failure: a double-blind randomized study. J Am Coll
Cardiol. May 1995;25(6):1225-31. [Medline].

202. Onwuanyi A, Taylor M. Acute decompensated heart failure: pathophysiology and treatment. Am J
Cardiol. Mar 26 2007;99(6B):25D-30D. [Medline].

203. Packer M. Survival in patients with chronic heart failure and its potential modification by drug
therapy. In: Cohn JN, ed. Drug Treatment of Heart Failure. 2nd ed. Socaucus, NJ: ATC
International; 1966:273.

204. Packer M. Lack of relation between ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with
chronic heart failure. Circulation. Jan 1992;85(1 Suppl):I50-6. [Medline].

205. Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic
heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group. N Engl J Med. Nov 21 1991;325(21):1468-
75. [Medline].

206. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart
failure. N Engl J Med. May 31 2001;344(22):1651-8. [Medline].

207. Packer M, Cohn JN, Abraham WT, et al. Consensus recommendations for the management of
chronic heart failure. On behalf of the membership of the advisory council to improve outcomes
nationwide in heart failure. Am J Cardiol. Jan 21 1999;83(2A):1A-38A. [Medline].

208. Packer M, Gottlieb SS, Blum MA. Immediate and long-term pathophysiologic mechanisms
underlying the genesis of sudden cardiac death in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Med. Mar
20 1987;82(3A):4-10. [Medline].

209. Packer M, Lee WH, Kessler PD, et al. Role of neurohormonal mechanisms in determining survival
in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation. May 1987;75(5 Pt 2):IV80-92. [Medline].

210. Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of
the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure.
ATLAS Study Group. Circulation. Dec 7 1999;100(23):2312-8. [Medline].

211. Parameshwar J, Keegan J, Sparrow J, et al. Predictors of prognosis in severe chronic heart


failure. Am Heart J. Feb 1992;123(2):421-6. [Medline].

212. Patterson JH, Adams KF Jr, Applefeld MM, et al. Oral torsemide in patients with chronic
congestive heart failure: effects on body weight, edema, and electrolyte excretion. Torsemide
Investigators Group. Pharmacotherapy. Sep-Oct 1994;14(5):514-21. [Medline].

213. [Guideline] Peacock WF, Fonarow GC, Ander DS, et al. Society of Chest Pain Centers
Recommendations for the evaluation and management of the observation stay acute heart failure patient:
a report from the Society of Chest Pain Centers Acute Heart Failure Committee. Crit Pathw
Cardiol. Jun 2008;7(2):83-6. [Medline].

214. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients
with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular
enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med. Sep 3 1992;327(10):669-77. [Medline].

215. Pinamonti B, Di Lenarda A, Sinagra G, Camerini F. Restrictive left ventricular filling pattern in
dilated cardiomyopathy assessed by Doppler echocardiography: clinical, echocardiographic and
hemodynamic correlations and prognostic implications. Heart Muscle Disease Study Group. J Am Coll
Cardiol. Sep 1993;22(3):808-15. [Medline].

216. Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in
patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial--the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE
II. Lancet. May 6 2000;355(9215):1582-7. [Medline].

217. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in
patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J
Med. Sep 2 1999;341(10):709-17. [Medline].

218. Quinones MA, Gaasch WH, Alexander JK. Influence of acute changes in preload, afterload,
contractile state and heart rate on ejection and isovolumic indices of myocardial contractility in
man. Circulation. Feb 1976;53(2):293-302. [Medline].

219. Rahimtoola SH. The pharmacologic treatment of chronic congestive heart


failure. Circulation. Sep 1989;80(3):693-9. [Medline].

220. Ram CV. Angiotensin receptor blockers: current status and future prospects. Am J
Med. Aug 2008;121(8):656-63. [Medline].

221. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES). Effectiveness of spironolactone added to an


angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a loop diuretic for severe chronic congestive heart
failure. Am J Cardiol. Oct 15 1996;78(8):902-7. [Medline].

222. Rebecca Gary, RN, PhD, Leslie Davis, MSN, RN, et al. Diastolic heart failure. Heart &
Lung. 2007;37(6):405-16.

223. Rector TS, Johnson G, Dunkman WB, et al. Evaluation by patients with heart failure of the effects
of enalapril compared with hydralazine plus isosorbide dinitrate on quality of life. V-HeFT II. The V-HeFT
VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation. Jun 1993;87(6 Suppl):VI71-7. [Medline].

224. Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Burnett JC Jr, Mahoney DW, Bailey KR, Rodeheffer RJ. Burden of
systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure
epidemic. JAMA. Jan 8 2003;289(2):194-202. [Medline].

225. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Friedel N, Heymann A, et al. Regulation, chamber localization, and subtype


distribution of angiotensin II receptors in human hearts. Circulation. Mar 1 1995;91(5):1461-71. [Medline].

226. REMATCH- N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1435-43.

227. Risoe C, Simonsen S, Rootwelt K, et al. Nitroprusside and regional vascular capacitance in


patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation. Mar 1992;85(3):997-1002. [Medline].

228. Ritchie JL, Bateman TM, Bonow RO, et al. Guidelines for clinical use of cardiac radionuclide
imaging. Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on
Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures (Committee on Radionuclide
Imaging),. J Am Coll Cardiol. Feb 1995;25(2):521-47. [Medline].

229. Ross J Jr, Braunwald E. Studies on Starling's law of the heart. The effects of impeding venous
return on performance of the normal and failing human left ventricle. Circulation. 1954;30:719.

230. Ryden L, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, et al. High dose ACE-inhibitor strategy is more effective
than low dose in diabetic patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:188A.

231. Saito Y, Nakao K, Arai H, et al. Atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) in human ventricle. Increased
gene expression of ANP in dilated cardiomyopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Oct
14 1987;148(1):211-7. [Medline].
232. Schmidt DE, Shah PK. Accurate detection of elevated left ventricular filling pressure by a
simplified bedside application of the Valsalva maneuver. Am J Cardiol. Feb 15 1993;71(5):462-
5. [Medline].

233. Schrier RW, Abraham WT. Hormones and hemodynamics in heart failure. N Engl J Med. Aug
19 1999;341(8):577-85. [Medline].

234. Setaro JF, Zaret BL, Schulman DS, et al. Usefulness of verapamil for congestive heart failure
associated with abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling and normal left ventricular systolic
performance. Am J Cardiol. Oct 15 1990;66(12):981-6. [Medline].

235. Shionoiri H. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with ACE inhibitors. Clin


Pharmacokinet. Jul 1993;25(1):20-58. [Medline].

236. Silver MA, Horton DP, Ghali JK, et al. Effect of nesiritide versus dobutamine on short-term
outcomes in thetreatment of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. Mar
6 2002;39(5):798-803. [Medline].

237. Smith TW. Digoxin in heart failure. N Engl J Med. Jul 1 1993;329(1):51-3. [Medline].

238. Snyder RW 2nd, Glamann DB, Lange RA, et al. Predictive value of prominent pulmonary arterial
wedge V waves inassessing the presence and severity of mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. Mar
15 1994;73(8):568-70. [Medline].

239. Soufer R, Wohlgelernter D, Vita NA, et al. Intact systolic left ventricular function in clinical
congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. Apr 1 1985;55(8):1032-6. [Medline].

240. Spann JF, Bove AA, Natarajan G, Kreulen T. Ventricular performance, pump function and
compensatory mechanisms in patients with aortic stenosis. Circulation. Sep 1980;62(3):576-82. [Medline].

241. Steimle AE, Stevenson LW, Chelimsky-Fallick C, et al. Sustained hemodynamic efficacy of


therapy tailored to reduce filling pressures in survivors with advanced heart failure. Circulation. Aug
19 1997;96(4):1165-72. [Medline].

242. Stevenson LW. Tailored therapy to hemodynamic goals for advanced heart failure. Eur J Heart
Fail. Aug 1999;1(3):251-7. [Medline].

243. Stevenson LW, Bellil D, Grover-McKay M, et al. Effects of afterload reduction (diuretics and
vasodilators) on left ventricular volume and mitral regurgitation in severe congestive heart failure
secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. Sep 15 1987;60(8):654-
8. [Medline].

244. Stevenson LW, Braunwald E. Recognition and Management of Patients with Heart Failure:
Primary Catalog. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1998:310-29.

245. Stevenson LW, Tillisch JH, Hamilton M, et al. Importance of hemodynamic response to therapy in
predicting survival with ejection fraction less than or equal to 20% secondary to ischemic or nonischemic
dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. Dec 1 1990;66(19):1348-54. [Medline].

246. Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure. N Engl J Med. Sep
16 1999;341(12):910-1. [Medline].

247. Stewart DJ, Cernacek P, Costello KB, Rouleau JL. Elevated endothelin-1 in heart failure and loss
of normal response to postural change. Circulation. Feb 1992;85(2):510-7. [Medline].

248. Sussex BA, Campbell NR, Raju MK, McKay DW. The antianginal efficacy of isosorbide dinitrate
therapy is maintained during diuretic treatment. Clin Pharmacol Ther. Aug 1994;56(2):229-34. [Medline].

249. Swedberg K. Initial experience with beta blockers in dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. Mar
25 1993;71(9):30C-38C. [Medline].

250. Swedberg K, Gundersen T. The role of exercise testing in heart failure. J Cardiovasc
Pharmacol. 1993;22 Suppl 9:S13-7. [Medline].

251. Tang WH, Francis GS. The year in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. Nov 11 2008;52(20):1671-
8. [Medline].

252. [Guideline] Task Force for Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of
European Society of Cardiology, Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, McMurray JJ, Ponikowski
P. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force
for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of
Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed
by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur Heart J. Oct 2008;29(19):2388-
442. [Medline].

253. Tauke J, Goldstein S, Gheorghiade M. Digoxin for chronic heart failure: a review of the
randomized controlled trials with special attention to the PROVED (Prospective Randomized Study of
Ventricular Failure and the Efficacy of Digoxin) and RADIANCE (Randomized Assessment of Digoxin on
In. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. Jul-Aug 1994;37(1):49-58. [Medline].

254. Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in
blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. Nov 11 2004;351(20):2049-57. [Medline].

255. The Captopril-Digoxin Multicenter Research Group. Comparative effects of therapy with captopril
and digoxin in patients with mild to moderate heart failure. JAMA. Jan 22-29 1988;259(4):539-
44. [Medline].

256. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart
failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J
Med. Jun 4 1987;316(23):1429-35. [Medline].

257. The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group. The effect of diltiazem on mortality
and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. Aug 18 1988;319(7):385-92. [Medline].

258. The SOLVD Investigattors. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in
asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med. Sep
3 1992;327(10):685-91. [Medline].

259. Thomas JA, Marks BH. Plasma norepinephrine in congestive heart failure. Am J


Cardiol. Feb 1978;41(2):233-43. [Medline].

260. Thompson BT, Cockrill BA. Renal-dose dopamine: a siren song?. Lancet. Jul


2 1994;344(8914):7-8. [Medline].

261. Timmermans PB, Smith RD. Angiotensin II receptor subtypes: selective antagonists and
functional correlates. Eur Heart J. Dec 1994;15 Suppl D:79-87. [Medline].

262. Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda K, et al. Attenuation of compensation of endogenous cardiac


natriuretic peptide system in chronic heart failure: prognostic role of plasma brain natriuretic peptide
concentration in patients with chronic symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. Jul
15 1997;96(2):509-16. [Medline].

263. Tsutamoto T, Wada A, Maeda K, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide level as a biochemical
marker of morbidity and mortality in patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic left ventricular
dysfunction. Comparison with plasma angiotensin II and endothelin-1. Eur Heart
J. Dec 1999;20(24):1799-807. [Medline].

264. Tuttle RR, Mills J. Dobutamine: development of a new catecholamine to selectively increase
cardiac contractility. Circ Res. Jan 1975;36(1):185-96. [Medline].

265. Urata H, Healy B, Stewart RW, et al. Angiotensin II-forming pathways in normal and failing human
hearts. Circ Res. Apr 1990;66(4):883-90. [Medline].

266. Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Congestive heart failure with normal left ventricular systolic
function. Clinical approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of diastolic heart failure. Arch Intern Med. Jan
22 1996;156(2):146-57. [Medline].

267. Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of diastolic heart
failure: an epidemiologic perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. Dec 1995;26(7):1565-74. [Medline].

268. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, et al. Congestive heart failure in subjects with normal
versus reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: prevalence and mortality in a population- based cohort. J
Am Coll Cardiol. Jun 1999;33(7):1948-55. [Medline].

269. Waagstein F, Bristow MR, Swedberg K, et al. Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated
cardiomyopathy. Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC) Trial Study Group. Lancet. Dec
11 1993;342(8885):1441-6. [Medline].
270. Wang J, Nagueh SF. Current perspectives on cardiac function in patients with diastolic heart
failure. Circulation. Mar 3 2009;119(8):1146-57. [Medline].

271. Ware JE Jr, Bayliss MS, Rogers WH, et al. Differences in 4-year health outcomes for elderly and
poor, chronically ill patients treated in HMO and fee-for-service systems. Results from the Medical
Outcomes Study. JAMA. Oct 2 1996;276(13):1039-47. [Medline].

272. Wassim H Fares, MD. Management of acute decompensated heart failure in an evidence-based


era:What is the evidence behind the current standard of care? Heart & Lung. 2007;37(3):173-8.

273. Weber KT, Jalil JE, Janicki JS, Pick R. Myocardial collagen remodeling in pressure overload
hypertrophy. A case for interstitial heart disease. Am J Hypertens. Dec 1989;2(12 Pt 1):931-40. [Medline].

274. Weber KT, Villarreal D. Aldosterone and antialdosterone therapy in congestive heart failure. Am J
Cardiol. Jan 21 1993;71(3):3A-11A. [Medline].

275. Wei CM, Lerman A, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Endothelin in human congestive heart
failure. Circulation. Apr 1994;89(4):1580-6. [Medline].

276. Yancy CW, Lopatin M, Stevenson LW, De Marco T, Fonarow GC. Clinical presentation,
management, and in-hospital outcomes of patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure with
preserved systolic function: a report from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry
(ADHERE) Database. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 3 2006;47(1):76-84. [Medline].

277. Yoshimura M, Yasue H, Okumura K, et al. Different secretion patterns of atrial natriuretic peptide
and brain natriuretic peptide in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation. Feb 1993;87(2):464-
9. [Medline].

278. Young JB, Abraham WT, Horton DP. Demographic characteristics of patients in the VMAC trial
(Vasodilation in the Management of Acute Congestive Heart Failure). J Card Failure. 2000;6(3):50.

279. Young JB, Abraham WT, Stevenson LW, et al. Results of the VMAC Trial: vasodilation in the
management of acute congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2000;102:a2794.

280. Zellner C, Protter AA, Ko E, et al. Coronary vasodilator effects of BNP: mechanisms of action in
coronary conductance and resistance arteries. Am J Physiol. Mar 1999;276(3 Pt 2):H1049-57. [Medline].

Potrebbero piacerti anche