July 2009

WORRY IS A MISUSE OF IMAGINATION.
Volume - 5 Issue - 1
July, 2009 (Monthly Magazine)
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Pramod Maheshwari • It’s the question you dreamed about when you were ten years old.
[B.Tech. IIT-Delhi] • It’s the question your parents nagged you about during high school.
• It’s the question that stresses most of us out more and more the older
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we get. “What do you want to be when you grow up?”
Mr. Ajay Jain [B.E] There are people who are studying political science but hate politics,
Mr. Narendra Garg [B.E] nursing majors who hate biology, and accounting majors who hate math.
Cover Design & Layout Obviously, a lot of people are confused about what exactly it is that they
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want to spend their life doing. Think about it. If you work for 10 hours
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noted may be brought to our notice which shall be
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Figure Out How You Can Benefit Once you’ve figured out what your
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remember just that: it’s the last part of the decision process. I feel sorry
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Owned & Published by Pramod Maheshwari, Yours truly
112, Shakti Nagar, Dadabari, Kota & Printed
by Naval Maheshwari, Published & Printed at
112, Shakti Nagar, Dadabari, Kota.
Pramod Maheshwari,
Editor : Pramod Maheshwari
B.Tech., IIT Delhi
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 JULY 2009

Volume-5 Issue-1
July, 2009 (Monthly Magazine) CONTENTS
INDEX PAGE
NEXT MONTHS ATTRACTIONS
Key Concepts & Problem Solving strategy for IIT-JEE. Regulars ..........
Know IIT-JEE With 15 Best Questions of IIT-JEE
NEWS ARTICLE 3
Challenging Problems in Physics, Chemistry & Maths IIT aspirants’ score cards get better
Much more IIT-JEE News.
IITs, IIMs need to revise curriculum, says Sibal
Xtra Edge Test Series for JEE-2010 & 2011 IITian ON THE PATH OF SUCCESS 7
Dr. Ashok Jhunjhunwala
KNOW IIT-JEE 8
Previous IIT-JEE Question
Study Time........
DYNAMIC PHYSICS 14
S 8-Challenging Problems [Set# 3]
Success Tips for the Months Students’ Forum
Physics Fundamentals
• " Always bear in mind that your own Capacitance - 1
resolution to succeed is more important Friction
than any other thing."
CATALYST CHEMISTRY 28
• "God gave us two ends. One to sit on and
one to think with. Success depends on Key Concept
which one you use; head you win -- tails, Reaction Mechanism
you lose." Chemical Energetics
• "The ladder of success is best climbed by Understanding : Organic Chemistry
stepping on the rungs of opportunity."
• "Success is getting what you want.
DICEY MATHS 37
Happiness is wanting what you get." Mathematical Challenges
• "The secret of success in life is for a man Students’ Forum
to be ready for his opportunity when it Key Concept
comes." 3-Dimensional Geometry
Progression & Mathematical Induction
• "I don't know the key to success, but the
key to failure is trying to please
everybody." Test Time ..........
• "The secret of success is to be in harmony XTRAEDGE TEST SERIES 47
with existence, to be always calm… to let Class XII – IIT-JEE 2010 Paper
each wave of life wash us a little farther up
the shore." Class XI – IIT-JEE 2011 Paper

IIT aspirants’ score cards 19,806 had taken the entrance test Minister for human resources
get better at least two times earlier. Next development Arjun Singh had laid
year, of the total 2.99 lakh the foundation stone of IIT Ropar
MUMBAI: It is a truth universally candidates, 23,931 students were on February 24 this year. Out of
accepted that getting into an IIT is sitting for the exam for the third total 513 acres land where the
certainly no piece of cake — a feat time (or even higher). In other campus would come up some land
achieved by few who can crack words, curtailing aspirants from owned by the village panchayat
what is perceived to be the one of taking as many shots as they had come under dispute, but
the toughest tests this side of the wanted, changed more than just recently panchayat agreed to hand
world. But records of students’ some rules on paper. Separate over the land to IIT.
performances show that the Right to Information applications
number of candidates who scored Punjab technical education and
filed at various IITs reveal some
negatively has dropped from 1.32 industrial training secretary
fresh trends: rock bottom exam
lakh in 2006 to 13,866 in 2008. Tejinder Kaur said in the next few
scores (not qualifying marks) have
The figures show that 45% of days, land for the IIT campus
been improving, and the number
those who took the Joint Entrance would be handed over so that
of those scoring negative
Exam (JEE) in 2006 did not even construction could start. She said
aggregates is falling. While these
score a ‘respectable’ zero. Three to ensure that IIT classes start
trends may not say anything about
years ago, when 2.88 lakh took from the polytechnic without any
students making it to the IITs, it
the JEE, almost half of them were obstacle, no admission was held
shows that the majority of those
in the minus zone. But in 2008, last year which this year the final
in the ranks below are no longer
merely 4% of the candidates year classes are going to be shifted
taking the exam as another jolly
dropped below the thin red line, to other colleges. “Our
ride.
despite the fact that the number responsibility is to provide the
of students who gave the entrance Ropar to run IIT from land and transit campus for the
test that year had increased to polytechnic campus this IIT. Rest is the responsibility of IIT
authorities, who will upgrade the
3.11 lakh from 2.88 lakh in 2006. year labs as per their specifications,”
A JEE 2009 chairman attributed MOHALI: Classes of IIT, Punjab, she said.
the drop in negative scorers to currently being run in Delhi, will
the new objective-type pattern of Meanwhile, according to sources,
be held in the dusty town of last year 120 students were
the question paper as well as the Ropar from June this year. Initially,
restrictions imposed on the admitted to IIT Ropar in the
the campus will be set up at streams of mechanical, electrical
number of attempts. In September women’s polytechnic with the
2005, the C N R Rao panel and computer sciences in Delhi.
government deciding to shift its
recommended that the screening students to other colleges. CBSE toppers aim for
be done away with and a single For the next four-five years, IIT & NIT
objective test be introduced. The women’s polytechnic at Ropar will
maximum number of attempts house IIT. As engineering classes NAGPUR: IIT and NIT are the
permitted was restricted to two. will start next month, hectic buzzwords for students of CBSE
The move, introduced in JEE-2006 renovation work on the Standard XII, results of which
aimed at reducing exam stress, polytechnic campus is on these were announced on Wednesday.
weaken the influence of coaching days. To provide campus City science topper Antony Aron
classes and “restore the sanctity residential facility, hostels and staff George of Bhavan’s BP Vidya
of the school system”. quarters too are being renovated, Mandir (Civil Lines), who scored
Till 2007, data from IIT shows that officials added. Apart from this, 96.4%, aims to work with missile
about 10% of the total aspirants the state government is also going guidance programme and military
were taking the JEE for the third to hand over 500 acre land to the communication technology. “My
time (or more). In 2005, for IIT authorities in the coming few path is very clear,” he says matter-
instance, of the 1.98 lakh aspirants, days. of-factly. “I will first complete my

graduation from a renowned Camera from England which can “Because of technology and
engineering college like any of the capture 20 crore frames per automation, the economy has
IITs or NITS and then pursue my second. changed and it has become difficult
studies in military communication. The camera, worth Rs 2 crore, is for graduates to find jobs. So,
All the military equipment, expected to help the institute there has to be a change in the
hardware and related technology make a breakthrough in their school and university curriculum.”
fascinate me a lot.” ongoing research on the Some IIMs agree there is a need to
Disha Murarka, who scored a development of cracks in objects change the curriculum so that they
whopping 97.2% to top the of daily use, including vehicles. are abreast with changing times.
commerce stream in the city, The state-of-the-art instrument is “Our education system has been
aspires to become a chartered the fastest in the world and the slow in responding to the changes
accountant. Though her father is a first of its kind in the country. It around us. For instance,
businessman, she feels that the CA can capture 20 crore images per management institutes like us are
profession is a dynamic, second, each of which have now questioned about the
challenging and demanding one. utmost clarity. relevance of the management
According to her, engineering and education that is being offered
“Crack propagation is a complex after the economic slowdown. So,
medicine fields have become very issue which requires an extremely
common. “The scope for this for us to live upto what is
detailed study,” said Professor and expected from us, we will have to
lucrative career is bright in an Head of Department of
economically developing nation incorporate the changes,” said
Mechanical Engineering at IIT-K, Devi Singh, Director, IIM-
like ours. Such an option can be Nalinaksh S Vyas. This camera is
termed as challenging as well as Lucknow.
expected to help understand how
rewarding for competent cracks develop and how they However, another IIM professor
professionals in the field,” she spread. “And we can definitely get countered: “IIMs have always
feels. Disha also aspires to pursue in-depth knowledge about the upgraded the curriculum as and
a degree in business nature of each crack,” he said. when required. We are conscious
administration after finishing the of the fact that we have to adjust
CA course. IITs, IIMs need to revise and respond to the changing
Another topper, Kushal Gupta curriculum, says Sibal needs. However, if the ministry
from Modern School (Koradi expects us to incorporate some
The Indian Institutes of
branch), who scored 95.6%, toes changes, we will do it.”
Technology (IITs) and Indian
Antony’s line. “My dream is to Institutes of Management (IIMs) Incidentally, the R C Bhargava
always pursue studies from these need to revise their curriculum to (Chairman of Maruti Suzuki) IIM
premier institutions. But my main compete at the international level, Review Committee report said
aim is to become an electrical or newly-appointed Union Minister that most of the IIM management
electronics engineering and serve for Ministry of Human Resource development programmes (MDPs)
the nation,” he says. Development (MHRD), Kapil Sibal, consist of courses for
Pooja Gavel of Bhavan’s BP Vidya told mediapersons while taking comparatively junior PSU
Mandir too feels the same. “I wish charge today. executives reflecting on the
to complete my studies from Birla perception of business and
He also clarified that pending Bills,
Institute of Technology and industry about the value addition
drafted by the previous
Science, Pilani. I just want a good which IIMs can provide for senior
government, would be pushed
basic degree probably from NITS forward. The important Bills managers. When contacted,
or BITS. I don’t want to go for Bhargava said: “I believe education
include the Foreign Education Bill
IITs. But my ultimate aim is to don is a very important ministry —
and Right to Education Bill. If
the Indian Administrative Services among the top three ministries in
passed in Parliament, the Foreign
(IAS) and serve the society,” India — but has not been given its
Education Bill will allow foreign
Pooja, who scored 92.6%, told due. Mr Sibal’s appointment gives
higher education providers to set
TOI. a great degree of hope that the
up Indian campuses. At present,
education sector will see a lot of
IIT-K gets ‘crack foreign universities are forbidden
reforms soon.”
from offering degree courses in
technology’ to help build India by the MHRD that governs Meanwhile, emphasising on the
safer cars education. Sibal, however, did not fact that this ministry is linked to
Kanpur: The Indian Institute of provide any details in this regard. youth, children and families and
Technology-Kanpur (IIT-K) has that it needs to be seen how it can
Explaining his stance on revising
procured an Ultra High Speed take India forward, Sibal said: “For
the IIT/IIM curriculum, he said:

us, the larger vision is of access Chakroborty and Prof Anil Now, Prem Das Rai, elected to
and quality meaning that all should Bhowmick will head the IITs at the 15th Lok Sabha as the lone
get good quality education with Hyderabad, Ropar, Gandhinagar, member from Sikkim, has the
access to education. The Rajasthan, Bhubaneswar and Patna unique distinction of being the first
challenges in this are private respectively. ever IIT-IIMer in the Lok Sabha.
education institutions- both aided "The Union Cabinet has given its Rai, 54, hopes to contribute his bit
and unaided, government go ahead for the appointment of in changing the way Parliament and
institutions and institutions of the directors who were selected MPs are viewed in the country.
excellence.” by the search committee. We For the moment though, this IIT
Commenting on the reservations have issued appointment letters to Kanpur (chemical engineering) and
in education because of the OBC the new directors last week," a IIM Ahmedabad alumnus just
quota, he said that all new policies senior HRD ministry official said. wants to familiarize himself with
have teething problems. The search committee of ministry the new job. As he puts it, ‘‘First, I
of HRD had earlier selected these need to look at the benchmarks of
As for the recommendations academics to head the new IITs. what constitutes a good MP. We
made by the Prime Minister- are at a crossroads. People this
appointed National Knowledge The IIT Council, the highest
decision making body of the elite time have voted for stability but
Commission (NKC) whose term they have also voted for better
institutes, had approved the
ended in March, Sibal said, “NKC parliamentarians and parliamentary
is pivotal for creating a knowledge appointment of directors in
January this year. However, they processes,’’ says the Sikkim
economy but this does not mean Democratic Front MP, who early
that whatever it says should be could not be appointed pending
Cabinet's approval. in his career chucked a cushy job
embraced or adopted. If the need as a multinational banker and later
arises, their recommendations will The government started six new
gave up opportunities in the US in
be adopted.” IITs last year. Since they did not
favour of returning to his home
have campuses of their own, they
On the school education front, state, Sikkim.
were started on mentoring basis,
the minister said school fees are
an arrangement under which the And what does an IIT-IIMer bring
an area of great concern and that
old IITs had to accommodate the to Parliament? ‘‘I look at the entire
anyone in need, would receive
students of the new institutes. The IIT-IIM community as part of my
financial aid so that no child is
directors of the old IITs were support system. We have a very
denied education because of lack
made acting directors of the new strong network. Through it I
of resources.
ones. would be able to funnel a lot of
Teacher training is an intellectual capital. Then there is
‘exceptionally serious’ problem
In a first, an IIT-IIMer as
the skill set. In IITs and IIMs, you
and so is ragging in schools and MP develop a certain way of learning,
colleges that will be looked at. NEW DELHI: It is Indian analysis and presentation. These
Skill development is another area education system's ultimate ticket would be handy in Parliament,’’ he
of concern for the ministry. to the corporate boardroom. says.
Explaining the similarities and According to one study, around
50% of all CEOs in India have Rai, however, admits he is
proximity between MHRD and his entering uncharted territory.
previous ministry of Science and those magic letters on their CVs
— IIT-IIM. But for all their ‘‘These are, as yet, just
Technology, Sibal said, “There are hypotheses. I don’t know how it
synergies between the MHRD and brilliance and achievement in the
corporate world, not a single will actually play out. Down the
Ministry of Science and road you would be able to find
Technology and these will be member of the IIT-IIM club had so
far entered Parliament as a out how I add value to
included in MHRD.” governance.’’ Rai had been marked
member.
New IITs get regular for brilliance early in life. As a boy
directors growing up in the then sovereign
kingdom of Sikkim, he was sent to
NEW DELHI: Functioning under an elite school in Mussoorie by
temporary arrangement for over a the king as part of the royal policy
year, the newly-created six IITs of promoting bright kids. After
have now got their regular school, he cracked the JEE to go
directors. directly to IIT and then to IIM.
Prof U B Desai, Prof M K Surappa,
‘‘Life in Sikkim was very feudal but
Prof Sudhir Kumar Jain, Prof Prem
in Mussoorie I learned that you
Kumar Kalra, Prof Madhusudan

are no more and no less than access to quality labs in the sanctioned the desired budget. He
anybody else. That’s a value I institute", Bindra further added said, "I am confident that with the
imbibed early,’’ he says. type of support and guidance
SK Mitra new IIT-K being provided by the ministry,
In the midst of his BTech course, Director the institute will again find its old
Sikkim merged with India and Rai
KANPUR: An ex-IIT-ian and the glory."
become an Indian. After
completing his MBA in 1978, Rai senior most professor of the Road from IIT to AIIMS
landed himself a ‘‘great job’’ at the National Sugar Institute SK Mitra
blocked due to
American Bank in Calcutta. A took over as the director of the
meeting with B B Lal, the then institute, here on Monday. settlement
Governor of Sikkim, changed the New Delhi : The road connecting
A sugar technologist of proven
course of his life. ‘‘Lal told me, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
ability, Mitra has rendered
‘Young man what are you doing in to All India Institute of Medical
technical advice to large number
Calcutta? Come back, Sikkim of sugar factories across the Sciences (AIIMS) here has blocked
needs you.’ That finally helped me for two days from today after it
country for capacity expansion,
make up my mind and I returned caved in, Delhi Metro Rail
modernisation, co-generation and
to join a state government Corporation said.
on various aspects to improve the
enterprise with a three-fourth cut
overall technical efficiency of the The settlement over an area of
in salary.’’
plant. 250 metre occurred in the
41st convocation of the Prof Mitra in an interview morning hours after a storm
IIT-K expressed that his first and water drain below the road was
foremost task would be to damaged due to heavy overnight
KANPUR: The chief guest of the rainfall, DMRC said in a release.
improve and up-grade the system
41st convocation of the IIT-K, Jeet
and level of education and The damaged drain started leaking
Bindra was accompanied by Prof
consultancy services being out rainwater and the loose soil
RK Thereja and Prof Dhande in a
rendered by the institute besides above the under-construction
press conference which was
making efforts to fill large number tunnel has led to the settlement.
followed after the convocation
of posts lying vacant. He stressed
ceremony. E Sreedharan, Managing Director,
upon carrying out research on
Prof Dhande while talking to areas which had a direct bearing DMRC, personally inspected the
media persons said that for the on the sugar and alcohol industry affected portion and gave
first time in the history of IIT-K, and which might improve techno- directions for its restoration to
an alumnus of the institute, JS economic situation of these reduce public inconvenience soon,
Bindra has come as the chief guest industries. it said.
on this occasion. Normal traffic was expected to be
Talking on the present sugar crisis,
JS Bindra said, "Chevron Global he informed that the situation had restored on the stretch by
Manufacturing has hired two worsened due to shortfall in sugar Tuesday morning as the DMRC
students of the chemical production in other major sugar has already begun the restoration
engineering department from the producing countries like Thailand, work round the clock.
institute in the campus Pakistan etc and the sugar prices Meanwhile, the traffic has been
recruitment programme. We have had increased rapidly in the global diverted through the Green Park
been sponsoring students and will market. He stressed need for market road. Vehicles coming
continue to do the same for qualitative development of from the IIT side were being
promoting ongoing research work sugarcane, particularly, in the diverted from the Green Park
in the institution." northern region of the country so mosque point, while they can
as to bring it at par with that come back on the Aurobindo
"We will also decide upon how
available in the other high sugar Marg through a road next to
much to fund the IIT-K to
recovery areas like Maharashtra Hotel Parkland, it added.
promote research and education.
and Gujarat.
The focus is on to attract high Traffic marshals have been
quality faculty from western Regarding financial crisis which deputed at all major intersections
shores to this institute to take was reported earlier, Mitra to guide the vehicles. The traffic is,
ongoing research work at newer informed that there was absolutely however, normal on the other
heights and this is only possible no such crisis during this financial side of the Aurobindo Marg from
when the foreign faculty will have year and the ministry had AIIMS to IIT, the release said.

Success Story
This article contains story of a person who get succeed after graduation from different IIT's
Dr. Ashok Jhunjhunwala

Designation : Professor
Education From : B.Tech degree from IIT,
Kanpur University of Maine, USA
Prof. Ashok Jhunjhunwala is Professor of the company, which aims to install and operate
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute telephone and Internet in every village in India.
of Technology, Chennai, India and was department Dr. Jhunjhunwala is a Director in the Board of SBI.
Chair till recently. He received his B.Tech degree He is also a board member of several Telecom and
from IIT, Kanpur, in 1975, and his MS and Ph.D IT companies in India, including Polaris, Sasken,
degrees from the University of Maine, USA in 1977 Tejas Networks and HTL, NRDC, and IDRBT. He is a
and 1979, respectively. From 1979 to 1981, he was former board member of VSNL & BSNL.
with Washington State University as Assistant
Professor. Since 1981, . He has been a member of Dr.Jhunjhunwala has been awarded Padma Shri in
the faculty at IIT, Madras since 1981 and Department the year 2002. He has been awarded Shanti Swarup
Chair until recently. Bhatnagar Award in 1998 and has received
Dr.Vikram Sarabhai Research Award for the year
Professor Jhunjhunwala has the unique distinction 1997. He has also received Millennium Medal at
among academics for combining innovations in Indian Science Congress in the year 2000 and Dr.
technology and business incubation with the social P.Sheel Memorial Lecture Award of the Academy for
goal of sustainable development in India the year 2001 by National Academy of Sciences,
India. He is a Fellow of Indian National Academy of
Dr.Jhunjhunwala leads the Telecommunications and Engineering, Indian National Science Academy and
Computer Networks group (TeNeT) at IIT Madras. National Academy of Science and a Governor of
This group is closely working with industry in the International Council for Computer Communications
development of number of Telecommunications and (ICCC).
Computer Network Systems. TeNeT group has
incubated a number of R&D companies which work in Dr.jhunjhunwala is a Board member of several
partnership with TeNeT group to develop world class Telecom and IT companies in India, including BSNL,
technologies. The products include corDECT VSNL, Polaris, Sasken, Tejas and HTL. He is on the
Wireless in Local Loop system, Fibre Access board of several R&D and educational institutions. He
Network, DSL Systems, Rural ATM [Approximately is on several government bodies formulating and
costing around Rs 40,000)and remote medical driving policies in the area of Telecom and Human
diagnostic Kit. The group has recently incubated a Resource Development.
"Success is a journey, not a destination."

KNOW IIT-JEE
By Previous Exam Questions
2. A 0.5 kg block slides from the point A (see fig.) on a

PHYSICS horizontal track with an initial speed of 3 m/s towards
a weightless horizontal spring of length 1 m and force
1. Masses M1, M2 and M3 are connected by strings of constant 2 Newton/m. The part AB of the track is
negligible mass which pass over massless and friction frictionless and the part BC has the coefficients of
less pulleys P1 and P2 as shown in fig. The masses static and kinetic friction as 0.22 and 0.2 respectively.
move such the portion of the string between P1 and P2 If the distances AB and BD are 2m and 2.14 m
in parallel to the inclined plane and the portion of the respectively, find the total distance through which the
string between P2 and M3 is horizontal. The masses block moves before it comes to rest completely.
M2 and M3 are 4.0 kg each and the coefficient of (Take g = 10 m/s2) [IIT-1983]
kinetic friction between the masses and the surfaces
is 0.25. The inclined plane makes an angle of 37º
with the horizontal. [IIT-1981]
P1 M 2 A B D C
P2 M3 Sol. K.E. of block = work against friction + P.E. of spring
1 1
M1 mv2 = µk mg (2.14 + x) + kx2
37º 2 2
If the mass M1 moves downwards with a uniform 1 1
× 0.5 × 32 = 0.2 × 0.5 × 9.8(2.14 + x) + 2 × x2
velocity, find 2 2
(a) the mass of M1 2.14+ x + x2 = 2.25
(b) The tension in the horizontal portion of the string ∴ x2 + x – 0.11 = 0
(g = 9.8 m/sec2, sin 37º ≈ 3/5) 11
On solving we get x = –
Sol. (a) Applying Fnet = ma on M1 we get 10
T – m1 . g = M1 × 0 = 0 ⇒ T = M1g ...(i) 1
Applying Fnet = Ma on M2 we get or x = = 0.1 (valid answer)
10
T – (T´ + M2g sin θ – f) = M2 × a
Here the body stops momentarily.
T = T´ + M2g sin θ + f = T´ + M2g sin θ + µN
Restoring force at y = kx = 2 × 0.1 = 0.2 N
[Q f = µN = µM2 g cos θ] Frictional force at
∴ T = T´ + M2g sin θ + µM2g cos θ ...(ii) y = µs mg × x = 0.22 × 0.5 × 9.8 = 1.078 N
V
P1
T M2 Since friction force > Restoring force the body will
stop here.
M1 T T´ P2 ∴ The total distance travelled
V θ M2gsinθ N = AB + BD + DY = 2 + 2.14 + 0.1 = 4.24 m.
M2gcosθ T´
M1 g M2g f θ
A B D Rough L C
M3g 2m
Applying Fnet = Ma for M3 we get 2.14m
x
T´ – f ´ = M3 × 0
⇒ T´ = f ´ = µN´ = µM3g ...(iii)
Putting the value of T and T´ from (i) and (iii) in (ii) Y
we get
M1g = µM3g + M2g sin θ – µ M2g cos θ 3. A small sphere rolls down without slipping from the
M1 = 0.25 × 4 + 4 × sin 37º + 0.25 × 4 × cos 37º top of a track in a vertical plane. The track in a
= 4.2 kg vertical plane. The track has an elevated section and a
(b) The tension in the horizontal string will be horizontal part, The horizontal part is 1.0 meter
T ´ = µM3g = 0.25 × 4 × 9.8 = 9.8 N above the ground level and the top of the track is 2.4
metres above the ground. Find the distance on the

ground with respect to the point B(which is vertically plates are then lowered vertically into the oil at a
below the end of the track as shown in fig.) where the speed of 0.001 ms–1. Calculate the current drawn
sphere lands. During its flight as a projectile, does the from the battery during the process. (Dielectric
sphere continue to rotate about its centres of mass ? constant of oil = 11, ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12C2N–1m–1)
Explain. [IIT-1987] [IIT-1994]
Sol. The adjacent figure is a case of parallel plate
capacitor. The combined capacitance will be
v
2.4 m
A
+
1.0m
B
Sol. Applying law of conservation of energy at point D 1–x
and point A 1m
P.E. at D = P.E. at A + (K.E.)T + (K.E.)R x
(K.E.)T = Translational K.E.
d
1 1 C = C1 + C2
mg (2.4) = mg (1) + mv2 + Iω2
2 2 kε 0 ( x × 1) ε [(1 − x ) × 1]
(K.E.)R = Rotational K.E. = + 0
d d
Since the case is of rolling without slipping
ε0
D C= [kx + 1 – x]
d
After time dt, the dielectric rises by dx. The new
2.4m A equivalent capacitance will be
C + dC = C1´ + C2´
1m
kε 0 ε [1 − x − dx ) × 1]
B C = [(x + dx) × 1] + 0
d d
∴ v = rω dC = Change of capacitance in time dt
v ε
∴ω= where r is the radius of the sphere Also = 0 [kx + kdx + 1 – x – dx – kx – 1 + x]
r d
2 ε
I = mr2 = 0 (k – 1)dx
5 d
1 1 2 v2 dC ε dx ε
∴ mg(2.4) = mg(1) + mv2 + × mr2 × 2 = 0 (k – 1) = 0 (k – 1)v ...(i)
2 2 5 r dt d dt d
⇒ v = 4.43 m/s dx
After point A, the body takes a parabolic path. The where v =
dt
vertical motion parameters of parabolic motion will
We know that q = CV
be
dq dC
1 =V ...(ii)
uy = 0 S = ut + at2 dt dt
2
Sy = 1m 1 = 4.9 ty2 ε
⇒ I = V 0 (k – 1)v
ay = 9.8 m/s2 d
1 From (i) and (ii)
∴ ty = ? ty = = 0.45 sec
4.9 500 × 8.85 ×10 −12
I= (11 – 1) × 0.001
Applying this time in horizontal motion of parabolic 0.01
path, BC = 4.43 × 0.45 = 2m = 4.425 × 10–9 Amp.
During his flight as projectile, the sphere continues to
rotate because of conservation of angular momentum. 5. Two resistors, 400 ohms, and 800 ohms are
connected in series with a 6-volt battery. It is desired
4. Two square metal plates of side 1 m are kept 0.01 m to measure the current in the circuit. An ammeter of a
apart like a parallel plate capacitor in air in such a 10 ohms resistance is used for this purpose. What
way that one of their edges is perpendicular to an oil will be the reading in the ammeter? Similarly, If a
surface in a tank filled with an insulating oil. The voltmeter of 10,000 ohms resistance is used to
plates are connected to a battery of emf 500 V. The

measure the potential difference across the 400-ohms I = 8.46 A
resistor, What will be the reading in the voltmeter. Thickness = 0.00254 cm
[IIT-1982] Density = 10.5 g cm–3
Sol. Applying Kirchoff's law moving in clockwise M = 108 g mol–1
direction starting from battery we get p =1 (for Ag)
400Ω 800Ω F = 96500 C mol–1
We know, according to Faraday's first law of
electrolysis,
10Ω A MIt 108 × 8.46 × 8 × 3600
m= =
Fp 96500 ×1
= 272.684 g
Also, m = Density × Volume
6 volt
+ 6 – 10I – 400 I – 800 I = 0 = Density × Area × Thickness
∴ 6 = 1210 I m
∴ Area =
6 Density × Thickness
∴ I= = 4.96 × 10–3 A
1210 272.684
= cm2 = 10224.37 cm2
The voltmeter and 400 Ω resistor are in parallel and 10.5 × 0.00254
hence p.d. will be same
∴ 10,000 I1 = 400 I2 ...(i) 7. From the following data, form the reaction between
Applying Kircoff's law in loop ABCDEA starting A and B. [IIT-1994]
from A in clockwise direction.
[A] [B] Initial rate (mol L–1s–1)
– 400 I2 – 800 I + 6 = 0
mol L–1 mol L–1 300 K 320 K
∴ 6 = 400 I2 + 800 (I1 + I2)
2.5 ×10–4 3.0 ×10–5 5.0 ×10–4 2.0 × 10–3
∴ 6 = 400 I2 + 800(0.04 I2 + I2)
5.0 × 10–4 6.0 × 10–5 4.0 × 10–3 –
From (i) putting the value of I1
1.0 × 10–3 6.0 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–2 –
∴ 6 = 1232 I2
10,000Ω Calculate
(a) the order of reaction with respect to A and with
F V G respect to B,
(b) the rate constant at 300 K,
C (c) the energy of activation,
B D
(d) the pre exponential factor.
400Ω I 800Ω
I Sol. Rate of reaction = k[A]l [B]m
where l and m are the order of reaction with respect
to A and B respectively. From the given data, we
A E obtain following expressions :
6 volt 5.0 × 10–4 = k[2.5 × 10–4]l [3.0 × 10–5]m ..(i)
∴ I2 = 4.87 × 10–3 Amp. –3 –4 l
4.0 × 10 = k[5.0 × 10 ] [6.0 × 10 ] –5 m
...(ii)
Potential drop across 400 Ω resistor 1.6 × 10–2 = k[1.0 × 10–3]l [6.0 × 10–5]m ..(iii)
= I2 × 400 From eq. (ii) and eq. (iii), we get
= 4.87 × 10–3 × 400 l
4.0 × 10 −3  5.0 × 10 −4 
= 1.948 volt ≈ 1.95 volt −2
=  −3 

∴ The reading measured by voltmeter = 1.95 volt 1.6 × 10  1.0 × 10 
or 0.25 = (0.5)l
CHEMISTRY or (0.5)2 = (0.5) l

or l=2
From eq. (i) and eq. (ii), we get
2 m
6. How many grams of silver could be plated out on a 5.0 × 10 −4  2.5 × 10 −4   3.0 × 10 −5 
serving tray by electrolysis of solution containing =  


 6.0 × 10 −5


4.0 × 10 −3
−4
silver in +1 oxidation state for a period of 8.0 hours  5.0 × 10   
m
at a current of 8.46 amperes ? What is the area of the 1 1 1
tray if the thickness of the silver plating is 0.00254 or = × 
8 4 2
cm? Density of silver is 10.5 g cm–3. [IIT-1997]
m
Sol. Given that, 1 1
t = 8.0 hrs = 8 × 3600 s or =  
2 2

or m=1 Amount of water = y
(b) At T1 = 300 K, When this mixture is cooled to 0 ºC and 1 atm, we
Rate of reaction will be left with oxygen and carbon dioxide. Hence,
k1 = the amount 2x occupies the given volume of 2.24 L at
[A]2 [B]1
STP. Hence,
5.0 × 10 −4 (2.24 / 2)L
= Amount x = = 0.05 mol
[2.5 × 10 − 4 ]2 [3.0 × 10 −5 ] 22.4Lmol −1
= 2.67 × 108 L2 mol–2 s–1 Now, Mass of water collected = 0.9 g
(c) At T2 = 320 K, Amount of water collected,
Rate of reaction 0.9g
k2 = y= = 0.05 mol
[A]2 [B]1 18g mol −1
2.0 × 10 −3 Thus, the empirical formula of the compound is
= C0.05H2 × 0.05 O0.05, i.e. CH2O.
[2.5 × 10 − 4 ]2 [3.0 × 10 −5 ]
Now, according to Raoult's law
= 1.067 × 109 L2 mol–2 s–1
∆p
k E  T − T1  – = x2
We know, 2.303 log 2 = a  2  p*
k1 R  T1T2 
0.104 mmHg (50g / M )
1.067 × 109 E a  320 − 300  i.e. =
or 2.303 log =   17.5 mmHg (50g / M) + (1000g / 18g mol −1 )
2.67 × 10 8
8.314  320 × 300 
Solving for M, we get M = 150.5 g mol–1
Ea  20  Number of repeating units of CH2O in the molecular
or 2.303 × 0.6017 =  
8.314  320 × 300  150.5
formula = ≈5
2.303 × 0.6017 × 8.314 × 320 × 300 12 + 2 + 16
or Ea = Hence, Molecular formula of the compound is
20
C5H10O5.
= 55.3 kJ mol–1
(d) According to Arrhenius equation,
9. An organic compound containing C, H and O exists
k = Ae − E a / RT in two isomeric forms A and B. A mass of 0.108 g of
E one of the isomers gives on combustion 0.308 g of
or 2.303 log k = 2.303 log A – a
RT CO2 and 0.072 g of H2O. A is insoluble in NaOH and
At 300 K, NaHCO3 while B is soluble in NaOH. A reacts with
55.3 × 10 3 concentrated HI to give compounds C and D. C can
2.303 log (2.67 × 108) = 2.303 log A – be separated from D by the ethanolic AgNO3 solution
8.314 × 300
and D is soluble in NaOH. B reacts readily with
or 2.303 × 8.4265 = 2.303 log A – 22.17
bromine to give compound E of molecular formula,
19.4062 + 22.17 41.5762 C7H5OBr3. Identify A, B, C, D and E with
or logA = = = 18.0531
2.303 2.303 justification and give their structures. [IIT-1991]
18 –1
A = Antilog 18.0531 = 1.13 × 10 s Sol. We have
Percent of carbon in the compound
8. An organic compound CxH2yOy was burnt with twice MC m CO 2
the amount of oxygen needed for complete = × 100
M CO 2 m compound
combustion to CO2 and H2O. The hot gases, when
cooled to 0 ºC and 1 atm pressure, measured 2.24 L.  12   0.308 
The water collected during cooling weighed 0.9 g. =   (100) = 77.78
 44   0.108 
The vapour pressure of pure water at 20 ºC is 17.5
mm Hg and is lowered by 0.104 mm Hg when 50 g Percent of hydrogen in the compound
of the organic compound is dissolved in 1000 g of 2M H m H 2O
= × 100
water. Give the molecular formula of the organic M HO 2 m compound
compound. [IIT-1983]
Sol. The combustion reaction is  2   0.072 
=   (100) = 7.41
CxH2yOy + x O2 → x CO2 + y H2O  18   0.108 
To start with, the amount of O2 taken is 2x. Hence, Percent of oxygen in the compound
after the combustion reaction, we will be left with the = 100 – (77.78 + 7.41) = 14.81
following amounts. The ratios of atoms in the compound are
Amount of oxygen left unreacted = x
Amount of carbon dioxide = x

77.78 7.41 14.81
C:H:O:: : : : : 6.48 : 7.41 : conc. (i) neutralized
12 1 16
A HNO3 B filtered Filtrate with NaOH
C
0.926 : : 7 : 8 : 1 scarlet (ii) KI Yellow
Hence, Empirical formula of the compound is compound chocolate brown ppt.
C7H8O. Mn(NO3)2
Since the isomer B on reacting with bromine water HNO3
gives compound E(C7H5OBr3), the molecular formula pink coloured solution
of A and B will be the same as the empirical formula The compound B must be a powerful oxidizing agent
derived above, since both contain the same number of which converts Mn2+ to the pink coloured MnO4– ion.
carbon atoms. As E is obtained from B by the Normally, PbO2 is used for this purpose.
substitution of hydrogen with bromine and since The compound C may be PbI2 which is yellow in
there is high carbon content in B, the compounds A colour.
and B must be aromatic. Now, since compound A is The given reactions may be explained as follows.
insoluble in NaOH and NaHCO3 and compound B is
Pb 3 O 4 + 4HNO3 → PbO 2 + 2Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O
soluble in NaOH, it may be concluded that B is a (A ) ( B)
phenolic compound and A is an ether. Hence, the scarlet chocolate
brown ppt.
structures of A and B are
OCH3 OH Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI 2 + 2KNO3
( C)
yellow ppt .
5PbO 2 + 2Mn(NO3)2 + 4HNO3 →

CH3 ( B)
(A) (B)
anisol m-cresol Pb( MnO 4 ) 2 + 4Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O
The bromination of B gives (D)
pink coloured
OH OH
bromination Br Br
CH3 CH3
MATHEMATICS
Br
The reaction of compound A with HI is 11. Let λ and α be real. Find the set of all values of λ for
OCH3 OH which the system of linear equations
λx + (sin α)y + (cos α)z = 0
HI x + (cos α)y + (sin α)z = 0
+ CH3I
– x + (sin α)y – (cos α)z = 0
(A) (D) (C) has a non-trivial solution. for λ = 1, find all values
The compound C can be separated from D by use of of α. [IIT-1993]
ethanolic AgNO3 solution as it is soluble in it Sol. Given, λx + (sin α)y + (cos α)z = 0
whereas D will remain insoluble. The compound D x + (cos α)y + (sin α)z = 0
will be soluble in NaOH as it is phenol. Hence, the –x + (sin α)y – (cos α)z = 0 has non-trivial solution.
structures of A, B, C, D and E are ⇒ ∆=0
OCH3 OH OH OH λ sin α cos α
Br Br
⇒ 1 cos α sin α =0
; ; CH3I ; ;
CH3 (C) CH3 − 1 sin α − cos α
(A) (B) (D)
anisol m-cresol Br ⇒ λ(–cos α – sin2α) – sin α(– cos α + sin α)
2
(E) + cos α(sin α + cos α) = 0

⇒ –λ + sin α cos α + sin α cos α – sin2α + cos2α = 0
10. A scarlet compound A is treated with concentrated ⇒ λ = cos 2α + sin 2α
HNO3 to give chocolate brown precipitate B. The
precipitate is filtered and the filtrate is neutralised {we know, – a 2 + b 2 ≤ a sin θ + b cos θ ≤ a 2 + b2 }
with NaOH. Addition of KI to the resulting solution ∴ – 2 ≤λ≤ 2 ...(1)
gives a yellow precipitate C. The precipitate B on
Again when λ = 1,
warming with concentrated HNO3 in the presence of
cos 2α + sin 2α = 1
Mn(NO3)2 produces a pink-coloured solution due to
the formation of D. Identify A, B, C and D. Write the 1 1 1
or cos 2α + sin 2α =
reaction sequence. [IIT-1995] 2 2 2
Sol. The given reactions may be summarized as follows.

 π π Now, OO2 = r + r2 and OO1 = r1 – r
⇒ cos  2α −  = cos ⇒ OO1 + OO2 = r1 + r2
 4 4
which is greater than O1O2 as O1O2 < r1 + r2
π π (Q C2 lies inside C1)
∴ 2α – = 2bπ ±
4 4 ⇒ locus of O is an ellipse with foci O1 and O2.
π π
⇒ 2α = 2nπ – + 14. Tangents are drawn from any point on the hyperbola
4 4
π π x2 y2
2α = 2nπ + + – = 1 to the circle x2 + y2 = 9. Find the
4 4 9 4
∴ α = nπ or nπ + π/4 locus of mid-point of the chord of contact.
[IIT-2005]
12. A bag contains 12 red balls and 6 white balls. Six Sol. Let any point on the hyperbola is (3 sec θ, 2 tan θ)
balls are drawns one by one without replacement of ∴ Chord of contact of the circle x2 + y2 = 9 with
which at least 4 balls are white. Find the probability respect to the point (3 sec θ, 2 tan θ) is,
that in the next two drawns exactly one white ball is (3 sec θ)x + (2 tan θ) y = 9 ...(1)
drawn (leave the answer in nCr). [IIT-2004] let (x1, y1) be the mid-point of the chord of contact
3 ⇒ Equation of chord in mid-point form is
∑ P(A ).P(B / A )
i =1
i i xx1 + yy1 = x12 + y12 ...(2)
Sol. Using Baye's theorem; P(B/A) = Since (1) and (2) are identically equal
3
3 sec θ 2 tan θ
∑ P (A )
i =1
i ∴
x1
=
y1
= 2
9
x 1 + y12
where A be the event at least 4 white balls have been 9 x1 9 y1
drawn. ⇒ sec θ = and tan θ =
A1 be the event exactly 4 white balls have been 3( x 12
+ y12 ) 2( x 12 + y12 )
drawn. A2 be the event exactly 5 while balls have Thus eliminating 'θ' from above equation, we get
been drawn. 81x12 81y12
A3 be the event exactly 6 white balls have been – =1
9( x12 + y12 ) 2 4( x 12 + y12 ) 2
drawn B be the event exactly 1 white ball is drawn
from two draws. x2 y2 (x 2 + y 2 ) 2
12 ∴ Required locus – =
C 2 .6 C 4 10 C1 .2 C1 12
C1.6 C 5 11
C1.1 C1 9 4 81
18
. 12 + 18
. 12
C6 C2 C6 C2
∴ P(B/A) = 12 15. A plane is parallel to two lines whose direction ratios
12
C 2 .6 C 4 C1 .6 C 5 12
C 0 .6 C 6 are (1, 0, –1) and (–1, 1, 0) and it contains the point
18
+ 18
+ 18
C6 C6 C6 (1, 1, 1). If it cuts co-ordinate axis at A, B, C. Then
find the volume of the tetrahedron OABC.[IIT-2004]
( C 2 . C 4 . C1 . C1 ) + ( C1. C 5 . C1.1 C1 )
12 6 10 12 12 6 11
= 12
Sol. Let the equation of plane through (1, 1, 1) having
C 2 (12 C 2 .6 C 4 +12 C1 .6 C 5 +12 C 0 .6 C 6 ) a, b, c as d.r's of normal to plane,
a(x – 1) + b(y – 1) + c(z – 1) = 0 and plane is parallel
13. Let C1 and C2 be two circles with C2 lying inside C1. to straight line having d.r's.
A circle C lying inside C1 touches C1 internally and (1, 0, – 1) and (–1, 1, 0)
C2 externally. Identify the locus of the centre to C.
⇒ a – c = 0 and –a + b = 0
[IIT-2001]
⇒ a=b=c
Sol. Let the given circles C1 and C2 have centres O1 and
O2 and radii r1 and r2 respectively. ∴ Equation of plane, x – 1 + y – 1 + z – 1 = 0
Let the variable circle C touching C1 internally, C2 x y z
or + + = 1. Its intercept on coordinate axes
externally have a radius r and centre at O. 3 3 3
are A(3, 0, 0), B(0, 3, 0), C(0, 0, 3).
C2 C1 Hence, the volume of tetrahedron OABC
O2
r2 1 rrr
= [a bc]
6
r
3 0 0
O1 1 27 9
O = 0 3 0 = = cubic units
C 6 6 2
0 0 3
r1

Physics Challenging Problems
Set # 3
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in physics that would be very helpful in facing IIT
JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and we
hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Dev Sharma
So l ut i ons wi l l b e pub l i s he d i n ne x t i s s ue Director Academics, Jodhpur Branch
Passage # 1 (Q. 1 to Q. 3) 4. Temperature of gas as a function of time is:

A region in space contains a total positive charge Q (If initial temperature is T0)
that is distributed spherically such that the volume ql
charge density (A) T = T0 + [1 – e–(2KAt/7nRl)]
KA
R  r R
ρ(r) = α for r ≤ ; ρ(r) = 2α 1 −  for ≤r≤R ql
2  R 2 (B) T = T0 + [1 – e–(7nRl/2KAt)]
KA
Where α is a positive constant ρ(r) = 0 for r ≥ R ql
(C) T = T0 + [1 – e–(2KAt/7nRl)]
KA
1. What fraction of total charge is contained in the
(D) None of these
region r ≥ R/2
(A) 4/15 (B) 8/15 (C) 7/15 (D) None
5. Maximum temperature of gas -
2. If an electron is placed at the centre and slightly ql ql
(A) Tmax = T0 + (B) Tmax = T0 + [1 – e]
displaced it will execute SHM. Find the time period KA KA
of oscillation assuming x < R/2 KA ql
(C) Tmax = T0 + (D) Tmax =
ε 0 πmR 2 15πε 0 mR 2 ql KA
(A) 2π (B) 2π
8Qe 8Qe
6. The ratio of the maximum volume to the minimum
7 πε 0 mR 2 volume is -
(C) 2π (D) None of these
8Qe ql KAT0
(A) 1 + (B) 1 +
KAT0 ql
3. The electric field in a region R/2 < r < R is - ql KAT0
(C) (D)
αR 3 2αr  r α R 3 2α r  r KAT0 ql
(A) + 1 −  (B) 2 + 1 − R 
2
24r ε 0 3ε 0  R  8r ε 0 6 ε 0  
7. A constant voltage is applied between two ends of a
αR 3 2α r  r 
(C) + 1− (D) None of these uniform conducting wire. If both the length and
16r 2 ε 0 3ε 0  R  radius of the wire are doubled -
(A) the heat produced in the wire will be doubled
Passage # 2 (Q. 4 to Q. 6)
(B) the electric field across the wire will be doubled
A non-conducting vessel containing n moles of a
(C) the heat produced will remain unchanged
diatomic gas is fitted with a conducting piston. The
(D) the electric field across the wire will become half
cross-sectional area, thickness and thermal
conductivity of piston are A, l and K respectively. 8. A solenoid is connected to a source of constant emf
The right side of piston is open to atmosphere at for a long time. A soft iron piece is inserted into it.
temperature T0. Heat is supplied to the gas by means Then -
of an electric heater at a constant rate q. (A) self inductance of the solenoid gets increased
(B) flux linked with the solenoid increases hence
steady state current gets decrease
gas (C) energy stored in the solenoid gets increased
(D) magnetic moment of the solenoid increased
To atmosphere
l

8
Solution
Set # 2
Physics Challenging Problems

Q ue s t i o ns w e r e Pub l i s h e d i n J une I s s ue
Passage # 1 (Q. 1 to Q. 5) ρ
Slope m = = tan 45º = 1
P
1. Yes
P
So, = 1 for the gas
2. Magnetic moment ρ
= i A = iπr2
= feπr2 γRT γP P
7. Velocity v = = as = 1 constant so,
v evr M0 ρ ρ
= e.πr2 =
2πr 2 velocity is temperature independent.
h
As mvr = h so, magnetic moment
2π 8. No, speed is not temperature dependent.
1 n.h.
M = e.
2 2πm
h e
=  n
4π  m 
h e
Quanta of M.m = .  for n = 1
4π  m 
=
h e
  Regents Physics
4π  m 
M.m = Quanta of magnetic moment. You Should Know Mechanics
Ln mvr m 1. Weight (force of gravity) decreases as you
3. = =2 move away from the earth by distance
Mn evr / 2 e
squared.
Mn 1 e
⇒ = . 2. Mass and inertia are the same thing.
Ln 2 m
Qty is e/m, specific charge of electron. 3. Constant velocity and zero velocity means the
net force is zero and acceleration is zero.
coulomb
4. Thomson's experiment, SI unit is . 4. Weight (in newtons) is mass x acceleration
kg
(w = mg). Mass is not weight!
e e 5. Velocity, displacement [s], momentum, force

5. For electron , for deutron
m 2m and acceleration are vectors.
e e 6. Speed, distance [d], time, and energy (joules)
= C and =P
m 2m are scalar quantities.
So P = C/2
7. The slope of the velocity-time graph is
Passage # 2 (Q. 6 to Q. 8) acceleration.
P RT 8. At zero (0) degrees two vectors have a
6. As. =
ρ M0 resultant equal to their sum. At 180 degrees
M0 P two vectors have a resultant equal to their
⇒ = .T
R ρ difference. From the difference to the sum is
Y = mX the total range of possible resultants.

Students' Forum
Expert’s Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
PHYSICS
1. A particle is projected up from the bottom of an 2. (i) A uniform ladder of length L and weight w rests
inclined plane of inclination α with velocity v0. If it against a vertical wall and makes an angle θ with the
returns to the point of projection after an elastic, horizontal ground. If the coefficient of friction at the
impact with the plane, find the total time of point of contact of the ladder with the wall and the
motion of the particle. ground is µ, show that the greatest height x, measured
Sol. To return to the point of projection after one elastic along the ladder from the foot to which a man of
collision the particle must meet the plane along x- weight W may climb without the ladder slipping is
axis at right angle. Hence, for the motion of particle given by
along x-axis x µ( W + w ) w
= (µ + tan θ) –
vx – v x 0 = (– g sin α)t0 L 2
W (1 + µ ) 2 W
or, 0 – v0 cos θ = (– g sin α)t0 (ii) If the wall be smooth and coefficient of friction
v cos θ between ladder and ground be 0.25, show that
or, t0 = 0 ...(1)
g sin α L  w w
x= 1 +  tan θ –
For the motion of the particle along y-axis 4  W 2W
vy – (– v y 0 ) = (g cos α)t0 Sol. The different forces acting on the ladder are shown in
figure.
or, vy + v y 0 = (g cos α)t0
µR2
or, v0 sin θ + v0 sin θ = (g cos α)t0
2v 0 sin θ R2 B
∴ t0 = ...(2) L/2
g cos α
v0 G
Plane L/2
y g sinα v =0 x R1
v y0 = v sin θ
0 x
g cosα t = t0 C D O
θ A µR1 W
v x 0 = v0 cos θ w
α
(i) Resolving the forces horizontally and vertically,
t=0 we get
Equation (1) and (2),
R2 = µR1 ...(1)
v 0 cos θ 2v 0 sin θ R1 + µR2 = W + w ...(2)
=
g sin α g cos α From equations (1) and (2),
cot θ = 2 tan α R2 = µ[W + w – µR2]
2 tan α or R2[1 + µ2] = µ [W + w]
cos θ =
µ[ W + w ]
1 + 4 tan 2 α ∴ R2 = ...(3)
1+ µ2
1
and sin θ = W+w
1 + 4 tan 2 α and R1 = ...(4)
∴ Time of light for to and fro motion of the particle 1 + µ2
2v 0 cos θ Taking moment about point A, we get
T = 2t0 = R2 × BO + µR2 × AO = w × AC + W × AD
g sin α
R2L sin θ + µR2L cos θ = w(L/2) cos θ + W.x cos θ
2v 0 2 tan α 4v 0
= × = 1  wL 
g sin α ∴ x= R 2 L tan θ + µR 2 L − ...(5)
1 + 4 tan 2 α g 1 + 3 sin 2 α W  2 

Substituting the values of R2, from eq. (3) in eq. (5), Charge on this elemental ring = (2πy dy)σ
we get Again, we can consider that this ring is divided into a
1  µ( W + w ) µ 2 ( W + w ) wL  large number of small elements. Each such element e
x=  L tan θ + −  is at the same distance from P. Hence, potential
W  1 + µ 2 1 + µ2 2  produced by this ring of width dy at the point P is
given by dV, where
x 1  µ( W + w ) w
or =  2
(tan θ + µ) −  1 2πyσdy
L W  1 + µ 2  dV =
4πε 0 r 2 + y 2
x µ( W + w ) w
or = 2
(µ + tan θ) –
L W (1 + µ ) 2W e
(ii) As wall is smooth, µR2 = 0, also µ = 0.25
Substituting µR2 = 0, in eq. (5), y
1  wL  r 2 + y2
O
we get : x = R 2 L tan θ −
W  2  r
a
Now R2 = µR1 = µ(W + w) = 0.25(W + w) P
1   wL  Again, each ring as we go from centre to rim,
∴ x= 0.25( W + w ) L tan θ −  
W  2  produces different contributions. Since the distance

of each ring from P changes as y increases from 0 to
L w wL a, hence, total potential produced by the whole ring,
= 1 +  tan θ –
4 W 2W a
V= ∫ y =0
dV
3. A point charge 40 pC is placed at the centre of a a 2πσ ydy
sphere of radius 0.5 m. For this data, is Gauss's law
consistent with coulomb's law ?
= ∫ 0 4πε 0
.
r 2 + y2
Sol. Let q1 = 40 pC = 40 × 10–12C σ a ydy
Place a test charge q2 at the surface of sphere. =
2ε 0 ∫ 0
r 2 + y2
Then it experience a force,
1 q1q 2 Put (r 2 + y 2 ) = P
F= , given by Coulomb's law.
4πε 0 r 2
∴ r2 + y2 = p2
Field at the surface, or 2ydy = 2pdp
F 1 q1 ydy pdp
E=
q2
=
4πε 0 r 2 ∴ ∫ r 2 + y2
= ∫ p
9 × 10 9 × (40 × 10 −12 )
=
(0.5) 2
= 1.44 N/C = ∫ dp = p = r 2 + y2
a
This field is same at all points on the surface of the σ a ydy σ  2
sphere. Since the field lines are radial, field cuts the ∴ ∫ = r + y2 
2ε 0 0
r 2 + y2 ε 0   0
surface normally.
∴ Flux φE = EA = E(4πr2) σ  2
= r + a 2 − r
= 1.44 × [4π × (0.5)2] 2ε 0  
= 4.5 N-m2/C
σ  2
(ε0φE)on surface = (8.85 × 10–12)4.5 ∴ V= r + a 2 − r
= 40 × 10–12C = 40 pC 2ε 0  
In this situation As a special case, if r >> a
ε0φE = ΣQ   a 2 
1/ 2
 1 a2 
Hence, Gauss law is consistent with coulomb's law. r 2 + a 2 = r 1 +    ≈ r 1 + 2 
  r    2 r 
4. Find the electric potential, at any point on the axis of
σ a2 π q
a uniformly charged circular disc, whose surface or, V = . × =
charge density is σ, radius, a. 2ε 0 2 r π 4πε 0 r
Sol. Let us consider a small elemental thin ring of width [Q πa2 = A and Aσ = q]
dy. i.e., the result is the same as if all the charge is
Area of the ring = 2πy dy concentrated at the centre of the ring.

5. Two concentric shells of radii R and 2R are shown in
the figure. Initially a charge q is imparted to the inner FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
shell. After the keys K1 and K2 are alternately closed
n times each, find the potential difference between
the shells.
OF AIR
Sol. When K1 is closed first time, outer sphere is earthed
and its potential becomes zero. Let the charge on it be
q1´.
V1´ = Potential due to charge on inner sphere and that
due to charge on outer sphere.
1  q q1´ 
∴ 0=  2R + 2R 
4πε 0  
or, q1´ = – q
When K2 is closed first time, the potential V2´ on
inner sphere becomes zero as it is earthed. Let the
new charge on inner sphere be q2´.
1 q 2´ 1  −q 
∴ 0= +  
4πε 0 R 4πε 0  2R  Did you know that the air we breathe isn’t just
∴ q2´ = q/2 oxygen, infact it’s made up of a number of different
gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
argon, neon and many others. Each of these
2R gases carry useful properties so separating them
R from the air around us is extremely beneficial.
The process is called fractional distillation and

consists of two steps, the first relies on cooling the
air to a very low temperature (i.e. converting it
into a liquid), the second involves heating it up thus
K2 K1 allowing each gas within the mixture to evaporate
Now when K1 will be closed second time charge on at its own boiling point. The key to success here is
outer sphere will be –q2´ i.e., –q/2.
that every element within air has its own unique
Similarly, when K1 will be closed nth time, charge on
outer sphere will be –q/2n–1 as each charge will be boiling temperature. As long as we know these
reduced to half the previous value. boiling temperatures we know when to collect
After closing K2 nth time charge on inner shell will each gas.
be negative of half the charge on outer shell i.e.,
So what are the real world benefits of separating
 −q
 n  and potential on it will be zero. and extracting these gases? Well liquid oxygen is
2 
used to power rockets, oxygen gas is used in
For potential of outer shell
breathing apparatus, nitrogen is used to make
1 (−q / 2 n ) 1 (q / 2 n −1 ) fertilizers, the nitric acid component of nitrogen is
V0 = +
4πε 0 2R 4πε 0 2R used in explosives.
q ( −1 + 2)
= The other gases all have their own uses too, for
4πε 0 2 n −1 R
example argon is used to fill up the empty space in
q most light bulbs (thanks to its unreactive nature).
=+
4πε 0 2 n +1 R Carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguishers and is
Potential difference = V0 – Vi great for putting out fires in burning liquids and
q electrical fires. There really are too many uses to
= –0
4πε 0 2 n +1 R list but suffice it to say that fractional distillation is
q an extremely useful process for humans the world
= over.
4πε 0 2 n +1 R

P HYSICS F UNDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE
Capacitor-1
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Capacitance : (b) directly on the dielectric constant K of the

Whenever charge is given to a conductor of any medium between the conductors.
shape its potential increases. The more the charge (Q) (c) inversely on the distance of separation between
given to the conductor the more is its potential (V) the conductor.
i.e. Q∝V Principle of a condenser :
⇒ Q = CV Consider a conducting plate A which is given a
where C is constant of proportionality called charge Q such that its potential rises to V. Then
capacitance of the conductor C = Q/V, C = Q C = Q/V
SI unit of capacitance is farad (F) and 1 F = 1 Let us place another identical conducting plate B
coulomb/volt (1CV–1) parallel to it such that charge is induced on plate B
Energy stored in a charged capacitor : (as shown in figure).
A
1 Q2 1
W= CV02 = = QV0 + +
2 2C 2 + +
Capacitance of an isolated sphere : + +
+ +
Let a conducting sphere of radius a acquire a + +
+ +
potential V when a charge Q is given to it. The + + Q
potential acquired by the sphere is + +
Q Q If V– is the potential at A due to induced negative

V= ⇒C= = 4πε0a charge on B and V+ is the potential at A due to
4πε 0 a V
induced positive charge on B, then
Charge sharing Between two charged conductors :
A B
+ + – +
C2 C2 + + – +
C1 C1 + + – +
+ + – +
V1 V2 V V + + – +
+ + – +
+ + – +
q1 = C1V1 q2 = C2V2 q´1 = C1V q´2 = C2V + + – +
(Initially) (Finally) Q Q
C´ = =
C1V1 + C 2 V2 V´ V + V+ − V−
V=
C1 + C 2 Since V´ < V (as the induced negative charge lies
closer to the plate A in comparison to induced
There is always a loss in energy during the sharing
positive charge).
process as some energy gets converted to heat.
⇒ C´ > C
1 C C 
Loss = – ∆U =  1 2  (V1 – V2)2 Further, if B is earthed from the outer side (see
2  C1 + C 2  figure) then Vn = V – V– as the entire positive charge
Capacitor or Condenser : flows to the earth. So
An arrangement which has capability of collecting Q Q
C" = = ⇒ Cn >> C
(and storing) charge and whose capacitance can be V n V − V−
varied is called a capacitor (or condenser)
So, if an identical earthed conductor is placed in the
The capacitance of a capacitor depends. viscinty of a charged conductor then the capacitance
(a) directly on the size of the conductors of the of the charged conductor increases appreciably. This
capacitor. is the principle of a parallel plate capacitor.

Parallel Plate Capacitor : Special Case II :
A B A+ B When the space between the parallel plate capacitor
+ –
+ + –
is partly filled by a conducting slab of thickness
A = Area of plate + + – t(<d).
σ
d = Separation +
= σ
+ –
+σ E= It no conducting slab is introduced between the
–σ between the + + –
ε kε 0
plates + + – σ
+ + – plates, then a field E0 = exists in a space d. If C0
+ + – ε0
be the capacitance (without the introduction of
d ε A
conducting slab), then C0 = 0
d
It consists of two metallic plates A and B each of area
A at separation d. Plate A is positively charged and
plate B is earthed. If K is the dielectric constant of
the material medium and E is the field that exists E= 0 +σ
between the two plates, then
σ σ  V q
E= = Q E = and σ = 
ε Kε 0  d A t E0
d
V q On inserting the slab, field inside it is zero and so a
⇒ =
d Kε 0 A σ
field E0 = now exists in a space (d – t)
q Kε 0 A ε0
⇒C= =
V d ⇒ V = E0(d – t)
If medium between the plates is air or vacuum, then σ
K=1 ⇒ V= (d – t)
ε0
ε0A
⇒ C0 = q
d ⇒ V= (d – t)
Aε 0
Special Case I :
When the space between the parallel plate capacitor q ε A
⇒ C= = 0
is partly filled with a dielectric of thickness t(<d) V d−t
If no slab is introduced between the plates of the ε0A
σ ⇒ C=
capacitor, then a field E0 given by E0 = , exists in  t 
ε0 d1 − 
 dt 
a space d.
C0
E= E0 ⇒ C=
K  t
1 − 
 d
Since d – t < d
+σ ⇒ C > C0
i.e. Capacitance increases on insertion of conducting
slab between the plates of capacitor.
t
d Charge induced on a dielectric :
E0 –qp +qp
On inserting the slab of thickness t, a field E =
K +q + – + – –q
– E0 + –
exists inside the slab of thickness t and a field E0 +
– –
+ +
exists in remaining space (d – t). If V is total + – + –
potential then + – + –
+ – Ep + –
V = E0(d – t) + Et + – E = E0 – Ep + –
+ – + –
q ε0A
⇒C= = Resultant dielectric field within the plates is
V  1
d − t 1 −  E = E0 – Ep
 K 

1 Case II : When battery is connected to A, then C1
⇒ E= (σ – σp) ...(1) and C2 are in series.
ε0
1 1 1
σ ⇒ = +
Also E = ...(2) C C1 C2
Kε 0
Compare (1) and (2), we get 1 b−a 1 1
⇒ = +
1 σ C ab 4πε 0 K 4πε 0 Kb
(σ – σp) =
ε0 Kε 0 1 1 b−a 
⇒ =  + 1
 1 C 4πε 0 Kb  a 
⇒ σp = σ 1 − 
 K 1 1 b
⇒ =  
qp q 1 C 4πε 0 Kb  a 
⇒ = 1 − 
A A K ⇒ C = 4πε0Ka
 1 Case III : When battery connected to A and B is
⇒ qp = q  1 −  earthed. Then C2 can be omitted as it will not receive
 K any charge.
Spherical capacitor : So, C = C1
B  ab 
b ⇒ C = 4πε0K  
 b−a 
C2
C1 a Case IV : When battery connected to B and A is
A open circuited (or made non conducted) then C1 can
be omitted (as it is open circuited). So,
let C1 be the capacitance in between the two C = C2 ⇒ C = 4πε0Kb
conductors and C2 be capacitance out side both.
Cylindrical capacitor :
To find C1 :
Let inner cylinder be given a charge per unit length
Imagine the outer surface of B to be earthed. Then –q
is the charge induced on the inner surface of B.  q
of λ  =  . A charge – q is induced on length l at
If V is the potential difference between the two  l
surfaces, then inner surface of outer cylinder
q −q
V= +
4πε 0 Ka 4πε 0 Kb b
q–q
a
q 1 1
⇒ V=  − 
4πε 0 K  a b  l
q  ab 
⇒ C= = 4πε0K   ...(1)
V  b−a 
To find C, λ
E= for a < r < b
Imagine A to be made open circuited (i.e. made non 2πε 0 r
conducting), then
dV λ
C2 = 4πε0Kb ...(2) ⇒ – =
dr 2πε 0 Kr
Case I : When battery is connected to B and A is
outer
earthed. Then C1 and C2 are in parallel surface r =b
λ dr
⇒ C = C1 + C2 ⇒ ∫ dV = –
2πε 0 K ∫ r
 ab  inner r =a
⇒ C = 4πε0K   + 4πε0Kb surface
 b−a 
λ b
 b2  ⇒ Vinner surface – Vouter surface = loge  
⇒ C = 4πε0K   2πε 0 K a
 b−a 
  Since, inner surface is at higher potential and outer at
lower potential, so

When this capacitor is connected to the second
–q uncharged capacitor, the charge distributes equally.
b This shows that the capacitance of the second
a capacitor is also C. The voltage across each capacitor
will be V/2. If U be the energy stored in the two
+q capacitors, then
2 2
1 V 1 V
U= C  + C 
2 2 2 2
1
Gaussian surface = CV2 = 2.5 J
4
λ b U 2.5 1
⇒ Vouter surface – Vinner surface = loge   = =
2πε 0 K a U0 5.0 2
q b 3. Two isolated metallic solid spheres of radii R and 2R
⇒ Vinner surface – Vouter surface = loge  
2πε 0 lK a are charged such that both of these have same charge
density σ. The spheres are located far away from
q 2πε 0 lK
⇒C= = each other, and connected by a thin conducting wire.
Vinner surface − Vouter surface b Find the new charge density on the bigger sphere.
log e  
a Sol. Charge on smaller sphere
2πε 0 lK Q1 = 4πR2 . σ
⇒ C= Charge on bigger sphere
b Q2 = 4π(2R)2σ = 16πR2σ
log e  
a ∴ Total charge Q = Q1 + Q2 = 20πR2σ ...(1)
Capacitances of two spherical conductors are
C1 = 4πε0R and C2 = 4πε0(2R)
Solved Examples ∴ Total capacitance
C = C1 + C2 = 12πε0R ...(2)
1. A capacitor of 20 µF and charged to 500 volt is After connection, the common potential V is given by
connected in parallel with another capacitor of 10 µF Q 20πR 2 σ 5Rσ
charged to 200 volt. Find the common potential. V= = =
C 12πε 0 R 3ε 0
Sol. Charge on one capacitor q1 = C1V1
∴ q1 = 20 × 10–6 × 500 = 0.01 coulomb New charge on bigger sphere
Charge on second capacitor Q2´ = C2V
q2 = 10 × 10–6 × 200 = 0.002 coulomb 40πR 2 σ
= 4πε0R(2R) × (5Rσ/3ε0) =
The charge on the two capacitors 3
q = q1 + q2 = 0.01 + 0.002 = 0.003 coulomb Surface density
Total capacity C = C1 + C2
 40πR 2 σ 
= 20 × 10–6 + 10 × 10–6  
= 30 × 10–6 Farad. Q 2´  3 
σ2 ´ = =   = 5 σ.
Common potential = q/C surface area 4π(2R ) 2
6
0.012
= = 400 Volt.
30 × 10 − 6 4. A 8 µF capacitor C1 is charged to V0 = 120 volt. The
charging battery is then removed and the capacitor is
2. A battery of 10V is connected to a capacitor of connected in parallel to an uncharged 4 µF capacitor
capacity of 0.1 F. The battery is now removed and C2 (a) what is the potential difference V across the
this capacitor is connected to a second uncharged combination ? (b) What is the stored energy before
capacitor. If the charge distributes equally on these and after the switch S is thrown ?
two capacitors, find the total energy stored in the two
capacitors. Further, compare this energy with the S
initial energy stored in the first capacitor.
Sol. The initial energy stored in the first capacitor.
1 V0 C1 C2
U0 = CV2
2
1
= × 0.1 × (10)2 = 5.0 J
2

Sol. (a) Let q0 be the charge on C1 initially. Then The capacitance C of a condenser without dielectric
q0 = C1 V0 is given by
when C1 is connected to C2 in parallel, the charge q0 Aε 0
is distributed between C1 and C2. Let q1 and q2 be the C=
d
charges on C1 and C2 respectively. Now let V be the
According to the question, C´ = 2C
potential difference across each condenser.
Now q0 = q1 + q2 2  ε + βd / 2  d
∴ log  0  =

or C1V0 = C1V + C2V Aε 0  ε 0  2 ε 0A
C1 8µF  ε + βd / 2 
∴ V= V0 = (120 V) 4ε 0
C1 + C 2 8µF + 4µF β= log  0 

d  ε0 
= 80 volt.
(b) Initial energy stored
1
U0 = C1V02
2
1
= (8 × 10–6) (120)2
2
= 5.76 × 10–2 Joule
Final energy stored
1
U = C1V2 + C2V2
2
1
2 Physics Facts
1 1 1. Due to gravity, the maximum speed a raindrop
= (8 × 10 )(80)2 + (4 × 10–6)(80)2
–6
2 2 during a rain with falling speed can hit you is
= 3.84 × 10–2 joule about 18 miles per hour (29 kilometers per
Final energy is less than the initial energy. The loss hour).
of energy appears as heat in connecting wires.
2. The speed of light in meters is 299,792,458
5. Calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate meters per second. And how on Earth are you
condenser, with plate area A and distance between going to remember that? The number can be
plates d, when filled with a dielectric whose dielectric remembered from the number of letters in
constant varies as
each word of the following phrase: "We
d guarantee certainty, clearly referring to this
ε(x) = ε0 + βx 0<x<
2 light mnemonic."
d
ε(x) = ε0 + β(d – x) <x<d (The speed of light in miles per second is
2
For what value of β would the capacity of the 186,282.397051221, or in miles per hour,
condenser be twice that when it is without any 670,616,629.384395).
dielectric. 3. In air, at a temperature of 32 degrees
Sol. The capacitance in series is given by
Fahrenheit/0 degrees Celsius (freezing point of
1 1 1
= + water) the speed of sound travels 1,087 feet
C´ C1 C2 (331 meters) per second. (It travels faster at
1 1  d/2 dx d dx  higher temperatures).
∴
C´
= ×
A  ∫0 ε 0 + βx
+ ∫
d/2

ε 0 + β(d − x )  (In 64 degrees Fahrenheit [18 degrees Celsius]
1 the speed of sound travels 1,123 feet [342
= [{log(ε0 + βx)} d0 / 2 – {log(ε0 + β(d – x) dd / 2 ]
Aβ meters] per second).
1   d    d   4. If an object floats on water, it displaces the
= log ε 0 + β  − log ε 0  − log ε 0 − log ε 0 + β 
Aβ   2    2  water equal to its mass, but if the object sinks,
it displaces water equal to its volume.
2   d 
= log ε 0 + β  − log ε 0  5. A calorie is defined as the amount of
Aβ   2 
energy needed to raise one gram of water
2  ε + βd / 2 
= log  0 

one degree Celsius (or from 14.5 degrees
Aβ  ε0  Celsius to 15.5 degrees Celsius).

P HYSICS F UNDAMENTAL F OR IIT-J EE
Friction
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Friction : force), which prevents the motion of the block. Let

r r r
Whenever there is a relative motion between two the resultant of N and F be R which makes an
r r
surfaces in contact with each other, an opposing force angle θ with normal reaction N . Resolving R along
comes into play which forbids the relative motion of r r
two bodies. This opposing force is called the force of N and F , we get
friction. R cos θ = N and R sin θ = f
Ex. : If a book on a table slides from left to right For equilibrium N = mg and f = Fapp
along the surface of a table, a frictional force directed If we increase the pull Fapp continuously, the force of
from right to left acts on the book. friction increases and a stage comes when the body is
just on the state of moving. This state is called
Frictional force may also exist between the surfaces
limiting equilibrium. Under this condition the
when there is no relative motion. Frictional forces
frictional force is maximum and is equal to applied
arise due to molecular interactions.
force.
Static and Kinetic Friction : Limiting Friction :
The frictional force between two surface before the The maximum value of static frictional force exerted
relative motion actually starts is called static between two surfaces in contact parallel to surfaces
frictional force or static friction, While the for a given normal force between when the body is
frictional force between two surfaces in contact and on the verge of motion them is called limiting
in relative motion is called kinetic frictional force or friction.
kinetic friction. Angles of Friction :
Static friction is a self adjusting force and it adjusts Angle of friction (θ) is the angle which the resultant
both in magnitude and direction automatically. Its of force of static friction (f) and normal (N) makes
magnitude is always equal to external effective with the normal reaction
applied force, tending to cause the relative motion The Coefficient of Friction (µ) :
and its direction is always opposite to that of external It is defined as the ratio of limiting friction F to the
applied force. normal reaction N between two surface in contact,
So, when a body is not in motion or equilibrium, then i.e., µ = F/N ...(3)
Force of static Friction = Applied External Force from figure, tan θ = F/N ...(4)
Limiting friction, coefficients of friction and angle of Equation (3) and (4)
friction : µ = tan θ
Consider a block resting on a rough horizontal Static and Kinetic Regions :
surface. The forces acting on the block are its weight If a graph is plotted between applied force and
mg downwards and normal reaction N acting upward. frictional force, the graph is obtained. In figure AC is
Such that N = mg. limiting or (maximum) static friction and BD is
kinetic friction. Obviously, kinetic friction is less
R N than static friction.
θ If relative motion is absent and is at the verge of start
M µ = µs, the coefficient of static friction but if relative
motion is present µ = µk, the coefficient of kinetic
P(<f) friction.
) The coefficient of friction depends on the
f (a) strength of molecular interaction between the
surfaces in contact,
mg (b) roughness of the two surface in contact.
Now suppose a force Fapp is applied to the block to Whenever we are dealing with problem involving
the right, then there will arise a frictional force f friction we can follow the following analysis flow
directed to the left (opposite to direction of applied chart.

Read the problem Carefully
Find the value of applied

force Fapp and limiting force
of Static Friction (fs)
If Fapp < fs then body does not if Fapp > fs If Fapp = fs the body is on the
move and the force of friction then body moves verge of motion (still in
f = Fapp equilibrium)
EITHER OR
with Constant Velocity with an Acceleration a
Fapp – fk = 0
Fapp – fk = ma
or Fapp = fk
On a Level On an inclined On a Level On an inclined

Track Plane Track Plane
Fapp – µkmg = ma Fapp – µkmg cosθ = ma

Applied Pull = fk fk = mg sinθ or Fapp = m(a + µkg) or Fapp = m(a + µkg cosθ)
Laws of static and kinetic friction : perpendicular to inclined plane, then for equilibrium,
(a) The force of limiting friction is directly we get
proportional to normal reaction for the same two N = mg cos α and fs = mg sin α
surfaces in contact and acts opposite to direction
fs
of pull. ⇒ tan α =
N
The kinetic friction is also proportional to
normal reaction and acts opposite to direction of N
fs
instantaneous relative motion. The kinetic
friction is less than the static friction. mg sinα
(b) The force of limiting (or static) friction is
independent of area of contact of bodies as long
as normal reaction remains the same.
Tendency mg mg cos α
to slide
The kinetic friction (to a good approximation) is
α
independent of velocity, provided the velocity is
neither too large nor too small. Frictional force on a bicycle in motion :
Angle of repose (α) (a) When a wheel is rotated about its axle without
sliding, the frictional force acting on it is the
This is concerned with an inclined plane on which a
block rests, exerting its weight on the plane. rolling friction and it acts opposite to the direction
of tendency of motion of a points of its contacts
The angle of repose α is the angle which an inclined with the ground. In case the wheel rotates
plane makes with the horizontal such that a body clockwise and frictional force (f) on wheel is
placed on it is on the verge of motion (is just about to forward. In case the wheel rotates anticlockwise,
loose the state of rest). the frictional force (f) on wheel is backward.
Under this condition the forces acting on the block are: (b) When the bicycle is pedalled, the force exerted on
(a) its weight mg, downward, the rear wheel through the pedal-chain-axle
(b) normal reaction N, normal to plane, system is in backward direction, therefore force of
(c) a force of friction fs, parallel and tangential to friction on rear wheel is forward. The front wheel
plane upward. of cycle moves by itself in forward direction,
Taking α as angle of inclination of the plane with the hence the force of friction of front-wheel is in
horizontal and resolving mg, parallel and backward direction.

(c) When the bicycle is not pedalled, no external 3 4
force is being exerted, both wheels move forward a1 = g (sin θ + µ cos θ) = 10  + µ 
by itself due to inertia and so the net frictional 5 5
force on both wheels is in backward direction. The acceleration while descending
3 4
a2 = g(sin θ – µ cos θ) = 10  − µ 
5 5
Solved Examples Now, s = distance of ascend = distance of descend.
As final velocity is zero, we have
0 = u – a1t1 or u = a1t1
1. A block of mass 5 kg is placed on a slope which
makes an angle of 20º with the horizontal and is 1 1
Now s = a1t12 – a1t12 = a1t12
given a velocity of 10 m/sec up the slope. Assuming 2 2
that the coefficient of sliding friction between the 2 1 2
block and the slope is 0.20, find how far the block s = a1t1 = a2t2 and t2 = 2t1
2
travels up the slope ? Take g = 10 m/sec2.
3 4
Sol. This situation is shown in fig. 2  −µ  2
 a 2   t1   5 5 1
R u = 10 m/s ∴   =   or =  
a  3 4 2
 1   t2   +µ 
5 5
mg sin 20º Solving we get µ = (9/20)
3 9 4
x
mg mg cos 20º Again a1 = 10  + ×  = 9.6 m/sec2
 5 20 5 
20º u2 (10) 2
∴ s= = = 5.21 meter
The component of the weight perpendicular to plane 2a 1 2 × 9.6
= mg cos 20º = 5 × 10 × 0.9397 = 46.98 N
So total distance = 2s = 10.42 metre
The component of the weight parallel to the plane
= mg sin 20º = 5 × 10 × 0.3420 = 17.10 N
3. A block weighing 20 nt is at rest on a horizontal
From figure R = mg cos 20º = 46.98 N
table. The coefficient of static friction between block
Here the coefficient of kinetic friction = 0.2
and table is 0.50. (a) What is the magnitude of the
Thus the frictional force X = 0.2 × 46.98 = 9.39 N
horizontal force that will just start the block moving ?
The frictional force will be downward because the
(b) What is the magnitude of a force acting upward
motion is in the upward direction.
60º from the horizontal that will just start the block
The resultant force parallel to the plane is given by
moving ? (c) If the force acts down at 60º from the
= X + mg sin 20º = 9.39 + 17.10 = 26.49 N
horizontal how large can it be without causing the
From Newton's law F = ma, i.e., 26.49 = 5 × a
block to move ?
26.49 Sol. (a) As shown in fig. the horizontal force F that will
∴a= = 5.29 m/s2 downward
5 just start the block moving is equal to the maximum
When the block is given a velocity 10 m/s in the force of static friction. Thus,
upward direction we have R
u = 10 m/s, v = 0, a = – 5.9 m/s2.
(Taking the direction up the plane as positive)
Let s be the distance traveled by the block. µR F
Using the formula v2 = u2 + 2a s, we have
0 = (10)2 – 2 × 5.29 × s
100 W
or s = = 9.45 m.
2 × 5.29 F = µR = µW = 0.50 × 20 nt. = 10.0 nt.
(b) The forces acting on the block are shown in fig.
2. A block is projected up with 10 m/s along a fixed
inclined plane of inclination 37º with the horizontal. R F sin θF
If the time of ascend from the point of projection is θ
half the time of descend to the same point, find the Fcos θ
distance travelled by the block during the up and µR
down journey.
Sol. Let µ, t1 and t2 be the coefficient of friction between
the plane and the block, time of ascend and time of W
descend respectively. The applied force is inclined at an angle θ in the
The retardation while going up upward direction. Its horizontal and vertical

components are F cos θ and F sin θ respectively. In From free body diagram of mass m1, we have
equilibrium. N1 – m1g = 0 and f1 = m1a
F cos θ = µR and F sin θ + R = W It should be noticed that the force f1 accelerates m1 to
or R = (W – F sin θ) the right. Just before slipping occurs, we find
∴ F cos θ = µ(W – F sin θ) = µ W – µF sin θ f1 ma a
= µS or µS = 1 =
F (cos θ + µ sin θ) = µW N1 m1g g
µW {M − µ k (m1 + m 2 )}
or F = ∴ µS = ....(5)
cos θ + µ sin θ (M + m1 + m 2 )
Here µ = 0.50, W = 20 nt. and θ = 60º Solving eq. (5) for M, we have
0.50 × 20 10 (µ + µ k (m1 + m 2 )
F= = M= S
cos 60º +0.5 sin 60º 0.50 + 0.5 × 0.866 1 − µS
= 10.72 nt.
(0.4 + 0.2)(2kg + 4kg)
(c) In this case, or M = = 6 kg.
R (1 − 0.4)
Fcos θ
θ 5. In fig.(a) the blocks A, B and C weight are 3kg, 4kg
µR F and 8kg respectively. The coefficient of sliding
F sin θ friction between any two surfaces is 0.25. A is held at
rest by a massless rigid rod fixed to the wall, while B
W and C are connected by a light flexible cord passing
F cos θ = µR and R = W + F sin θ around a fixed frictionless pulley. Find the force P
Solving we get, necessary to drag C along the horizontal surface to
the left at a constant speed. Assume that the
µW 0.50 × 20
F= = arrangement shown in the diagram, B on C and A on
cos θ − µ sin θ 0.50 − 0.5 × 0.866 B is maintained all the throughout.
= 149.2 nt.
4. Two blocks, m1 = 2kg and m2 = 4kg, are connected A

with a light string that runs over a frictionless peg to
B
a hanging block with a mass M as shown in fig. (a).
The coefficient of sliding friction between block m2 P C
and the horizontal surface at the speeds involved is
µk = 0.2. The coefficient of static friction between the Sol. When block C moves towards left, B moves towards
two blocks is µS = 0.4. What is the maximum mass M right, while A is fixed. There would be a tension T in
for the hanging block if the block m1 is not to slip on the string. Under this condition, let us consider the
block m2 while m2 is sliding over the surface ? frictional forces between different surfaces.
Sol. The relevant free body diagrams are shown in fig.(b) Frictional force between A and B
Using two body system, we have = µR = 0.25 × 3
N T Frictional force between C and B
ms = 0.4 N1 +
= µR = 0.25 (3 + 4) = 0.25 × 7
m1 Frictional force between C and surface
m2 = 0.25(3 + 4 + 8) = 0.25 × 15
T Considering fig. (b)
f1 f
µk = 0.2 0.25 × 3 0.25(3 + 4)
m1g (m1+m2)g a
Mg B TP C T
(a) M (b) 0.25 × 15
0.25(3 + 4)
N – (m1 + m2)g = 0 ...(1)
T – F = (m1 + m2)a ...(2) Fig (b)
For hanging block Tension in the string = Frictional forces at upper and
Mg – T = Ma ...(3) lower surfaces of block B
From eqs. (2) and (3), or T = 0.25 × 3 + 0.25 × 7 = 2.5 kg wt.
Mg – f = (M + m1 + m2)a For block C,
But f = µkN = µk(m1 + m2)g [Q using eq. (1)] P = T + Frictional force between C and B + Frictional
∴ Mg – µk(m1 + m2)g = (m + m1 + m2)a force between C and surface
= 2.5 + 0.25 × (3 + 4) + 0.25 × (15) = 8 kg wt.
{M − µ k (m1 + m 2 )}g
or a = ...(4) = 8 × 9.8 = 78.4 newton
(M + m1 + m 2 )

KEY CONCEPT
Organic REACTION
Chemistry
Fundamentals MECHANISM
Elimination reactions : H
The elimination reactions are reverse of addition – Fast
Θ
reactions. In these reactions two atoms or group – C – C – + OEt –C–C– (First step)
attached to the adjacent carbon atoms of the substrate
Br Br
molecule are eliminated to form a multiple bond. In
these reactions a atom or group from α-carbon atom Θ
Slow
and a proton from the β-carbon are eliminated. –C–C– – C = C – + Br– (Second step)
X Br
β α
–C–C– –HX –C=C– The rate of this reaction is dependent on the
carbanion (conjugate base of the substrate). So this
H mechanism is called ElcB mechanism (Elimination,
In eliminations reactions, the presence of one Unimolecular from conjugate base).
hydrogen on the β-carbon atom is necessary. In E1cB mechanism is not common for the E2 reactions.
general the elimination reactions are divided into two The carbanion mechanism occurs only where the
types, i.e., bimolecular elimination reactions (E2) and carbanion from the substrate is stabilized and where
unimolecular elimination reactions (E1). the leaving group is a poor leaving group. A typical
Bimolecular elimination reactions (E2) : example, which follows E1cB mechanism is the
In these elimination reactions, the rate of elimination formation of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene from
depends on the concentration of the substrate and the 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane in presence of
nucleophile and the reaction is of second order. It is sodium ethoxide.
represented as E2. Like SN2 reaction, the E2 reaction C2H5ONa – –
is also one step process. In these reactions abstraction CHCl2 – CF3 Cl2C – CF3 –F Cl2C = CF2
of proton from the β-carbon atom and the expulsion 1,1-Dichloro-2,2,2- Carbanion 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-
of an atom or group from the α-carbon atom occur trifluoroethane difluoroethane
simultaneously. The mechanism of this reaction is In the above case the carbanion is strongly stabilized
represented as follows: due to –I effect of halogens. Also F– is a poor leaving
δ+ group.
B: H B H A distinction between the E2 and E1cB mechanism
R – CH – CH2 R — CH — CH2 can be made by tracer experiments. Thus, the
β α reaction of 1-bromo-2-phenylethane (this substrate
X X was selected as Ph group is expected to increase the
δ–
Transition state acidity of β-hydrogen and also to stabilize the
⊕ Θ carbanion) with C2H5OD gives back the starting 1-
RCH = CH2 + BH + X bromo-2-phenylethane. If the carbanion mechanism
The above reaction is a one step process and passes had operated, the deuterium would have been found
through a transition state. This reaction is also known in the recovered 1-bromo-2-phenylethane, which is
as 1, 2-elimination or simply β-elimination. In these not the case.
reactions, the two groups to be eliminated (i.e., H and C6H5CH2CH2Br + C2H5O–
X) are trans to each other and hence E2 reactions are 1-Bromo-2-phenylethane
generally trans elimination. C6H5CHCH2Br + C2H5OH
The second-order elimination reaction may also
proceed in two steps (as in E1 elimination which will C6H5CHCH2Br + C2H5OD
D
be discussed subsequently). In this mechanism, the
base removes the hydrogen in the first step to form an C6H5CHCH2Br + OC2H5
intermediate carbanion. In the second step, the In case the above reaction is allowed to go to
intermediate carbanion looses the leaving group. The
completion, the product obtained will be
second step is slow and is rate determining step.

dehydrohalogenation. The orientation of the reaction
EtO–
H is determined by Hafmann and Saytzeff Rule.
Fast – Hofmann Rule : This rule is applicable for those
PhCH – CH2Br Ph – CH – CH2Br
substrates in which α-carbon atom is attached to a
D
C2H5OD positively charged atom. According to this rule, in
Ph – CH – CH2Br the elimination reaction of positively charged species,
the major product will be the alkene which is least
OEt
substituted.
PhCD = CH2 + Br PhCD – CH2Br –
CH3 OH
Styrene + Heating
The styrene obtained does not contain any deuterium CH3CH2NCH2CH2CH3
(contrary to what has been shown in the above E1cB CH3 CH2 = CH2 + CH3CH2CH2N(CH3)2
mechanism). So in the above reaction E2 mechanism –
+
operates. CH3CH2S(CH3)2 C2H5O CH2 = CH2 + S(CH3)2
The E2 mechanism is supported by the following
evidences. Saytzeff Rule : In case of unsymmetrical alkyl
(i) During elimination, there is no rearranged product halides, for example in 2-bromobutane, the course of
obtained. This is due to the fact that E2 is a single elimination is determined by Saytzeff Rule.
step process and does not involve the formation of According to this rule, hydrogen is eliminated
intermediate carbocation (the carbocations are known preferentially from the carbon atom which has less
to undergo rearrangement). number of hydrogen atoms and so the highly
(ii) The E2 mechanism finds support from isotope substituted alkene is the major product.
labeling experiments. Dehydrohalogenation of Br
unlabelled 1-bromopropane is seven times faster than alk.KOH
the dehydrohalogenation of CH3CD2CH2Br. CH3CH2 – CH – CH3
2-Bromobutane
E2
CH3CH2CH2Br → CH3CH = CH2 CH3CH = CHCH3 + CH3CH2CH = CH2
Br 2-Butene(80%) 1-Butene (20%)
CH3CD – CH2 E2 CH3CD = CH2 CH3
C2H5O–
D CH3CH2 – C – CH3
In E2 mechanism a hydrogen (from CH3CH2CH2Br) Br
or a deuterium (from CH3CD2CH2Br) has to be 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane
abstracted. It is known that the C – D bond is CH3 CH3
stronger than the C – H bond and requires more CH3CH = C – CH3 + CH3CH2C = CH2
energy to be broken. Therefore, rate of elimination in 2-methyl-2-butene 2-methyl-1-butene
CH3CD2CH2Br should be slower. In fact, it has been (71%) (29%)
found that in the unlabelled alkyl halides the
elimination rate is seven times more than in labelled The formation of highly substituted alkene can be
alkyl halides. explained as follows.
Unsymmetrical substrate which has hydrogen The transition states of less substituted and more
attached to two different β-carbons can affored two substituted alkenes from an alkyl halide are
alkenes. For example, 2-bromobutane on represented as shown below:
dehydrohalogenation may give 1-butene or 2-butene. δ– δ–
H OR RO H
Br
CH3CH2CH — CH2 CH3CH — CHCH3
CH3 – CHCH2CH3 –HBr
2-Bromobutane Br Br
δ– δ–
T.S. of less substituted alkene T.S. of more substituted alkene
CH2 = CHCH2CH3 + CH3CH=CHCH3
1-Butene 2-Butene Both the transition states have partial double bond
In a similar way, decomposition of sec-butyl- character. However, the transition state leading to
trimethylammonium hydroxide may give a mixture more stable alkene is more stabilized and is of lower
of two alkenes. The question arises as to which energy. Thus, the more stable alkene is formed as the
alkene will be obtained in major amount in the above major product.

reaction the E1 reaction is also a two step process.
The first step is the slow ionization of alkyl halide to
give the carbocation. The second step involves the
fast abstraction of a proton from the adjacent
E β-carbon atom giving rise to the formation of an
RX + base less substitued alkene alkene.
more substitued alkene CH3 +
CH3
predominant product Slow
CH3 — C — X CH3 — C + X–
CH3 CH3
Reaction progress Carbocation
Energy diagram for a typical E2 reaction, showing
why the more substituted alkene predominates CH3 CH2 – H –
Hofmann rule can be understood by considering the C :B Fast CH3C = CH2 + BH
mechanism of elimination reaction of quaternary CH3 CH3
ammonium hydroxide. Carbocation 2-Methylpropene
H CH3 In case the substrate is such that more than one
β´ β´´
+ alkenes can be formed, that alkene will predominate
H – C – CH2 – N – CH2CH2CH3
which has larger number of alkyl groups on the
H CH3 double bonded carbon (this is as per Saytzeffs rule.
B –
Route a This can be visualised since the substituted alkyl
CH2 = CH2 + (CH3)2N(CH2)2CH3 groups will stabilise the alkene by hyperconjugation.
Another possibility is : CH3 Br CH3
–HBr
CH3 H CH3 — C — C — CH3 CH3 — C == C — CH3
β´ β´´
+
CH3CH2 – N – CH2 – C – CH3 H H H
CH3 2-Bromo-3-methylbutane 2-Methyl-2-butene (major)
H B–
CH3
Route b
(CH3)2NCH2CH3 + CH3CH = CH2 + CH3 — CH — CH == CH2
In the above reaction the strong electron-withdrawing 3-Methyl-1-butene (minor)
group makes the hydrogens of the β-carbons more
The acid catalysed dehydration of alcohols also
acidic for facile abstraction by the base. In this
follows E1 mechanism.
compound, with alternate β-hydrogens (marked β´
H2SO4 ⊕ –H2O ⊕
and β´´), the β" hydrogen are less acidic due to +I (CH3)3COH (CH3)3C—OH2 (CH3)3C
effect of the adjacent methyl group. Hence β´- t-Butyl alcohol
hydrogen is relatively more acidic and is removed to CH3 CH3
give the alkene (ethene) by route a. ⊕
H3C — C CH3 — C == CH2
In elimination reactions steric effect also plays an 2-Methylpropene
important role. Thus, dehydrohalogenation of alkyl CH2 – H
halide using the bulky base leads to the formation of In the E1 mechanism the rate of reaction is
terminal alkene as the major product. determined by the rate of formation of carbocation,
which in turn depends on the stability of carbocation.
Br – Due to the formation of carbocation, these may
t-BuO undergo rearrangements. This has been
CH3CH2CHCH3
CH3CH2CH=CH2 + CH3CH=CHCH3 experimentally confirmed.
2-Bromobutane
(73%) (27%) Br
(CH3)3CCHCH3 C2H5OH
Unimolecular elimination reactions (E1) : CH3
In these reactions the rate of elimination is dependent
(CH3)3CCH = CH2 + CH.3C = CCH3
only on the concentration of the substrate and is
independent of the concentration of the nucleophile CH3
and the reaction is of first order, (E1). Like SN1

KEY CONCEPT
Physical
Chemistry
CHEMICAL
Fundamentals ENERGETICS
Enthalpy of reaction : ∆fHº(S, rhombic) = 0 ∆fHº(S, monoclinic) ≠ 0
Since the enthalpy of reaction is defined as the ∆fHº(P, white) = 0 ∆fHº(P, black) ≠ 0
enthalpy change for unit extent of reaction, the Definition of Enthalpy of Formation : The standard
amounts of reactants consumed and products formed enthalpy of formation of a substance is defined as
will be equal to the corresponding stoichiometric follows:
numbers expressed in mol. For example, for the
reaction The standard enthalpy of formation of a compound is
the change in the standard enthalpy when one mole of
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g) the compound is formed starting from the requisite
the enthalpy of reaction is the enthalpy change when amounts of elements in their stable states of
2 mol of N2O5 dissociates to give 4 mol of NO2 and 1 aggregation.
mol of O2. It may be noted that The formation of one mole of the compound implies
Enthalpy of reaction refers to the entire chemical that the compound appears as product with
equation and not to any particular reactant or product. stoichiometric number equal to one.
The enthalpy of a reaction may be computed using The chemical equations corresponding to enthaly of
the expression. formation of a few substances are given below.
∆rH = ∑V H
products
B m (B) – ∑| V
reac tan ts
B | H m (B) Enthalpy of formation of HBr(g) : The chemical
equation to be referred is
where the symbol Σ represents summation over the 1 1
H2(g) + Br2(1) → HBr(g)
indicated substances (product or reactant) and VB is 2 2
the stoichiometric number of the substance B in the ∆fHº(HBr, g) = ΣvBHmº(B)
balanced chemical equation. For example, for the
reaction 1 1
= Hmº(HBr, g) – Hmº (H2, g) – Hmº(Br2, 1)
Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(1) 2 2
Enthalpy of formation of SO2(g) : The chemical
we have
equation to be referred is
∆rH = ∑V H
products
B m (B) – ∑| V
reac tan ts
B | H m (B) S(rhombic) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
∆fHº(SO2, g) = Hmº(SO2, g) – Hmº(S, rhombic)
= [2Hm(Fe,s) + 3Hm(H2O, 1)] – [Hm(Fe2O3, s
– Hmº(O2, g)
+ 3Hm(H2,g)]
Enthalpy of formation of SO3(g) : The chemical
Enthalpy of formation : equation to be referred is
It is not possible to determine the absolute value of 3
the enthalpy of a substance. However, based on the S (rhombic) + O2(g) → SO3(g)
following convention, the relative values of standard 2
molar enthalpies of formation of various substances ∆fHº(SO3, g) = Hmº(SO3'g) – Hmº(S, rhombic)
can be built. 3
The standard enthalpy of formation of every element – Hmº(O2, g)
2
in its stable state of aggregation at one bar pressure
Lattice Energy of a crystal (Born-Haber Cycle) :
and at specified temperature is assigned a zero value.
The lattice energy is defined as the energy required to
The specified temperature is usually taken as 25 ºC.
completely separate one mole of a solid ionic
A few examples are compound into gaseous ions.
∆fHº(O2, g) = 0 The larger the lattice energy the more stable the ionic
∆fHº(C, graphite) = 0 ∆fHº(C, diamond) ≠ 0 compound and the more tightly the ions held.
∆fHº(Br2, 1) = 0 The larger energy cannot be measured directly.
However, this can be determined from the Born-

Haber cycle. Consider the following sequence of depends on the value of n and may be visualized
steps for the formation of NaCl crystals from Na(s) mixing HCl.nH2O and NaOH. nH2O. The reaction is
and Cl2(g) HCl.nH2O + NaOH . nH2O → NaCl. nH2O + H2O(1)
(i) Vaporization of Na(s) Na(s) → Na(g) ∆rH1 The enthalpy change of the above reaction is
(ii) Ionization of Na(g) ∆rH = ∆fH(NaCl . nH2O) + ∆fH(H2O,1)
Na(g) → Na+(g) + e– ∆rH2 – ∆fH(HCl.nH2O) – ∆fH(NaOH . nH2O)
(iii) Dissociation of chlorine For different values of n, the values are
1 n = 100; ∆rH = [– 407.07 – 285.83 –(– 165.93)
Cl2(g) → Cl(g) ∆rH3
2 – (–469.65)] kJ mol–1
(iv) Formation of Cl–(g) = – 57.32 kJ mol –1
Cl(g) + e– → Cl–(g) ∆rH4 n = 200; ∆rH = [–406.92 – 285.83 – (– 166.27)

(v) Condensation of Na+(g) and Cl–(g) – (–469.61)] kJ mol–1
Na+(g) + Cl–(g) → NaCl(s) ∆rH5 = –56.87 kJ mol –1
1 n = ∞; ∆rH = [–407.27 – 285.83 –(–167.16)

Net change: Na(s) + Cl2)(g) → NaCl(s) ∆rH6
2 –(–470.10)] kJ mol–1
–1
According to Hess's law, we can write = 55.84 kJ mol
∆rH6 = ∆rH1 + ∆rH2 + ∆rH3 + ∆rH4 + ∆rH5 When n = ∞, the neutralization reaction may be
Except ∆rH5 all of these changes of enthalpy can be written as
determined experimentally. Hence, ∆rH5 can be H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O (1)
determined from the above relation. The lattice ∆rH = – 55.84 kJ mol–1
energy is the negative of ∆rH5 value. Enthalpy of Formation of ions :
Enthalpy of combustion : We have seen that
Enthalpy of combustion of a given compound is H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(1)
defined as follows :
∆rHº = –55.84 kJ mol–1
It is the enthalpy change when one mole of this
For this reaction, we write
compound combines with the requisite amount of
oxygen to give products in their stable forms. ∆rHº = ∆fHº(H2O, 1) – {∆fHº(H+, aq) + ∆fHº(OH–, aq)}
For example, the standard enthalpy of combustion of Hence at 25 ºC, we get
methane at 298.15 K is –890.36 kJ mol–1. This ∆fHº(H+, aq) + ∆fHº(OH–, aq) = ∆fHº(H2O, 1) – ∆rHº
implies the following reaction : = [–285.83 – (–55.84)] kJ mol–1
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(1) = –229.99 kJ mol–1
∆Hº = –890.36 kJ mol–1 By convention, the standard enthalpy of formation of
The standard enthalpy of combustion of methane at H+(aq) is taken to be zero. Thus
298.15 K may be written as ∆fHº(OH–, aq) = –229.99 kJ mol–1
∆CHº(CH4, g, 298.15 K) = –890.36 kJ mol–1 Bond Enthalpies :
Enthalpy of Neutralization : Bond enthalpy of a given bond is defined as follows :
Enthalpy of neutralization is defined as the enthalpy The bond enthalpy is the average of enthalpies
change when one mole of H+ in dilute solution required to dissociate the said bond present in
combines with one mole of OH– to give rise to different gaseous compounds into free atoms or
undissociated water, i.e., radicals in the gaseous state.
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(1); ∆neutH ≈ – 55.84 kJ mol–1 The term bond enthalpy may be distinguished from
In this reaction, there is always a release of heat the term bond dissociation enthalpy which is
because of the bond formation H – OH. Whenever defined as follows :
one mole of a strong monoprotic acid (HCl, HNO3) is The bond dissociation enthalpy is the enthalpy
mixed with the one mole of a strong base (NaOH, required to dissociate a given bond of some specific
KOH), the above neutralization reaction takes place, compound.
since these acids and bases are present in the The distinction these two terms may be more evident
completely dissociated from in dilute solutions. The if described in terms of a simple example, say of the
corresponding enthalpy change is of the order of O–H bond. The enthalpy of dissociation of the O–H
–55.8 kJ mol–1 bond depends on the nature of molecular species
In general, the enthalpy change of the reaction from which the H atom is being separated. For
H+.nH2O + OH–. nH2O → H2O(1) example, in the water molecule.

H2O(g) → H(g) + OH(g) ∆rHº = 501.87 kJ mol–1
However, to break the O–H bond in the hydroxyl
required a different quantity of heat
Galena
OH(g) → O(g) + H(g) ∆rHº = 423.38 kJ mol–1 Galena is the natural mineral form of lead sulfide. It
The bond enthalpy, ∈OH, is defined as the average of is the most important lead ore mineral.
these two values; that is
501.87kJ mol −1 + 423.38kJ mol −1
∈OH =
2
= 462.625 kJ mol–1
In the case of diatomic molecules, such as H2, the
bond enthalpy and bond dissociation enthalpy are
identical because each refers to the reaction Galena is one of the most abundant and widely
H2(g) → 2H(g) ∈H–H = ∆rHº = 435.93 kJ mol–1 distributed sulfide minerals. It crystallizes in the
cubic crystal system often showing octahedral
Thus, the bond enthalpy given for any particular pair
forms. It is often associated with the minerals
of atoms is the average value of the dissociation
sphalerite, calcite and fluorite.
enthalpies of the bond for a number of molecules in
which the pair of atoms appears. Galena deposits often contain significant amounts
of silver as included silver sulfide mineral phases or
Estimation of Enthalpy of a reaction from Bond
as limited solid solution within the galena structure.
Enthalpies :
These argentiferous galenas have long been the
Let the enthalpy change for the reaction most important ore of silver in mining. In addition
C2H4(g) + HCl(g) → C2H5Cl(g) zinc, cadmium, antimony, arsenic and bismuth also
be required from the bond enthalpy data. This may be occur in variable amounts in lead ores. Selenium
calculated as follows: substitutes for sulfur in the structure constituting a
solid solution series. The lead telluride mineral
 Enthalpy required to   Enthalpy required to 
∆H =  break reactants into  +  form products from the  altaite has the same crystal structure as galena.
 gaseous atoms   gaseous atoms  Within the weathering or oxidation zone galena
   
alters to anglesite (lead sulfate) or cerussite (lead
= [4∈C–H + ∈C=C + ∈H–Cl] + [–5∈C–H – ∈C–C – ∈C–Cl] carbonate). Galena exposed to acid mine drainage
= (∈C=C + ∈H–Cl) – (∈C–H + ∈C–C + ∈C–Cl) can be oxidized to anglesite by naturally occurring
Relation between energy and enthalpy of a reaction: bacteria and archaea, in a process similar to
For a chemical equation, the expression of ∆rH is bioleaching [3]
Galena uses :
∆rH = ∑v B
B Hm(B)
One of the earliest uses of galena was as kohl,
which in Ancient Egypt, was applied around the
where vB is the stoichiometric number of B in the
eyes to reduce the glare of the desert sun and to
chemical equation (it is positive for products and
repel flies, which were a potential source of
negative for reactants).
disease.[4]
The molar enthalpy of B is given as
Galena is a semiconductor with a small bandgap of
Hm = Um + pVm about 0.4 eV which found use in early wireless
Substituting this in the previous expression, we get communication systems. For example, it was used
∆rH = ∑v B
B [U m (B) + (pVm ) B ] as the crystal in crystal radio sets, in which it was
used as a point-contact diode to detect the radio
signals. The galena crystal was used with a safety
= ∑v
B
B Um(B) + ∑v
B
B (pVm)B pin or similar sharp wire, which was known as a
"cat's whisker". Making such wireless sets was a
Using the fact that popular home hobby in the North of England
pVm ≈ 0 for one mole of solid or liquid during the 1930s. Derbyshire was one of the main
pVm = RT for one mole of gaseous species areas where Galena was mined. Scientists that
were linked to this application are Karl Ferdinand
We get ∆rH = ∑v
B
B Um(B) + ( ∑v
B
B )RT Braun and Sir Jagdish Bose. In modern wireless
communication systems, galena detectors have
= ∆rU + (∆vg)RT been replaced by more reliable semiconductor
where ∆vg is the change in the stoichiometric number devices, though silicon point-contact microwave
of gaseous species in going from reactants to detectors still exist in the market.
products.

UNDERSTANDING
Organic Chemistry
1. Compound (A), C3H6Cl2, on reduction with LiAlH4 2. An organic compound (A) contains 69.42% C, 5.78%
gives propane. Treatment of (A) with aqueous alkali H and 11.57% N. Its vapour density is 60.50. It
followed by oxidation gives (B) C3H4O4 which gives evolves NH3 when boiled with KOH. On heating
effervescence with NaHCO3. Esterification of (B) with P2O5, it gives a compound (B) containing
with ethanol gives (C), C7H12O4, which is well 81.55%C, 4.85% H and 13.59% N. On reduction with
known synthetic reagent. When (B) is heated alone, Na and C2H5OH (B) gives a base, which reacts with
the product is ethanoic acid, but while heating with HNO2 giving off N2 and yielding an alcohol (C),
soda-lime it gives methane. Compound (B) on which can be oxidised to benzoic acid. What are (A)
reduction with LiAlH4 gives a diol which on reaction to (C)? Explain the reactions involved.
with SOCl2 gives back compound (A). Identify all the Sol. Empirical formula of (A) :
compounds and give balanced equation of the
Relative no. Simplest
reactions. Element % At. wt.
of atoms ratio
Sol. Compound (B) gives effervescence with NaHCO3
solution. Hence it is a dicarboxylic acid, since it on 69.42 5.78
C 69.42 12 = 5.78 =7
heating alone gives acetic acid and with soda-lime 12 0.82
CH4, it means two –COOH in it are at different 5.78 5.78
H 5.78 1 = 5.78 =7
carbon atoms. 1 0.82
COOH 2NaHCO3 COONa 11.57 0.82
CH2 CH2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O N 11.57 14 = 0.82 =1
COOH COONa 14 0.82
13.23 0.82
∆ O 13.23 16 = 0.82 =1
CH3COOH + CO2
Soda-lime
16 0.82
∆
CH4 + 2CO2
Empirical formula of (A) = C7H7NO
Acid (B) can be prepared from (A), C3H6Cl2, which Empirical formula wt. = 121
should be 1, 3-dichloro propane. Molecular wt. of compound = 60.5 × 2 = 121
CH2Cl 2NaOH(aq.) CH2OH Molecular wt. 121
CH2 CH2 n= = =1
CH2Cl (–2NaCl) CH2OH Empirical wt. 121
(A) Propane 1,3-diol Hence, Mol. formula = Empirical formula = C7H7NO
COOH Since compound (A) on heating with KOH evolves
3[O]
CH2 + H2O NH3, hence it is an amide.
COOH
C7H7NO KOH
→ NH3 + C6H5COOK
(B) ∆
Esterification of (B) with ethanol gives malonic ester Empirical formula and molecular formula of (B) :
which is a synthetic reagent of high importance.
COOH COOC2H5 At. Relative no. Simplest
∆ Element %
CH2 + C2H5OH CH2 wt. of atoms ratio
COOH –2H2O COOC2H5 81.55 6.8
(B) Malonic ester C 81.55 12 = 6.8 =7
12 0.97
COOH LiAlH4 CH2OH
CH2 CH2 4.85 4.85
COOH –2H2O CH2OH H 4.85 1 = 4.85 =5
1 0.97
(B)
2SOCl2 CH2Cl 13.59 0.97
CH2 N 13.59 14 = 0.97 =1
–2SO2; –2HCl CH2Cl 14 0.97
(A) Empirical formula of (B) = C7H5N
Hence, Since compound (B) is obtained by heating (A) with
CH2Cl COOH P2O5
(A) CH2 (B) CH2 P O
CH2Cl COOH C 7 H 7 NO → C7H5N + H2O
2 5
∆
( A)

This is a dehydration reaction showing that (A) is CH3 NaNO2 + HCl CH3
amide, while (B) is a cyanide. C6H4 C6H4
(B) NH2 N2Cl
CONH2
C7H7NO = C6H5SO2Cl CH3 KOH CH3
C6H4 C6H4
–HCl NHSO2C6H5 NKSO2C6H5
(A)
The various reactions are as follows. Soluble
CONH2 COONa
KOH
+ NH3 4. An organic compound (A) of molecular weight
Boil 140.5, has 68.32% C, 6.4% H and 25.26% Cl.
(A)
C≡N CH2NH2 Hydrolysis of (A) with dilute acid gives compound
P2O5 4[H] (B), C8H10O. (B) can be oxidised under milder
∆; –H2O C2H5OH + Na conditions to (C), C8H8O. (C) forms a phenyl
(B) Benzyl amine hydrazone (D) with C6H5NHNH2 and gives positive
iodoform test. What are (A) to (D) ?
CH2OH COOH Sol. (i) Calculation of empirical formula of (A)
HNO2 2[O]
–N2; – H2O
+ H2O
Relative no. Simplest
Benzyl alcohol Element %
of atoms ratio
(C)
68.32 5.59
3. Two isomeric compounds (A) and (B) have the C 68.32 = 5.59 =8
12 0.71
molecular formula C7H9N. (A) being soluble in
6.4 6.40
water, the solution being alkaline to litmus It does not H 6.4 = 6.40 =9
undergoes diazotization, but show carbylamine 1 0.71
reaction and mustard oil reaction, it reacts with acetyl 25.26 0.71
chloride and acetic anhydride. Its product with Cl 25.26 = 0.71 =1
35.5 0.71
benzene sulphonyl chloride dissolves in KOH. (B) on
the other hand, does not dissolve in water, but Empirical formula = C8H9Cl
undergoes diazotization. Its product with C6H5SO2Cl Empirical formula wt. = 140.5
dissolves in KOH. Its salt undergo hydrolysis in Molecular weight = Emp. formula weight
aqueous solution showing an acidic test. What are Hence, Molecular formula = Empirical formula
(A) and (B) ? = C8H9Cl
Sol. As both (A) and (B) give products with C6H5SO2Cl, (ii) Given that
which are soluble in KOH, they contain –NH2 group.
(B) can be diazotized so contains – NH2 in the → C8 H 9 OH [
C8 H 9 Cl HOH O]
→ C8 H 8O
( A) ( B) − H 2O ( C)
nucleus. (A) cannot be diazotized, hence contains
–NH2 in the side chain. The number of carbon and (iii) (C) reacts with C6H5NHNH2 to give
hydrogen atoms also indicates aromatic character. C8H8=N.NHC6H5, hence (C) contains a C=O
On the basis of above considerations we may show group.
that (A) is benzylamine and (B) o–, m– or p-toludine. (iv) (C) on heating with I2 + NaOH gives CHI3, hence
CH2NH2 NaNO2 + HCl CH2OH (C) contains –COCH3 group. Thus (C) is
O
Benzylamine
(A)
– C – CH3
CHCl3 + 3KOH CH2NC
(v) Oxidation of (B) gives (C), hence (B) is a
CS2 + HgCl2 CH2NCS secondary alcohol, i.e.,
– CH – CH3
C6H5SO2Cl OH
CH2NHSO2C6H5
(vi) (B) is obtained by the hydrolysis of (A), hence it
– HCl
is :
KOH CH2 N–SO2C6H5 – CH.CH3
–H2O
K Cl
Soluble
1-Chloro-1-phenyl ethane
C6H5CH2NH2 + HOH → C6H5CH2N+H3OH– Now, different reactions are as follows :

– CH.CH3 – CH–CH3 H
HOH/H+ CH3 –2[O]
Cl –HCl OH C=O + O =C
(A) (B) (D) (E) CH3
H
– COCH3 CH3
[O] C=C
CH3
–H2O (C)
(C)
Since (C) is produced from (B), which is a t-alcohol,
– C = O + H2 N . NH . C6H5 as it gives Lucas test immediately, hence (B) is.
H
CH3 CH3
(C) – C=N.NH.C6H5
C–CH
CH3 CH3
–H2O OH
∆ (B)
– C – CH3 + 3I2 + 4NaOH → CHI3 + 3NaI As (B) is obtained by the action of HNO2 on (A),
Yellow ppt
O hence (A) would be
(C) – COONa H
+ 3H2O + CH3
C–CH
CH3
NH2
5. An organic compound (A), C10H15N, undergoes (A)
carbylamine reaction but no diazotization. It reacts
with HNO2 giving off N2 and a compound (B),
C10H14O. (B) reacts with Lucas reagent immediately,
but no colour in Victor meyer's test. (B) on heating
with conc. H2SO4 eliminates water to give (C),
C10H12, which decolourises Br2/CCl4 and cold dilute
neutral KMnO4 solution. (C) on ozonolysis gives (D),
C7H6O and (E), C3H6O. Compound (E) on heating
with I2 and NaOH produced yellow precipitate and
sodium acetate. Compound (D) reacts with conc.
NaOH to give (F) and (G). Compound (G) on heating
with sodalime gives benzene. Compound (F) gives a
Chemistry Facts
red colour with ceric ammonium nitrate, and on 1. An element's name must be approved by the
oxidation and heating the product with sodalime International Union of Pure and Applied
produced benzene. What are (A) to (G) ? Chemistry, or I.U.P.A.C., in Geneva,
Sol. The given data are : Switzerland.
HNO2 Conc. H2SO4
C10H15N C10H14O C10H12 2. The heaviest element gas is radon at room
–N2;–H2O ∆;–H2O
(A) (B) (C) temperature. (There may be heavier ones, but
(I) O3 they are compunds not atoms). It was
C7H6O + C3H6O
(II) H2/Pd discovered by Friedrich Ernst Dorn in
(D) (E)
Germany in 1900, but he first called it niton,
Conc. NaOH Sodalime
C7H6O (F) + (G) C6H6 until 1923.
(D)
[O] Sodalime
3. The lightest gas is hydrogen, it is also the
Product ∆
C6H6 lightest of all elements.
I 2 + NaOH
C 3 H 6 O 2  → CHI3 ↓ + CH3COONa 4. The element with the highest melting/freezing
(E) point is carbon at 6,381 degrees Fahrenheit
+ 3NaI + 3H2O (3,527 degrees Celsius).
Since (C) decolourise Br2/CCl4 and KMnO4 colour, 5. The element with the highest boiling point is
hence it has C=C bond. Its ozonolysis gives (D) rhenium at 10,105 degrees Fahrenheit (5,596
and (E). Among these (D) undergoes Cannizaro's degrees Celsius).
reaction, while (E) gives iodoform test, hence (D) is
benzaldehyde and (E) acetone. Now joining (D) and 6. The element with the lowest melting/freezing
(E), the structure of (C) can be determined. point is helium at -458 degrees Fahrenheit (-
272.2 degrees Celsius).

Set
`tà{xÅtà|vtÄ V{tÄÄxÇzxá 3
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in mathematics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Shailendra Maheshwari
S ol ut i o ns wi l l be p ubl i s he d i n ne x t i s s ue Joint Director Academics, Career Point, Kota
1. Let y = f(x) be a curve satisfying 7. Find all the real values of a, for which the roots of the
dy equation x2 – 2x – a2 + 1 = 0 lie between the roots of
– y ln 2 = 2sin x (cos x – 1). ln2, then equation
dx
x2 – 2(a + 1) x + a(a – 1) = 0
(A) y is bounded when x → ∞
(B) f(x) = 2sin x + c . 2x, where c is an arbitrary 8. Given the base of a triangle and the sum of its sides
constant prove that the locus of the centre of its incircle is an
(C) y = 2sinx, y is bounded when x → ∞ ellipse.
(D) f(x) = 2sinx does not have any solution if y is not
bounded. 9. A bag contains 7 tickets marked with the number 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. A ticket is drawn and
2. In a right angled triangle the length of its hypotenuse replaced. Then the chance that after 4 drawings the
is four times the length of the perpendicular drawn sum of the numbers drawn is 8, is –
from its orthocentre on the hypotenuse. The acute
angles of the triangle can be 10. A polynomial is x of degree greater than 3 leaves
π π π 3π remainders 2, 1 and – 1 when divided by (x – 1), (x + 2)
(A) , (B) ,
6 3 8 8 and (x + 1) respectively. What would be the remainder
π π π 5π if the polynomial is divided by (x2 – 1) (x + 2) ?
(C) , (D) ,
6 3 12 12
3. Let a, b ∈ R such that 0 < a < 1 and 0 < b < 1. The

values of a and b such that the complex number Puzzle : Bags of Marbles
z1 = –a + i, z2 = –1 + bi and z3 = 0 form an equilateral
triangle are
(A) 2 − 3 , 3 (B) 2 − 3 , 2 − 3
(C) 3, 2 − 3 (D) None of these
4. If c1 is a fixed circle and c2 is a variable circle with

fixed radius. The common transverse tangents to c1
and c2 are perpendicular to each other. The locus of • You have three bags, each
the centre of variable circle is : containing two marbles. Bag A
(A) circle (B) ellipse contains two white marbles, Bag
(C) hyperbola (D) parabola B contains two black marbles,
5. The length of the latus rectum of the parabola and Bag C contains one white
169 {(x – 1)2 + (y – 3)2} = (5x – 12y + 17)2 is – marble and one black marble.
14 56 28
(A) (B) (C) (D) None • You pick a random bag and take
13 13 13 out one marble.
cos 5x + cos 4x
6. Evaluate : ∫ 1 − 2 cos 3x
dx • It is a white marble.

MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES
SOLUTION FOR JUNE ISSUE (SET # 2)
1. 1st box can be filled in 4 ways. Hence plane given by (3) is bisecting the acute angle
Next each box can be filled in 3 ways (except the ball between given two planes also. Hence the conclusion
of colour in previous box). holds true.
Hence the required no. of ways = 4 × 35 = 972
f ( b)
2. Given |A| ≠ 0; –1
AA = I ⇒ (AA ) = I –1 T T
5. Let I2 = ∫f (a )
((f −1 ( y)) 2 − a 2 ) dy
(A–1)TAT = I (as A is symmetric) Let f–1(y) = x

(A–1)T A = I ⇒ f(x) = y
so by the definition of inverse A–1 = (A–1)T b
Hence A–1 is also symmetric. I2 = ∫ a
( x 2 − a 2 ) f´(x) dx
Using by parts
3. The normal to hyperbola at the point
P(a sec θ, b tan θ) is (
I2 = ( x 2 − a 2 ) f ( x ) a – ) ∫
b b
a
2x f(x) dx
ax cos θ + by cot θ = a2 + b2 b
If it passes through (h, k) then = (b2 – a2) f(b) – ∫ a
2x f(x) dx
a h cos θ + b k cot θ = a2 + b2 ...(1)
b b
iθ
Let z = e = cos θ + i sin θ then put cos θ =
z2 +1 = ∫ a
2x f(b) dx – ∫ a
2x f(x) dx
2z
b
 z +1
and cot θ = i  2
2
 z −1 
 in the equation (1).
=
∫ a
2x (f(b) – f(x)) dx
  I1 1
ahz4 + 2(i bk – (a2 + b2)) z3 Hence =
I2 2
+ 2(i bk + (a2 + b2))z – ah = 0
z1, z2, z3, z4 are its four solutions so
1
Σ z1z2 = 0 = Σ e i (θ1 + θ 2 ) = 0 6. y+ =2
y
Σ (cos (θ1 + θ2) + i sin (θ1 + θ2)) = 0
⇒ y=1
Hence Σ cos(θ1 + θ2) = Σ sin(θ1 + θ2) = 0
1
x+ = 5+2
4. Planes are – x – 2y – 2z + 9 = 0 ....(1) x
and 4x – 3y + 12z + 13 = 0 ...(2) 1
⇒ x2 +
The plane bisecting the angle b/w these planes x2
containing origin is
= ( 5 + 2) – 2 = 5
− x − 2 y − 2z + 9 4x − 3y + 12z + 13
=+ 1
3 13 x4 + =5–2
x4
i.e. 25x + 17y + 62z – 78 = 0 ...(3)
1
If θ be the angle between (1) & (3) then ⇒ x8 + =9–2
x8
61
cos θ = 1
4758 ⇒ x16 + = 49 – 2
x16
1037 ⇒ 47 + 1 + 1 = 49
⇒ tan θ = <1
61

7. Let the radius of S2 is r
Know about "Root two"
1.41
6 is also called Pythagoras' constant.
6 6 is the ratio of diagonal to side length in a square.
≈ 1.4142135623 7309504880 1688724209
r
6 6980785696 7187537694 8073176679 7379907324
r 7846210703 8850387534 3276415727 3501384623
0912297024 9248360558 5073721264
2 r+r+6= 26 4121497099...
 2 −1 
r =6  
 2 +1
 
= 6(3 – 2 2 )
= 18 – 12 2
One of the earliest numerical approximation of 2
was found on a Babylonian clay tablet (from the
8. S1 = 2 + 4 + 6 + .... + 120
Yale Babylonian Collection), dated approximately
60 to between 1800 B.C. and 1600 B.C. The
= (2 + 120)
2 annotations on this tablet give an impressive
= 30 × 122 = 3660 numerical approximation in four sexagesimal
S2 = 7 + 14 + 21 + ..... + 119 figures:
17 1 + 24/60 + 51/602 + 10/603 = 1.41421296...
= (7 + 119) ≈ (Pn+1 - Pn)/Pn (P = Pell numbers)
2
= 17 × 63 = 1071 ≈ 17/12
S3 = 14 + 28 + ..... + 102 ≈ 99/70
≈ 1.0110101000001001111...2
8
= (14 + 112) = 2sinus(45°) = 2cosinus(45°)
2 = 1 + (1 / (2 + (1 / (2 + (1 / (2 + ... ))))))
= 4 × 126 = 504 = ( i + i i) / i
120× 121 If you want to have some fun with 2:
Ans. = – 3660 – 1071 + 504
2 start with the very rough approximation 7/5. Then
= 7260 – 4731 + 504 (7+5+5)/(7+5) = 17/12
= 2529 + 504 (17+12+12)/(17+12) = 41/29
(41+29+29)/(41+29) = 99/70
= 3033
(99+70+70)/(99+70) = 239/169
...
9. Here F(x) is even function continuing closer approximations of 2
so f(x) = F(–x) = F(x) - posted by Larry Bickford -
⇒ f(–x) = f(x) Writing numbers using only square roots of 2:
g(x) = –F(x) = – f(x) = –f(–x) 3 = -log2log2 ( ( 2))
h(x) = –F(–x) = – F(x) = –f(x) 4 = -log2log2 ( ( ( 2)))
Ans. (C) 5 = -log2log2 ( ( ( ( 2))))
6 = -log2log2 ( ( ( ( ( 2))))) ... etc.
10. f(x) + h(x) = f(x) – f(x) = 0 ISO paper sizes are all based on a single aspect
ratio of the square root of two, or approximately
g(x) – h(x) = – f(x) + f(x) = 0
1:1.4142. Basing paper upon this ratio was
F(x) + f(x) ≠ 0 conceived by Georg Lichtenberg in 1786, and at
f(x) – g(x) = f(x) + f(x) ≠ 0 the beginning of the 20th century, Dr Walter
Ans. (B) Porstmann turned Lichtenberg's idea into a proper
system of different paper sizes.

Students' Forum
Expert’s Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
MATHS
1. Prove that 1 1  y 
x  + − 2 – 2  − 5 – 3 = 0
99.98  q p  r 
(99)50 – 99.9850 + (97)50 – ........ + 99 = 0
1.2
2  y 
99.98 50 x  − 2 – 2  − 5 – 3 = 0
50
Sol. 99 – 99.98 + 50
97 – ............ + 99 r  r 
1.2
2
= 9950 – 99C1(98)50 + 99C2(97)50 – ...... + 99C98 . 1 (7 – 2x) + (x – y) = 0
r
= 99C09950 – 99C1(99 – 1)50 + 99C2(99 – 2)50 – .......
⇒ Given family of lines passes through fixed point
+ 99C98 (99 – 98)50 – 99C99(99 – 99)50
7 7
= 9950 [99C0 – 99C1 + 99C2 – ....... + 99C98 – 99C99]  ,  . Equation of line in normal form
 2 2
+ 50C1 9949[99C1 – 2. 99C2 + ...... + 3.99C3 ...] + ....
7 7
= 0 + 0 + 0 .............. = 0 x cos α + y sin α = p passes through  , 
 2 2
⇒ cos α + sin α
2. Find the least value of n for which
(n – 2)x2 + 8x + n + 4 > sin–1(sin 12) 2p
= but – 2 ≤ cos α + sin α ≤ 2
–1 7
+ cos (cos 12) ∀ x ∈R when n∈ N.
Sol. we have sin–1(sin 12) + cos–1(cos 12) 2p
⇒ ≤ 2
7
= sin–1(sin (4π – (4π – 12)))
+ cos–1(cos (4π – (4π – 12))) 7
⇒ |p| ≤
= –(4π – 12) + 4π – 12 = 0 2
So that, (n – 2)x2 + 8x + n + 4 > 0 ∀ x ∈ R

⇒n–2>0 4. Prove that if sin2x + sin2y < 1 for all x ∈R, y ∈R,
 π π
⇒ n ≥ 3 and 82 – 4(n – 2) (n + 4) < 0 then (sin–1(tanx . tany)) ∈  − ,  .
 2 2
or n2 + 2n – 24 > 0 ⇒ n > 4
⇒n≥5 sin 2 x. sin 2 y
Sol. Consider (tan x . tan y)2 = ∀ x, y ∈ R
cos 2 x. cos 2 y
⇒n=5
sin 2 x. sin 2 y − cos 2 x cos 2 y
= +1
3. If parameters p, r, q are in H.P. and d be the length of cos 2 x. cos 2 y
perpendicular from origin to any member of family
of lines x r(p + q – 2pq) – 2pq (y – 5r) – 3 pqr = 0 sin 2 x. sin 2 y – 1 + sin 2 x + sin 2 y – sin 2 x. sin 2 y
= +1
7 cos 2 x. cos 2 y
then show that |d| ≤ .
2
sin 2 x. sin 2 y – 1
Sol. Given family of line is = +1
cos 2 x. cos 2 y
x r (p + q – 2pq) – 2pq (y – 5r) – 3 pqr = 0
{using sin2x + sin2y – 1 < 0, ∀ x, y ∈ R}
dividing by pqr, we get

= tan2x . tan2y < 1
= tan x tany ∈ (–1, 1)
 π π
= sin–1(tan x . tan y) ∈  − ,  • After travelling 2.4 billion miles in just over 6
 2 2
years to reach Jupiter, Galileo missed its target
at the Jovian moon Io by only 67 miles. That's
5. If x5 – x3 + x = a than P.T. x6 ≥ 2a – 1 like shooting an arrow from Los Angeles at a
x ( x 6 + 1) bull's-eye in New York and missing by only 6
Sol. Given that x(x4 – x2 + 1) = =a inches!
x2 +1
Suppose that x > 0, ⇒ a > 0 • Utopia ia a large, smooth lying area of Mars.
 x 2 +1  • The biggest star has a diameter of 1800 million
⇒ x6 + 1 = a   = a  x + 1  ≥ 2a
 x   x miles, making it 2000 times bigger than the
 
Sun.
⇒ x6 ≥ 2a – 1 .....(i)
if x ≤ 0 ⇒a≤0 • 15% of the world's fresh water flows doen the
6 Amazon.
2a – 1 < 0 ≤ x ...(ii)
from equation (i) and (ii) • In 1995, each American used an annual average
x6 ≥ 2a – 1 of 731 pounds of paper, more than double the
amount used in the 1980's. Contrary to
predictions that computers would displace
6. Let f(x) satisfies the differential equation
paper, consumption is growing.
df ( x )
x . + f(x) = g(x) where f(x) and g(x) are • The term 'black hole' was coined in 1968 when
dx
continuous functions and f(x) is a decreasing function John Wheeler described how an in-falling
x object 'becomes dimmer millisecond by
∀ x > 0. Prove that x . g(x) < ∫0 g(x) dx ∀ x > 0. millisecond...light and particles incident from
df ( x ) outside...go down the black hole only to add to
Sol. Given that x . + f(x) = g(x) its mass and increase its gravitational
dx
attraction.'
df ( x ) g(x ) − f ( x )
⇒ = <0
dx x • The 'Red Planet' isn't really red at all, Nasa
⇒ g(x) < f(x) ∀ x > 0 ...(1) photographs indicate that it is more of a tan or
butterscotch colour.
Again x . df(x) + f(x) . dx = g(x) dx
x x • The International Space Station orbits at 248
⇒ ∫0
d(x + f (x ) ) = ∫0
g ( x ) dx
miles above the Earth.
x • The axis of orbit of the planet Uranus is tilted
⇒ x . f(x) = ∫ 0
g( x ) dx
at a 90 degree angle.
1 x
f(x) =
x ∫
0
g ( x ) dx • Astronomers have discovered over 10,000
asteroids - but put them together and they
1 x would be smaller than the Moon.
⇒ g(x) <
x ∫ 0
g ( x ) dx (using eqn(1))
• Have you ever seen a ring around the moon?
x
Folklore has it that this means bad weather is
⇒ x . g(x) < ∫ 0
g ( x ) dx ∀ x > 0
coming.

3-DIMENSIONAL
MATH
GEOMETRY
Mathematics Fundamentals
Coordinates of a point : Note: When m1, m2 are in opposite sign, then

Z division will be external.
Coordinates of the midpoint:
M When division point is the mid-point of PQ, then
y
ration will be 1 : 1; hence coordinates of the mid-
L x
P (x,y,z) point of PQ are
 x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 z1 + z 2 
 , , 
X  2 2 2 
O z Coordinates of the general point :
N The coordinates of any point lying on the line joining
points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) may be taken as
Y
 kx 2 + x1 ky 2 + y1 kz 2 + z1 
x-coordinate = perpendicular distance of P from  , , 
 k +1 k +1 k +1 
yz-plane
which divides PQ in the ratio k : 1. This is called
y-coordinate = perpendicular distance of P from
general point on the line PQ.
zx-plane Division by coordinate planes :
z-coordinate = perpendicular distance of P from The ratios in which the line segment PQ joining
xy-plane P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) is divided by coordinate
Coordinates of a point on the coordinate planes and axes: planes are as follows :
yz-plane : x=0 (i) by yz-plane : –x1/x2 ratio
zx-plane : y=0 (ii) by zx-plane : – y1/y2 ratio
xy-plane : z=0 (iii) by xy-plane : –z1/z2 ratio
x-axis : y = 0, z = 0 Coordinates of the centroid :
(i) If (x1, y1, z1); (x2, y2, z2) and (x3, y3, z3) are
y-axis : y = 0, x = 0
vertices of a triangle then coordinates of its centroid
z-axis : x = 0, y = 0 are
Distance between two points :  x 1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 z 1 + z 2 + z 3 
If P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) are two points, then  , , 
 3 3 3 
distance between them
(ii) If (xr, yr, zr); r = 1, 2, 3, 4 are vertices of a
PQ = ( x1 − x 2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y 2 ) 2 + (z1 − z 2 ) 2 tetrahedron, then coordinates of its centroid are
Coordinates of division point :  x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 y1 + y 2 + y 3 + y 4 z1 + z 2 + z 3 + z 4 
 , , 
 4 4 4 
Coordinates of the point dividing the line joining two
points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) in the ratio Direction cosines of a line [Dc's] :
m1 : m2 are The cosines of the angles made by a line with
(i) in case of internal division positive direction of coordinate axes are called the
direction cosines of that line.
 m1x 2 + m 2 x1 m1y 2 + m 2 y1 m1z 2 + m 2 z1 
 , ,  Let α, β, γ be the angles made by a line AB with
 m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2  positive direction of coordinate axes then cos α, cos
(ii) in case of external division β, cos γ are the direction cosines of AB which are
generally denoted by l, m, n. Hence
 m1 x 2 − m 2 x 1 m1 y 2 − m 2 y1 m1 z 2 − m 2 z1 
 , ,  l = cos α, m = cos β, n = cos γ
 m1 − m 2 m1 − m 2 m 1 − m 2 

x-axis makes 0º, 90º and 90º angles with three Conditions of parallelism and perpendicularity of two
coordinate axes, so its direction cosines are cos 0º, lines :
cos 90º, cos 90º i.e. 1, 0, 0. Similarly direction Case I. When dc's of two lines AB and CD, say l1,
cosines of y-axis and z-axis are 0, 1, 0 and 0, 0, 1
m1,n1 and l 2, m2, n2 are known
respectively. Hence
AB || CD ⇔ l 1 = l 2, m1 = m2, n1 = n2
dc's of x-axis = 1, 0, 0
AB ⊥ CD ⇔ l 1 l 2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0.
dc's of y-axis = 0, 1, 0
Case II. When dr's of two lines AB and CD, say : a1,
dc's of z-axis = 0, 0, 1
b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are known
Relation between dc's a b c
∴ l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 AB || CD ⇔ 1 = 1 = 1
a 2 b2 c2
Direction ratios of a line [DR's] :
AB ⊥ CD ⇔ a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.
Three numbers which are proportional to the
Area of a triangle :
direction cosines of a line are called the direction
ratios of that line. If a, b, c are such numbers which Let A(x1, y1, z1); B(x2, y2, z2) and C(x3, y3, z3) are
are proportional to the direction cosines l, m, n of a vertices of a triangle. Then
line then a, b, c are direction ratios of the line. Hence dr's of AB = x2 – x1, y2 – y1, z2 – z1
a = a1, b1, c1 (say)
⇒ l=± ,
a + b 2 + c2
2 and AB = a12 + b12 + c12
b c dr's of BC = x3 – x2, y3 – y2, z3 – z2
m=± ,n=±
2 2 2 2 2 2 = a2, b2, c2(say)
a +b +c a +b +c
Direction cosines of a line joining two points : and BC = a 22 + b 22 + c 22
Let ≡ (x1, y1, z1) and Q ≡ (x2, y2, z2); then
Σ( b1c 2 − b 2c1 ) 2
(i) dr's of PQ : (x2 – x1), (y2 – y1), (z2 – z1) Now sin B =
x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1 Σa12 Σa 22
(ii)dc's of PQ : , ,
PQ PQ PQ
Σ( b1c 2 − b 2c1 ) 2
x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1 =
i.e., , , AB.BC
Σ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 Σ ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 Σ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 1
∴ Area of ∆ABC = AB. BC sin B
Angle between two lines : 2
Case I. When dc's of the lines are given 1
= Σ(b1c 2 − b 2 c1 ) 2
If l1, m1, and l2,m2 n2 are dc's of given two lines, then 2
the angle θ between them is given by Projection of a line segment joining two points on a line :
cos θ = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 Let PQ be a line segment where P ≡ (x1, y1, z1) and
Q ≡ (x2, y2, z2); and AB be a given line with dc's as l,
sin θ = (l1m 2 − l 2 m1 ) 2 + (m1n 2 − m 2 n1 ) 2 + (n1l 2 − n 2l1 ) 2 m, n. If P'Q' be the projection of PQ on AB, then
The value of sin θ can easily be obtained by the P'Q' = PQ cos θ
following form : where θ is the angle between PQ and AB. On
2 2 2 replacing the value of cos θ in this, we shall get the
l1 m1 m1 n1 n l1 following value of P'Q'.
sin θ = + + 1
l2 m2 m2 n2 n2 l2 P'Q' = l (x2 – x1) + m(y2 – y1) + n (z2 – z1)
Case II. When dr's of the lines are given Projection of PQ on x-axis : a = |x2 – x1 |
Projection of PQ on y-axis : b = |y2 – y1 |
If a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are dr's of given two lines,
then the angle θ between them is given by Projection of PQ on z-axis : c = |z2 – z1|
a1a 2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2 Length of line segment PQ = a 2 + b2 + c2

cos θ =
a12 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b 22 + c 22 x −α y−β z−γ
* If the given lines are = = and
l m n
Σ(a1b 2 − a 2 b1 ) 2 x − α´ y − β´ z − γ´
sin θ = = = , then condition for
a12 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b 22 + c 22 l´ m´ n´
intersection is

x −α y −β z−γ Note : If l ≠ 0, take a point on yz –plane as (0, t1, z1)
If the given lines are = = and
l m n and if m ≠ 0, take a point on xz-plane as (x1, 0, z1)
x − α´ y − β´ z − γ´ Skew lines : The straight lines which are not parallel
= = , then condition for and non-coplanar i.e. non-intersecting are called
l´ m´ n´
intersections is skew lines.
α – α´ β − β´ γ – γ´ x – α y −β z – γ
l m n =0 If ∆ = l m n ≠ 0, the lines are skew.
l m´ n´ l´ m´ n´
Plane containing the above two lines is Shortest distance : Suppose the equation of the lines
x – α y −β z – γ x −α y −β z−γ
are = =
l m n =0 l m n
l´ m´ n´ x − α´ y − β´ z − γ´
and = = . Then
Condition of coplanarity if both the lines are in general l´ m´ n´
form:
S.D. = (α − α´)(mn´− mń ) + (β − β´)(nl´− n´l)(lm´−l´m)
Let the lines be
Σ (mn´− mń ) 2
ax + by + cz + d = 0 = a´x + bý + c´z + d´
and αx + βy + γz + δ = 0 = α´x + βý + γ´z + δ´ α – α´ β − β´ γ – γ´
a b c d = l m n
a´ b´ c´ d´ l´ m´ n´
These are coplanar if =0
α β γ δ Some results for plane and straight line:
α´ β´ γ´ δ´ (i) General equation of a plane :
Reduction of non-symmetrical form to symmetrical form: ax + by + cz + d = 0
Let equation of the line in non-symmetrical form be' where a, b, c are dr's of a normal to this plane.
a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0; a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0.
(ii) Equation of a straight line :
To find the equation of the line in symmetrical form,
we must know (i) its direction ratios (ii) coordinates a x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 
General form : 1 
of any point on it. a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z + d 2 = 0
Direction ratios : Let l, m, n be the direction ratios
(In fact it is the straight line which is the intersection
of the line. Since the line lies in both the planes, it
of two given planes)
must be perpendicular to normals of both planes. So
a1l + b1m + c1n = 0; a2l + b2m + c2n = 0 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
Symmetric form : = =
From these equations, proportional values of l, m, n a b c
can be found by cross-multiplication as where (x1, y1, z1) is a point on this line and a, b, c are
l m n its dr's
= = (iii) Angle between two planes :
b1c 2 − b 2 c1 c1a 2 − c 2 a 1 a1b 2 − a 2 b1
If θ be the angle between planes a1x + b1y c1z + d1 = 0
Point on the line : Note that as l, m, n cannot be
and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0, then
zero simultaneously, so at least one must be non-
zero. Let a1b2 – a2b1 ≠ 0, then the line cannot be
parallel to xy-plane, so it intersect it. Let it intersect a1a 2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2
cos θ =
xy-plane in (x1,y1, 0). Then a12 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b 22 + c 22
a1x1 + b1 y1 + d1 = 0 and a2x1 + b2y1 + d2 = 0
Solving these, we get a point on the line. Then its (In fact angle between two planes is the angle
equation becomes between their normals.)
x − x1 y − y1 z−0 Further above two planes are

= =
b1c 2 − b 2 c1 c1a 2 − c 2 a 1 a 1b 2 − a 2 b1 a1 b1 c1
parallel ⇔ = =
b1d 2 − b 2 d1 d a − d 2a1 a 2 b 2 c2
x− y− 1 2
a 1 b 2 − a 2 b1 a 1b 2 − a 2 b1 z−0 perpendicular ⇔ a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
or = =
b1c 2 − b 2 c1 c1a 2 − c 2 a1 a 1b 2 − a 2 b1

PROGRESSION &
MATH
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
Mathematics Fundamentals
Arithmetic Progression (AP) Five terms : a – 2d, a–d, a, a + d, a + 2d

AP is a progression in which the difference ................ ....... ....... ....... .......
between any two consecutive terms is constant. (ii) When number of terms be even
This constant difference is called common
Four terms: a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
difference (c.d.) and generally it is denoted by d.
Six terms : a –5d, a – 3d, a –d, a + d, a+3d,
Standard form: Its standard form is
a + 5d
a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) +..........
............... ........ ...... ...... ...... ......
General term :
Geometrical Progression (GP) :
Tn = a + (n – 1) d
A progression is called a GP if the ratio of its each
If Tn = l then it should be noted that
term to its previous term is always constant. This
l−a l−a constant ratio is called its common ratio and it is
(i) d = (ii) n = 1 +
n −1 d generally denoted by r.
Note: a , b, c are in AP ⇔ 2b = a + c Standard form : Its standard form is
Sum of n terms of an AP : a + ar + ar2 +.........
n General term : Tn = arn–1
Sn = (a + l ) b c
2 a, b, c are in GP ⇔ = ⇔ b2 = ac
where l is last term (nth term). Replacing the value a b
of l, it takes the form Sum of n terms of a GP :
n The sum of n terms of a GP a + ar + ar2 +....... is
Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d ] given by
2
Arithmetic Mean :  a (1 − r n ) a − lr
 = , when r < 1
(i) If A be the AM between two numbers a and b, Sn =  1n− r 1− r
1
then A = (a + b)  a (r − 1) = lr − a , when r > 1
2  r − 1 r −1
(ii) The AM of n numbers a1, a2,..............,an when l = Tn.
1 Sum of an infinite GP :
= (a1 + a2 +........+ an)
n (i) When r > 1, then rn → ∞, so Sn → ∞ Thus when
(iii) n AM's between two numbers r > 1, the sum S of infinite GP = ∞
If A1, A2,....., An be n AM's between a and b then (ii) When | r | < 1, then rn → 0, so
a A1, A2,....., An, b is an AP of (n + 2) terms. Its common a
difference d is given by S=
1− r
b−a
Tn+2 = b = a + (n + 1)d ⇒ d = (iii) When r = 1, then each term is a so S = ∞.
n +1
Geometric Mean :
so A1 = a + d, A2 = a + 2d,....., An = a + nd.
(i) If G be the GM between a and b then
Sum of n AM's between a and b
G = ab
∴ ΣAn = n(A)
Assuming numbers in AP : (ii) G.M. of n numbers a1, a2 ......, an = (a1a2a3
.....an)1/n
(i) When number of terms be odd
(iii) n GM’s between two numbers
Three terms : a –d, a, a + d
⇒ r = (b/a)1/n+1

Product of n GM's between a and b If number of terms in an AP/GP/HP is even the
Product of GM's = (ab)n/2 = Gn AM/GM/HM of its two middle terms is equal to
the AM/GM/HM between the first and last
Assuming numbers in GP :
term.
(i) When number of terms be odd
a, b, c are in AP, GP and HP ⇔ a = b = c
Three terms : a/r, a, ar
a, b, c are in AP and HP ⇒ a, b,c are in GP.
Five terms : a/r2, a/r, a, ar, ar2
............... .. ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... a, b, c are in AP
(ii) When number of terms be even 1 1 1
⇔ , , are in AP. ⇔ bc, ca, ab are in
Four terms : a/r3, a/r, ar, ar3 bc ca ab
HP.
Six terms : a/r5, a/r3, a/r, ar, ar3, ar5
Arithmetic-Geometric Progression : a, b, c are in GP ⇔ a2, b2, c2 are in GP.
If each term of a progression is the product of the a, b, c are in GP ⇔ loga, logb, logc are in AP.
corresponding terms of an AP and a GP, then it is a, b, c are in GP ⇔ logam logbm, logcm are in HP.
called arithmetic-geometric progression (AGP). For
example: a, b, c d are in GP ⇔ a + b, b + c, c + d are in GP.
a, (a + d)r, (a + 2d)r2 ....... a, b, c are in AP ⇔ αa, αb, αc are in GP (α ∈ R0)
Tn = [a + (n – 1)d] rn–1 Principle of Mathematical Induction :
It states that any statement P(n) is true for all
a dr (1 − r n −1 ) [a + ( n − 1)d ]r n
Sn = + – positive integral values of n if
1− r (1 − r ) 2 1− r
(i) P(1) is true i.e., it is true for n = 1.
a dr
S∞ = + |r|<1 (ii) P(m) is true ⇒ P(m + 1) is also true
1 − r (1 − r ) 2
i.e., if the statement is true for n = m then it must
Harmonic Progression : also be true for n = m + 1.
A progression is called a harmonic progression Some Formula based on the Principle of Induction :
(HP) if the reciprocals of its terms are in AP.
n ( n + 1)
1 1 1 Σn = 1 + 2 + 3 +....... + n =
Standard form : + + +............. 2
a a + d a + 2d (Sum of first n natural numbers)
1 Σ(2n – 1) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n – 1) = n2
General term : Tn =
a + (n − 1)d
(Sum of first n odd numbers)
2 1 1 2ac Σ2n = 2 + 4 + 6 + ...... + 2n = n(n + 1)
∴ a, b, c are in HP ⇔ = + ⇔b=
b a c a+c (Sum of first n even numbers)
Harmonic Mean :
n ( n + 1) (2n + 1)
(i) If H be a HM between two numbers a and b, then Σn2 = 12 + 22 + 32 +.......+ n2 =
6
2ab 2 1 1 (Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers)
H= or = +
a+b H a b
n 2 (n + 1) 2
(ii) To find n HM's between a and b we first find n Σn3 = 13 + 23 + 33 +.......+ n3 =
AM's between 1/a and 1/b, then their reciprocals 4
will be the required HM's. (Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers)
Relations between AM, GM and HM : Application in Solving Objective Question :
G2 = AH For solving objective question related to natural
A > G > H, when a, b > 0. numbers we find out the correct alternative by
negative examination of this principle. If the given
If A and AM and GM respectively between two statement is P(n), then by putting n = 1, 2, 3, ..... in
positive numbers, then those numbers are P(n), we decide the correct answer.
A + A2 − G 2 , A − A2 − G 2 We also use the above formulae established by this
principle to find the sum of n terms of a given
Some Important Results : series. For this we first express Tn as a polynomial
If number of terms in an AP/GP/HP is odd then in n and then for finding Sn, we put Σ before each
its mid term is the AM/GM/HM between the term of this polynomial and then use above results
first and last term. of Σn, Σn2, Σn3 etc.

Based on New Pattern
a
IIT-JEE 2010
XtraEdge Test Series # 3
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : Calorimetry, K.T.G., Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Thermal expansion, Transverse wave, Sound
wave, Doppler's effect, Atomic Structure, Radioactivity, X-ray, Nuclear Physics, Matter Waves, Photoelectric Effect,
Practical Physics. Chemistry : Chemical Equilibrium, Acid Base, Ionic Equilibrium, Classification & Nomenclature,
Isomerism , Hydrogen Family, Boron Family & Carbon Family, S-block elements, Nitrogen Family, Oxygen Family,
Halogen Family & Noble Gas, Salt Analysis, Metallurgy, Co-ordination Compounds, Transitional Elements.
Mathematics: Point, Straight line, Circle, Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola, Vector, 3-D, Probability, Determinants, Matrices.
Instructions :
Section - I
• Question 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions with multiple (one or more) is correct answer. +4 marks will be
awarded for correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 15 to 20 are passage based single correct type questions. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
-1 mark for wrong answer.
Section - II
• Question 21 to 22 are Column Matching type questions. +6 marks will be awarded for the complete correctly
matched answer and No Negative marks for wrong answer. However, 1 mark will be given for a correctly marked
answer in any row.
2. A steam turbine cycle is shown diagrammatically

PHYSICS below.
Stream
Questions 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each work out
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct. heat out Q1
heat out Q2
1. The V – T diagram of an ideal gas for the process
A → B → C is a shown in the figure. Select the Condenser water
correct alternative. If heat only enters and leaves through the boiler and
(A) Pressure of the gas first increases then remain condenser, then, when the system is working steadily,
constant heat Q1 is absorbed in the boiler in the same time that
(B) Pressure of the gas first decreases then remains heat Q2 is rejected in the condenser. The fraction of
constant heat converted into work is -
(C) Pressure of the gas remains constant throughout Q − Q2 Q − Q1
(D) Nothing can be said about the pressure of the gas (A) 1 (B) 2
Q1 Q1
from this graph
V Q1 − Q 2 Q1 − Q 2
(C) (D)
A C Q2 Q1 + Q 2
3. A solid ball is immersed in a liquid. The coefficients

B
of volume expansion of temperature of the ball and
liquid are 8 × 10–6 and 3 × 10–6 per ºC respectively.
O T The percentage change in upthrust when temperature
is increased by 100 ºC is -
(A) 0.5 % (B) 0.11 % (C) 1.1 % (D) 0.05 %

4. Water – wave generators S1 and S2 generate waves of (A) 5 (B) 10
equal wavelength and velocity, but there is a phase (C) 15 (D) None of these
difference of π between the two generators. At a
point P (equidistant from S1 and S2) S1 by itself 9. In the given nuclear reaction
232
produce an oscillation of amplitude 2a and S2 by 90X → 82Y208 + n1α + n2β + v
itself produces an oscillations of amplitude a. When n1 α-particles and n2-particles are emitted. The values
both generators are switched on, which one of the of n1 and n2 are
graphs below correctly describes the resultant (A) 4 and 6 (B) 3 and 3
oscillations at P ? (C) 6 and 4 (D) 6 and 0
y y
a a
(A) O (B) O Questions 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions. Each
t t question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
a which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
y y
3a 10. The maximum spectral radiancy of a black body
3a
a corresponds to a wavelength of λ. If the temperature
(C) O (D) O
a t t is changed so that the maximum spectral radiancy
3a –3a 3
now corresponds to a wavelength of λ. It follows
5. A plane wave of sound traveling in air is incident 2
upon a plane surface of a liquid. The angle of that
incidence is 60º. The speed of sound in air is 300 m/s (A) the new temperature is 3/2 times the old
and in liquid it is 600 m/s. Assume Snell's law to be temperature
valid for sound waves. (B) the new temperature is 2/3 times the old
(A) The wave will refract into liquid away from normal temperature
(B) The wave refract into liquid towards the normal (C) the power radiated by the body change by a
(C) The wave will reflect back into air factor of 16/81
(D) None of these (D) the power radiated by the body changed by a
factor of 81/16
6. A gun emitting radio waves is aimed at an
approaching car, the speed and frequency of radio 11. Choose the correct statement(s) about the hydrogen
waves are v0 and f0. The reflected wave from the car like atom.
is detected by the gun and a frequency change ∆f is (A) Velocity of electron is directly proportional to its
recorded. The approaching velocity of the car is mass
 ∆f   ∆f  (B) The time period of revolution of electron in nth
(A) 1 +  v0
 (B) 2   v0
 orbit is directly proportional to n3
 f0   f0 
(C) The binding energy of deuterium is more than
 ∆f  v0  ∆f  that of hydrogen
(C)  
 2 (D) 1 −  v0

 f0   f0  (D) The angular momentum of an electron revolving
in the first orbit of helium
7. Suppose the potential energy between electron and
12. According to Einstein's theory of photoelectric effect
ke 2 (A) Light propagates through space in the form of
proton at a distance r is given by – . Application of
3r 3 photons
Bohr's theory to hydrogen atom in this case shows that (B) Energy of photon is proportional to frequency
(i) Energy in the nth orbit is proportional to n6 (C) The number of photons incident per unity area
(ii) Energy is proportional to m3 (m : mass of electron) depends on the intensity
(A) Only (i) is correct (B) Only (ii) is correct (D) Part of a photon can not be absorbed by the
(C) Both (i) and (ii) are correct electron
(D) None of these
13. Choose the correct statement(s) about X-rays.
8. In a sample of hydrogen like atoms all of which are (A) The intensity of Kα radiation is more than that of Kβ
in ground state, a photon beam containing photons of (B) The intensity of Kα radiation is less than that of Kβ
various energies is passed. In absorption spectrum, (C) The frequency of Kα radiation is more than that
five dark lines are observed. The number of bright
of Kβ
lines in the emission spectrum will be (assume that
all transitions take place) (D) The frequency of Kα radiation is less than that of
Kβ

14. The decay constant of a radioactive substance is m
0.173 per year. Which of the following statements are v
correct
(A) About 63% of the radioactive substance will a
decay in 1/0.173 years Our understanding of standing waves tells us that a
(B) 1/4 th of the radioactive substance will be left standing wave will be set up such that
after 8 years 2a
=n
(C) Half life of the radioactive substance is 1/0.173 λ
years where a is the length of the box and 'n' an integer.
(D) All the above statements are correct Using de Broglie's expression for wavelength of
matter wave, it can be easily proved that energy
This section contains 2 paragraphs, each has 3 multiple (kinetic energy) of the given particle will be
choice questions. (Questions 15 to 20) Each question quantised.
has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY
ONE is correct.
18. Energy of the particle can be expressed as
Passage : I (No. 15to 17) n 2m2 n 2h 2a 2 n 2h 2 n 2h 2h 2
A narrow tube is bent in the form of a circle of radius (A) 2 2
(B) 2
(C) 2
(D)
4h a 8m 8ma 4a 2
R, as shown in the fig. Two small holes S and D are
made in the tube at the positions right angle to each
other. A source placed at S generates a wave of 19. Minimum energy that will be required to excite the
intensity I0 which is equally divided into two parts: particle from the ground state to a higher state will be
one part travels along the longer path, while the other 3m 2 3h 2 a 2 3h 2 3m 2 h 2
travels along the shorter path. Both the part waves (A) (B) (C) (D)
4h 2 a 2 8m 2 8ma 2 4a 2
meet at the point D where a detector is placed.
20. Referring to fig. given below quantum number of the
R particle confined to the box is
S
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 1
D The section contains 2 questions (Questions 21 to 22).

Each question contains statements given in two
15. The maximum intensity produced at D is given by- columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
(A) 4I0 (B) 2I0 (C) I0 (D) 3I0 C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
(P, Q, R, S) in Column II. The answers to these
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
16. The maximum value of λ to produce a maximum at
illustrated in the following example. If the correct
D is given by-
matches are A-P, A-S, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and D-S,
πR 3 then the correctly 4 × 4 matrix should be as follows :
(A) πR (B) 2πR (C) (D) πR
2 2 P Q R S
17. The maximum value of λ to produce a minimum at D A P Q R S
is given by - B P Q R S
πR 3 C P Q R S
(A) πR (B) 2πR (C) (D) πR
2 2 D P Q R S
Passage : II (No. 18to 20)
de Broglie considered matter waves as travelling 21. Match Column-I with Column-II :
waves. Suppose that a particle of mass 'm' is confined Column –I Column II
to a narrow region. The given particle moves in one (A) Lyman series (P) Visible region
dimension back and forth with a speed v. This is (B) Balmer series (Q) UV region
called the problem of a particle in a box. If we (C) Pfund series (R) IR region
consider the matter wave associated with the particle, (D) Light emitted by (S) Line emission spectrum
such back and forth motion of waves will result in a lamp
'standing wave'.

22. Match Column-I with Column-II :
Column –I Column II
(A) Wave character of (P) Photoelectric effect
radiation
(B) Photon character of (Q) Compton effect
CN
radiation
Its IUPAC name is
(C) Interaction of a photon (R) Diffraction
(A) Bicyclo [2.2.2] oct-2-en-5 nitrile
with an electron, such that
(B) Bicyclo [2.2.2] oct-5-en-2-carbonitrile
photon energy is equal to
(C) 3-Cyanobicyclo [2.2.2] oct-5-ene
or slightly greater than the
binding energy of electron, (D) 2-Cyanobicyclo [2.2.2] oct -5-ene
is more likely to result in 5. A metal salt solution forms a yellow precipitate with
(D) Interaction of a photon (S) Interference potassium chromate in acetic acid, a white precipitate
with an electron, such that with dilute sulphuric acid but gave no precipitate
photon energy is much with sodium chloride or iodide. The white precipitate
greater than the binding obtained when sodium carbonate is added to the
energy of electron, is more metal salt solution will consist of
likely to result in (A) Lead carbonate (B) Basic lead carbonate
(C) Barium carbonate (D) Strontium carbonate
CHEMISTRY 6. When a substance A reacts with water it produces a

combustible gas B and a solution of substance C in
water. When another substance D reacts with this
Questions 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each solution of C, it also produces the same gas B on
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of warming but D can produce gas B on reaction with
which ONLY ONE is correct. dilute sulphuric acid at room temperature. A imparts
a deep golden yellow colour to smokeless flame of
1. Ammonium carbamate decomposes as Bunsen burner. A, B, C and D respectively are
NH2COONH4(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) (A) Na, H2, NaOH, Zn
For the reaction, Kp = 2.9 × 10–5 atm3. If we start (B) K, H2, KOH, Al
with 1 mole of the compound, the total pressure at (C) Ca,H2, Ca(OH)2, Sn
equilibrium would be (D) CaC2, C2H2, Ca(OH)2, Fe
(A) 0.0766 atm (B) 0.0582 atm
(C) 0.0388 atm (D) 0.0194 atm 7. XeF6 dissolves in anhydrous HF to give a good
conducting solution which contains
2. A solution which is 10–3 M each in Mn2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ (A) H+ and XeF7– ions (B) HF2– and XeF5+ ions
and Hg2+ is treated with 10–16 M sulphide ion. If Ksp (C) HXeF6+ and F– ions (D) None of these
of MnS, FeS, ZnS and HgS are 10–15, 10–23, 10–20 and
10–54 respectively, which one will precipitate first ? 8. A yellow metallic powder is burnt in a stream of
(A) FeS (B) MgS fluorine to obtain a colourless gas X which is
(C) HgS (D) ZnS thermally stable and chemically inert. Its molecule
has octahedral geometry. Another colourless gas Y
3. The pKa of acetyl sacylic acid (aspirin) is 3.5. The pH with same constituent atoms as that of X is obtained
of gastric juice in human stomach is about 2-3 and when sulphur dichloride is heated with sodium
pH in the small intestine is about 8. Aspirin will be fluoride. Its molecule has trigonal bipyramidal
(A) unionised in the small intestine and in the geometry. Gases X and Y are respectively
stomach (A) SF4 and S2F2 (B) SF6 and SF4
(B) completely ionised the small intestine and in the (C) NaF and NaCl (D) SF4 and SF6
stomach
(C) ionised in the stomach and almost unionised in 9. In the silver plating of copper, K[Ag(CN)2] is used
the small intestine instead of AgNO3. The reason is
(D) ionised in the small intestine and almost (A) A thin layer of Ag is formed on Cu
unionised in the stomach (B) More voltage is required
(C) Ag+ ions are completely removed from solution
4. The Diels-Alder reaction between 1, 3- (D) Less availability of Ag+ ions, as Cu cannot
cyclohexadiene and acrylonitrile gives the adduct, displace Ag from [Ag(CN)2]– ion

Questions 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions. Each It is a weak monoprotic acid
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of HP H+ + P– Ka = 1.64 × 10–3
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct. where HP denotes the parent acid and P– the
conjugate base. Penicillin G is produced by growing
10. Which of the following metals cannot be obtained by
molds in fermentation tanks at 25ºC and a pH range
electrolysis of their aqueous solutions of their salts ?
of 4.5 to 5.0. The crude form of this antibiotic is
(A) Ag (B) Mg (C) Al (D) Cu obtained by extracting the fermentation broth with an
11. In solid CuSO4.5H2O organic solvent in which the acid is soluble. In one
stage of purification, the organic extract of the crude
(A) Cu2+ ion is coordinate bonded to four water
penicillin G is treated with buffer solution at pH = 6.5
molecules
(B) One H2O molecule is H-bonded 15. What is the ratio of the conjugate base of penicillin G
(C) It has four types of bonds : Ionic, covalent, to the acid at this pH ?
coordinate and H-bond (A) 5.2 × 103 (B) 3.2 × 106
(D) Five molecules of H2O are coordinate bonded to Cu2+ (C) 1.8 × 10 3
(D) 5.6 × 104
12. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct for 16. Penicillin G is not suitable for oral administration,
group-2 metals ? but the sodium salt (NaP) is because it is soluble.
(A) On descending down the group, the lattice Calculate the pH of a 0.12 M NaP solution formed
energy as well as hydration energy decreases when a tablet containing the salt is dissolved in a
(B) Only BeF2 is soluble whereas MgF2, CaF2, SrF2 glass of water
and BaF2 are insoluble (A) 6.07 (B) 7.93 (C) 0.44 (D) 13.56
(C) BeCl2 is insoluble whereas MgCl2, CaCl2, SrCl2
and BaCl2 are soluble 17. Which hydrogen is acidic ?
(D) BeSO4 is soluble whereas BaSO4 is insoluble (A) H attached to N (B) H attached to C
(C) H attached to O (D) all H are acidic
13. Which of the following is/are correct statements
about ozone?
Passage : II (No. 18to 20)
(A) O3 is an unstable, dark blue diamagnetic gas
A bluish green coloured compound'A' on heating
(B) The central oxygen in O3 is sp2 hybridised gives two products 'B' and 'C'. A metal 'D' is
(C) It causes the tailing of mercury deposited on passing H2 through heated 'B'. The
(D) It does not react with KOH compound 'A' and 'B' are insoluble in water. 'B' is
black in colour, dissolves in HCl and on treatment
14. Salts 'A' and 'B' on reaction with dil H2SO4 liberate with K4[Fe(CN)6] gives a chocolate brown ppt of
gases 'X' and 'Y' respectively. Both turn lime water compound 'E' 'C' is colourless, odourless gas and
milky and milkyness disappears when excess of gases turns lime water milky.
are passed. 'X' has pungent suffocating smell and
turns K2Cr2O7 (acidified) paper green whereas 'Y' is 18. Compound 'A' is
colourless, odourless gas. Salts 'A' and 'B' are (A) CuSO4 (B) CuCO3
(A) Na2CO3 (B) Na2SO3 (C) FeSO4 (D) CrCl3
(C) Na2S (D) (COO)2(NH4)2
19. The compound 'B' and 'C' are respectively
This section contains 2 paragraphs, each has 3 multiple (A) CuS, SO2 (B) CuO, CO2
choice questions. (Questions 15 to 20) Each question (C) FeO, H2S (D) Cr2O3, CO
has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY
ONE is correct. 20. The compound 'D' and 'E' are respectively
(A) Cu, Cu2[Fe(CN)6] (B) Fe, Cu2[Fe(CN)6]
Passage : I (No. 15 to 17) (C) Cr, CuCO3 (D) Zn, CuO
One of the most common antibiotics is penicillin G
(benzylpenicillinic acid), which has the following The section contains 2 questions (Questions 21 to 22).
structure : Each question contains statements given in two
O columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
H C – OH (P, Q, R, S) in Column II. The answers to these
C O
H3C questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
C N—C H
H3C illustrated in the following example. If the correct
S — C — C — N — C — CH2 matches are A-P, A-S, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and D-S,
H H O then the correctly 4 × 4 matrix should be as follows :

P Q R S 6. The angle between the lines whose direction cosines
A P Q R S are given by the equations
B P Q R S l2 + m2 – n2 = 0, l + m + n = 0 is
(A) π/6 (B) π/4 (C) π/3 (D) π/2
C P Q R S
D P Q R S 7. Equation of the line of shortest distance between the
x y z x−2 y −1 z+2
lines = = and = = is
21. Column –I Column II 2 −3 1 3 −5 2
(A) Al2O3 (P) Electrolytic reduction (A) 3(x – 21) = 3y + 92 = 3z – 32
(B) ZnO (Q) Reduction with coke x − (62 / 3) y − 31 z + (31 / 3)
(C) MnO2 (R) Reduction with carbon monoxide (B) = =
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
(D) NaCl (S) Reduction with Al
x − 21 y − (92 / 3) z + (32 / 3)
(C) = =
22. Column –I Column II 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
(A) Haemoglobin (P) Anti cancer agent x−2 y+3 z −1
(D) = =
(B) Chlorophyll (Q) Complex of cobalt 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
(C) Vit B12 (R) Complex of iron
(D) cis-Platin (S) Complex of Mg 8. The value of a for which the volume of
parallelopiped formed by the vectors i + aj + k,
MATHEMATICS j + ak and ai + k is minimum is

(A) –3 (B) 3 (C) 1/ 3 (D) – 3
Questions 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of 9. An equation of a plane containing the lines
which ONLY ONE is correct. r = a1 + tb1 and r = a2 + tb2 where [a2 – a1, b1, b2] = 0
is
xk x k +2 x k +3 (A) [r – a1, b1, b2] = 0 (B) [r – a2, b1, b2] = 0
(C) [r – a2, a1, b2] = 0 (D) [r – a, a2, b2] = 0
1. If y k y k +2 y k +3
zk z k +2 z k +3 Questions 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions. Each
= (x – y)(y – z)(z – x)(1/x + 1/y + 1/z) question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
then which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
(A) k = – 3 (B) k = –1
(C) k = 1 (D) k = 3 10. Let λ and α be real. Let S denote the set of all values
of λ for which the system of linear equations
2. There are two balls in an urn whose colours are not λx + (sin α)y + (cos α)z = 0
known (each ball can be either white or black). A x + (cos α) y + (sin α)z = 0
white ball is put into the urn. A ball is drawn from the –x + (sin α)y – (cos α)z = 0
urn. The probability that it is white is has a non-trivial solution then S contains
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3 (C) 2/3 (D) 1/6
(A) (–1, 1) (B) [– 2 , –1]
3. If two vertices of a triangle are (–2, 3) and (5, – 1), (C) [1, 2] (D) (– 2, 2)
orthocentre lies at the origin and centroid on the line
x + y = 7, then the third vertex lies at
11. An equation of a circle which touches the y-axis at
(A) (7, 4) (B) (8, 14) (C) (12, 21) (D) None
(0, 2) and cuts off an intercept 3 from the x-axis is
4. If the pairs of lines x2 + 2xy + ay2 = 0 and (A) x2 + y2 + 4x – 5y + 4 = 0
ax2 + 2xy + y2 = 0 have exactly one line in common (B) x2 + y2 + 5x – 4y + 4 = 0
then the joint equation of the other two lines is given (C) x2 + y2 – 5x – 4y + 4 = 0
by (D) x2 + y2 – 5x + 4y + 4 = 0
(A) 3x2 + 8xy – 3y2 = 0 (B) 3x2 + 10xy + 3y2 = 0
(C) y2 + 2xy – 3x2 = 0 (D) x2 + 2xy – 3y2 = 0 12. A straight line touches the rectangular hyperbola
9x2 – 9y2 = 8 and the parabola y2 = 32x. An equation
5. If F1 = (3, 0), F2 = (–3, 0) and P is any point on the of the line is
curve 16x2 + 25y2 = 400, then PF1 + PF2 equals (A) 9x + 3y – 8 = 0 (B) 9x – 3y + 8 = 0
(A) 8 (B) 6 (C) 10 (D) 12 (C) 9x + 3y + 8 = 0 (D) 9x – 3y – 8 = 0

13. An equation of the line passing through 3i – 5j + 7k 19. The probability that X wins the match is
and perpendicular to the plane 3x – 4y + 5z = 8 is a 3 + a 2c a 3 + 3a 2 c
x −3 y+5 z−7 (A) (B)
(A) = = (a + c) 3 (a + c) 3
3 −4 5
x −3 y+4 z−5 a3
(B) = = (C) (D) None of these
3 −5 7 (a + c) 3
(C) r = 3i – 5j + 7k + λ(3i – 4j + 5k)
(D) r = 3i – 4j – 5k + µ(3i + 5j + 7k) 20. The probability that Y wins the match is
b3 + b 2c c 3 + 3c 2 a
14. If a × b = 2i + 2j – k, a + b = i – 2j + 4k then (A) (B)
(b + c) 3 (a + c) 3
1 1 3 13
(A) a = i + j + k; b = i – j – 5k c3
4 4 4 4 (C) (D) None of these
(B) a = j + 2k; b = i – 4j – 6k ( b + c) 3
1 7 5 19
(C) a = – i + j + 2k; b = i – j – 7k The section contains 2 questions (Questions 21 to 22).
4 4 4 4
1 1 3 13 columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
(D) a = i – j; b = i – j – 4k
2 2 4 4 C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
This section contains 2 paragraphs, each has 3 multiple questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
choice questions. (Questions 15 to 20) Each question illustrated in the following example. If the correct
has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY matches are A-P, A-S, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and D-S,
ONE is correct. then the correctly 4 × 4 matrix should be as follows :
Passage : I (No. 15to 17) P Q R S

A square matrix A of size n × n is said to be A P Q R S
unimodular if det(A) = 1.
B P Q R S
15. If A unimodular, then which of the following is not C P Q R S
necessarily unimodular. D P Q R S
(A) –A
(B) A–1
(C) adj A sec 2 x 1 1
(D) ωA, where ω is cube root of unity 21. Let f(x) = cos 2 x cos 2 x cos ec 2 x then
1 cos 2 x cot 2 x
16. If A and B unimodular matrices, then adjoint of APB
is
3π
(A) A (adj P)B (B) B(adj P)A (A) period of f(x) (P)
(C) B–1(adj P)A–1 (D) A–1 (adj P)B–1 32
(B) maximum value of f(x) (Q) π
17. If A is a matrix such that AÁ = In, then π/4 1
(A)A is unimodular (B) –A is unimodular
(C)
0∫ f ( x ) dx –
4
(R) 1
(C) I + A is unimodular (D) None of these (D) minimum value of f(x) (S) 0
Passage : II (No. 18 to 20)
A chess match between two grandmasters X and Y is 22. A coin has probability p of showing head when
won by whoever first wins a total of two games. X´s tossed n times. Let pn denote the probability that no
chances of wining, drawing or losing any particular two (or more) consecutive heads occur, then
game are a, b, c respectively. The games are Column –I Column II
independent and a + b + c = 1 (A) p1 (P) 1 – 2p2 + p3
(B) p2 (Q) 1 – p2
18. The probability that Y wins the match after the 4th
(C) p3 (R) 1
game is
(D) pn (S) (1 – p)pn–1 + p(1 – p)pn–2
(A) 3bc2 (b + 2a) (B) bc2(3b + a)
2
(C) 2ac (b + c) (D) abc(2a + 3b)

Based on New Pattern
IIT-JEE 2011
XtraEdge Test Series # 3
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : Calorimetry, K.T.G.,Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, Thermal expansion, Transverse wave,
Sound wave, Doppler's effect. Chemistry : Chemical Equilibrium, Acid Base, Ionic Equilibrium, Classification &
Nomenclature, Isomerism , Hydrogen Family, Boron Family & Carbon Family, S-block elements. Mathematics:
Point, Straight line, Circle, Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola, Vector, 3-D
Instructions :
Section - I
• Question 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions with multiple (one or more) is correct answer. +4 marks will be
awarded for correct answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
• Question 15 to 20 are passage based single correct type questions. +4 marks will be awarded for correct answer and
-1 mark for wrong answer.
Section - II
• Question 21 to 22 are Column Matching type questions. +6 marks will be awarded for the complete correctly
matched answer and No Negative marks for wrong answer. However, 1 mark will be given for a correctly marked
answer in any row.
(C) the average of frequencies

PHYSICS (D) both (A) and (B)
Questions 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each 5. The speed of sound in air is v. Both the source and
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of observer are moving towards each other with equal
which ONLY ONE is correct. speed u. The speed of wind is w from source to
1. In the phenomenon of interference -  f 
observer. Then, the ratio   of the apparent
(A) two waves with a phase difference are  f0 
superimposed frequency to the actual frequency is given by -
(B) two waves with a constant phase difference are
v+u v+w+u
superimposed (A) (B)
(C) two waves with same frequency are v−u v+w −u
superimposed with a constant phase difference v+w+u v−w+u
(C) (D)
(D) None of these v−w −u v−w−u
2. Mark the correct wave function -
6. The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water at
(A) y = f ( x ± vt ) (B) y = f x ± vt 20ºC is appreciably greater than the value at 100ºC.
(C) y = f(x2 ± v2t2) (D) None of these This is because
(A) the specific latent heat at 20ºC includes the
3. The equation of a harmonic wave is given by- energy necessary to raise the temperature of one
(A) y = A cos (kx ± ωt) kilogram of water from 20ºC to 100ºC
(B) y = A sin [(kx)2 ± (ωt)2] (B) more work must be done in expanding the water
(C) y = Ae–(x±vt) vapour against atmospheric pressure at 20ºC than
(D) All of the above at 100ºC
(C) the molecules in the liquid are more tightly
4. Beats frequency is defined as - bound to one another at 20ºC than at 100ºC
(A) the difference in frequencies (D) the root mean square speed of the vapour
(B) the number of times intensities becomes molecules is less at 20ºC than at 100ºC
maximum or minimum in one second

7. An ideal gas of volume 5 × 10–3 m3 and at pressure Questions 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions. Each
1.0 × 105 Pa is supplied with 70 J of energy. The question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
volume increases to 1.7 × 10–3 m3, the pressure which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
remaining constant. The internal energy of the gas is
10. A body X at an original temperature 100 ºC and
(A) increased by 90 J another body at an original temperature 0 ºC are
(B) increased by 70 J placed in an evacuated enclosure, the walls of which
(C) increased by 50 J are maintained at 10 ºC, Which one of the following
(D) decreased by 50 J statements is consistent with Prevost's Theory ?
(A) X emits but does not absorb heat
8. The spectrum of a black body at two temperatures (B) Y absorbs but does not emit heat
27ºC and 327ºC is shown in the figure. Let A1 and A2 (C) The final temperature of the bodies will be the
be the areas under the two curves respectively. The mean of their initial temperature (i.e. 50ºC)
value of A2/A1 is (D) The walls of the enclosure radiate heat to both X
and Y.
Intensity 11. Let v , vrms and vp respectively denote the mean

speed, root mean square speed, and most probable
speed of the molecules in an ideal monatomic gas at
2 absolute temperature T. The mass of a molecule is m.
Then
1 327ºC
27ºC (A) no molecule can have a speed greater than
Wavelength 2 vms
(A) 1 : 16 (B) 4 : 1 (B) no molecule can have speed less than vp/ 2
(C) 2 : 1 (D) 16 : 1 (C) vo < v < vrms
(D) the average kineitc energy of a molecule is
9. Identify the diagram which correctly represents the
3/4 m v 2p
heat inflow and outflow of the system.
P Q2 12. According to kinetic theory of gases, the pressure
B C exerted on the walls of a container
Q1 Q3 (A) is directly proportional to the square of the root
(A) A D mean square speed of the atom
Q4 (B) is inversely proportional to the volume of the
V
O container
(C) is directly proportional to the number of atoms in
P Q2 the gas.
A B
(D) all the above
Q1 Q3
(B) 13. Choose the correct statement(s) related to the
C D
Q4 variation of sound intensity with distance.
V (A) For a point source it is inversely proportional to
O
distance
P Q2 (B) For a point source it is inversely proportional to
A B the square of distance
Q1 Q3 (C) For a line source it is inversely proportional to
(C) D C distance
Q4 (D) For a line source it is inversely proportional to
V the square of distance
O
P Q2 14. The principle of superposition of waves is valid
A B (A) when amplitude of wave is very much less than
Q1 Q3 the wavelength
(B) for any magnitude of wavelength
(D) D C
Q4 (C) when velocity of wave is much larger than the
V particle's velocity
O
(D) when velocity of wave is much smaller than the
particle's velocity.

This section contains 2 paragraphs, each has 3 multiple (P, Q, R, S) in Column II. The answers to these
choice questions. (Questions 15 to 20) Each question questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY illustrated in the following example. If the correct
ONE is correct. matches are A-P, A-S, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and D-S,
then the correctly 4 × 4 matrix should be as follows :
Passage : I (No. 15 to 17) P Q R S
Five moles of helium are mixed with two moles of A P Q R S
hydrogen to form a mixture. Take molar mass of B P Q R S
helium M1 = 4g and that of hydrogen M2 = 2g
C P Q R S
15. The equivalent value of γ is D P Q R S
(A) 1.59 (B) 1.53
(C) 1.56 (D) None of these 21. Match the followings :
16. If the internal energy of He sample of 100J and that P
of the hydrogen sample is 200 J, then the internal (A) Adiabatic bulk modulus (P) –
V
energy of the mixture is
2
(A) 900 J (B) 128.5 J (B) Slope of P-V graph in (Q)
(C) 171.4 J (D) 300 J γ −1
isothermal process
17. Identify, which pair of state parameters can (C) Degree of freedom (R) γP
completely describe the system γ
(D) Molar heat capacity at (S)
(A) P and V (B) P and ρ γ −1
(C) P and U (D) all the above constant pressure divided by R
Passage : II (No. 18 to 20) 22. Following is given the equation of a stationary wave
The fig. represents the instantaneous picture of a (all in SI units) y = (0.06) sin(2πx) cos(5πt)
transverse harmonic wave traveling along the Column –I Column II
negative x-axis. Choose the correct alternative(s)
(A) Amplitude of constituent wave (P) 0.06
related to the movement of the nine points shown in
(B) Position of node at x = ... m (Q) 0.5
the figure.
(C) Position of antinode at x = .... m (R) 0.25
y B (D) Amplitude at x = 3/4 m (S) 0.03
A C
O D
H
x CHEMISTRY
E G
F Questions 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each
which ONLY ONE is correct.
18. The points moving upward are :
(A) E (B) C
1. If 0.2 mol of H2(g) and 2.0 mol of S(s) are mixed in a
(C) F (D) G
1 dm3 vessel at 90ºC, the partial pressure of H2S(g)
formed according to the reaction
19. The points moving downward are :
H2(g) + S(s) H2S, Kp = 6.8 × 10–2
(A) O (B) B
would be
(C) D (D) H
(A) 0.19 atm (B) 0.38 atm
(C) 0.6 atm (D) 0.072 atm
20. The stationary points are :
(A) O (B) B
2. The vapour density of N2O4 at a certain temperature
(C) D (D) H
is 30. What is the percentage dissociation of N2O4 at
this temperature ?
The section contains 2 questions (Questions 21 to 22).
(A) 53.3% (B) 106.6 %
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, (C) 26.7 % (D) None of these

3. A saturated solution of H2S in 0.1 M HCl at 25ºC Questions 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions. Each
contains a S2– ion concentration of 10–23 mol L–1. The question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
solubility products of some sulphides are : which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
CuS = 10–44, FeS = 10–14, MnS = 10–15, CdS = 10–25.
If 0.01 M solutions of these salts in 1 M HCl are 10. For the gas phase reaction
saturated with H2S, which of these will be C2H4 + H2 C2H6
precipitated ? ∆H = –136.8 kJ mol–1
(A) All carried out in a vessel, the equilibrium concentration
(B) All excepts MnS of C2H4 can be increased by
(C) All except MnS and FeS (A) increasing the temperature
(D) Only CuS (B) decreasing the pressure
(C) removing some H2
4. The following reactions are known to occur in the (D) adding some C2H6
body
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3– 11. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct?
If CO2 escapes from the system (A) The pH of 1.0 × 10–8 M solution of HCl is 8
(A) pH will decrease (B) The conjugate base of H2PO4– is HPO42–
(B) hydrogen ion concentration will diminish (C) Autoprotolysis constant of water increases with
(C) H2CO3 concentration will be altered temperature
(D) the forward reaction will be promoted (D) When a solution of a weak monoprotic acid is
titrated against a strong base, at half-
5. The IUPAC name of the spiro compound, neutralisation point pH = (1/2)pKa
CH3
is
12. Which of the following statement(s) is are correct
(A) 2-Methylspiro [5. 4] deca – 1, 6-diene when a mixture of NaCl and K2Cr2O7 is gently
(B) 2-Methylspiro [4. 5] deca-1, 6-diene warmed with concentrated H2SO4 ?
(C) 8-Methylspiro [4. 5] deca-1, 7-diene (A) A deep red vapour is evolved
(D) 3-Methylspiro [5. 4] deca-3, 7-diene (B) A vapour when passed into NaOH solution gives
a yellow solution of Na2CrO4
6. The total number of acyclic isomers including the (C) Chlorine gas is evolved
stereoisomers (geometrical and optical) with the (D) Chromyl chloride is formed
molecular formula C4H7Cl is
(A) 12 (B) 11 (C) 10 (D) 9 13. Which of the following statements are correct ?
(A) B2H6 reacts with excess of ammonia at low
7. The correct increasing order of extent of hydrolysis temperature to form an ionic substance
in the following is (B) B2H6 reacts with excess of ammonia at high
(A) CCl4 < MgCl2 < AlCl3 < SiCl4 < PCl5 temperature to form a white slippery solid called
(B) CCl4 < AlCl3 < MgCl2 < PCl5 < SiCl4 boron nitride
(C) AlCl3 < MgCl2 < CCl4 < PCl5 < SiCl4 (C) Boron nitride has a layer structure
(D) SiCl4 < MgCl2 < AlCl3 < PCl5 < CCl4 (D) Borazine is an inorganic benzene but has – ve
and + ve charges in it on B and N respectively
8. Hydrated aluminium chloride is ionic and soluble in
water giving 14. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(A) Al3+ and Cl– ions (A) Boric acid is a hydrogen bonded molecule
(B) [Al(H2O)6]3+ and Cl– ions (B) Al2O3 is amphoteric while B2O3 is acidic
(C) [AlCl2 (H2O)4]+ and [AlCl4(H2O)2]– ions (C) Boric acid can combine with CuO to give
(D) None of these metaborate and borax bead test
(D) Boric acid is a lewis acid
9. A salt on treatment with dil. HCl gives a pungent
smelling gas and a yellow precipitate. The salt gives This section contains 2 paragraphs, each has 3 multiple
green flame test and a yellow precipitate with choice questions. (Questions 15 to 20) Each question
potassium chromate. The salt is has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY
(A) NiSO4 (B) BaS2O3 ONE is correct.
(C) PbS2O3 (D) CuSO4

Passage : I (No. 15to 17) 18. The reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) is in
Alkali and alkaline earth metals along with hydrogen equilibrium. Now the reaction mixture is compressed
and helium constitute s-block elements. They have to half the volume
low ionization enthalpies and hence exhibit (A) More of ammonia will be formed
charcteristic flame colourration. They have highly (B) Ammonia will dissociate back into N2 and H2
negative electrode potentials and hence are strong (C) There will be no effect on equilibrium
reducing agents. Their solutions in liquid ammonia (D) Equilibrium constant of the reaction will change
are conducting and also act as strong reducing agents.
Being stronger reducing agents than hydrogen, they 19. For the above reaction in equilibrium, helium gas was
are usually prepared by electrolysis of their fused added but the mixture was allowed to expand to keep
chlorides. Their oxides are basic and the basic the pressure constant. Then
strength increases down the group. The solubility of (A) More of ammonia will be formed
carbonates and sulphates of alkali and alkaline earth (B) Ammonia will dissociate back into N2 and H2
metals show opposite trends. The carbonate of (C) There will be no effect on equilibrium
alkaline earth metals and lithium carbonate
(D) Equilibrium constant of the reaction will change
decompose on heating while the carbonates of other
alkali metals do not decompose on heating. The 20. Which of the following will be correct ?
bicarbonates of both alkali and alkaline earth metals (A) Plot of ln Kp versus 1/T2 will be linear with +ve
on heating give carbonates. slope
(B) Plot of ln Kp versus 1/T will be linear with +ve
15. The basic chararcter of the oxides, MgO, SrO, K2O, slope
NiO and Cs2O increases in the order : (C) Plot of ln Kp versus 1/T2 will be linear with – ve
(A) MgO > SrO > K2O > NiO > Cs2O slope
(B) Cs2O < K2O < MgO < SrO < NiO (D) Plot of ln Kp versus 1/T will be linear with – ve
(C) NiO < MgO < SrO < K2O < Cs2O slope
(D) K2O < NiO < MgO < SrO < Cs2O
The section contains 2 questions (Questions 21 to 22).
16. Which of the following are arranged in increasing Each question contains statements given in two
order of solubilites ? columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B,
(A) CaCO3 < KHCO3 < NaHCO3 C, D) in Column I have to be matched with statements
(B) NaHCO3 < KHCO3 < CaCO3
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as
(C) KHCO3 < NaHCO3 < CaCO3
(D) CaCO3 < NaHCO3 < KHCO3 matches are A-P, A-S, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and D-S,
then the correctly 4 × 4 matrix should be as follows :
17. The following compounds have been arranged in P Q R S
order of their increasing thermal stabilities. Identify
A P Q R S
the correct order :
K2CO3(I), MgCO3(II), CaCO3(III), BeCO3(IV) B P Q R S
(A) I < II < III < IV (B) IV < II < III < I C P Q R S
(C) IV < II < I < III (D) II < IV < III < I D P Q R S
Passage :II (No. 18to 20)

21. Column –I Column II
The expression for the reaction quotient, Q, is similar
to that for equilibrium constant K. The value of Q for (A) KHCO3 (P) Exists in solid state
the given composition of a reaction mixture helps us (B) NaHCO3 (Q) Soluble in water
to know whether the reaction will move forward or (C) LiHCO3 (R) Hydrogen bending
backward or remain in equilibrium. It also helps to (D) NH4.HCO3 (S) Dimeric anion
predict the effect of pressure on the direction of the
gaseous reaction. In certain reactions, addition of 22. Column –I Column II
inert gas also favours either the formation of (A) pKb of X– (Ka of HX = 10–6) (P) 6.9
reactants or products. The value of equilibrium (B) pH of 10–8 M HCl (Q) 8
constant of a reaction changes with change of (C) pHof 10–2M acetic acid solution (R) 3.3
temperature and the change is given by van't Hoff (Ka = 1.6 × 10–5)
equation, d ln Kp/dT = ∆Hº/RT2 where enthalpy (D) pH of a solution obtained by (S) 3.4
change, ∆Hº, is taken as constant in the small mixing equal volumes of solution
temperature range. with pH 3 & 5.

8. If the planes x = cy + bz, y = az + cx and z = bx + ay
MATHEMATICS pass through a line, then a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc is equal
to
Questions 1 to 9 are multiple choice questions. Each (A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None
which ONLY ONE is correct. 9. The values of k for which the points A(1, 0, 3),
B(–1, 3, 4), C(1, 2, 1) and D(k, 2, 5) are coplanar, are
1. If the circumcentre of a triangle lies at the origin and (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) –1
the centroid is the middle point of the line joining the
points (a2 + 1, a2 + 1) and (2a, – 2a); then the Questions 10 to 14 are multiple choice questions. Each
orthocentre lies on the line question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
(A) y = (a2 + 1)x (B) y = 2ax which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.
(C) x + y = 0 (D) (a – 1)2x – (a + 1)2y = 0
10. If a chord of the circle x2 + y2 – 4x – 2y – c = 0 is
2. The point (4, 1) undergoes the following trisected at the points (1/3, 1/3) and (8/3, 8/3), then
transformation successively.
(A) Length of the chord = 7 2
(i) reflection about the line y = x
(B) c = 20
(ii) translation through a distance 2 units along the
(C) radius of the circle 25
positive direction of x-axis.
(D) c = 25
(iii) rotation through an angle π/4 about the origin in
the anticlockwise direction.
11. The Cartesian equation of the curve whose
(iv) reflection about x = 0
parametric equation is x = 2t – 3 and y = 4t2 – 1 is
The final position of the given point is given by
(A) (1/ 2 , 7/2) (B) (1/2, 7 2 ) (A) (x + 3)2 – y – 1 = 0
(C) (1/ 2 , 7/ 2 ) (D) (1/2, 7/2) (B) x2 + 6x – y + 8 = 0
(C) (y + 1)2 + x + 3 = 0
3. C1 is a circle with centre at the origin and radius (D) y2 + 6x – 2y + 4 = 0
equal to r and C2 is a circle with centre at (3r, 0) and
radius equal to 2r. The number of common tangents 12. Equation of a tangent passing through (2, 8) to the
and can be drawn to the two circles are hyperbola 5x2 – y2 = 5 is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (A) 3x – y + 2 = 0 (B) 3x + y + 14 = 0
(C) 23x – 3y – 22 = 0 (D) 3x – 23y + 178 = 0
4. An equation of the chord of the circle x2 + y2 = a2
passing through the point (2, 3) farthest from the x −1 y +1
centre is 13. The coordinates of a point on the line = =z
2 −3
(A) 2x + 3y = 13 (B) 3x – y = 3
at a distance 4 14 from the point (1, –1, 0) are
(C) x – 2y + 4 = 0 (D) x – y + 1 = 0
(A) (9, –13, 4)
5. Equation of a common tangent to the curves y2 = 8x (B) ( 8 14 + 1, –12 14 – 1, 4 14 )
and xy = – 1 is (C) (–7, 11, –4)
(A) 3y = 9x + 2 (B) y = 2x + 1 (D) (– 8 14 + 1, 12 14 – 1, – 4 14 )
(C) 2y = x + 8 (D) y = x + 2
14. The point of intersection of the lines
6. If P is a point on the rectangular hyperbola
x2 – y2 = a2, C is its centre and S, S´ are the two foci, l1 : r(t) = (i – 6j + 2k) + t(i + 2j + k)
then SP.S´P = l2 : R(u) = (4j + k) + u(2i + j + 2k)
(A) 2 (B) (CP)2 (A) at the tip of r(7)
(C) (CS) 2
(D) (SS´)2 (B) at the tip of R(4)
(C) (8, 8, 9)
7. The reflection of the point P(1, 0, 0) in the line (D) at the tip of R(2)
x −1 y +1 z + 10 This section contains 2 paragraphs, each has 3 multiple
= = is
2 −3 8 choice questions. (Questions 15 to 20) Each question
(A) (3, –4, –2) (B) (5, –8, –4) has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY
(C) (1, –1, –10) (D) (2, –3, 8) ONE is correct.

Passage : I (No. 15 to 17) matches are A-P, A-S, B-Q, B-R, C-P, C-Q and D-S,
C1 : x2 + y2 – 4 = 0 then the correctly 4 × 4 matrix should be as follows :
C2 : x2 + y2 – 14x + 40 = 0 P Q R S
A P Q R S
15. P is a point on C1 farthest from the circle C2. An B P Q R S
equation of a pair of tangents from P to C2 is
(A) x2 + 8y2 – 4x + 4 = 0 C P Q R S
(B) x2 – 8y2 + 4x + 4 = 0 D P Q R S
(C) x2 – 8y2 + 4x – 4 = 0
(D) None of these 21. y2 = 4ax be the equation of a parabola, then
16. Angle of intersection θ between the tangents from P (A) yy1 = 2a(x + x1) (P) Equation of the
to C2 is given by normal at (x1, y1)
(A) tan–1(4/9) (B) tan–1( 2 2 /3) (B) xy1 = 2a(y1 – y) + x1 y1 (Q) Equation of the focal
chord through (x1, y1)
(C) tan–1( 4 2 /9) (D) tan–1(2)
(C) xy1 = y(x1 – a) + ay1 (R) Equation of the line
through (x1, y1) and
17. Equation of the pair of lines through the centre of C2
the point of
perpendicular to the pair of tangents from P to C2 is
intersection of axis
(A) 72x2 – 9y2 – 1008x + 3538 = 0
with the directrix
(B) 72x2 + 9y2 + 1008x – 3538 = 0
(D) (x + a)y1 = (x1 + a)y (S) Equation of the
(C) 72x2 – 9y2 – 26x – 3346 = 0
tangent at (x1, y1)
(D) None of these
22. Column –I Column II
Passage : II (No. 18 to 20)
P(2, 3, –4), b = 2i – j + 2k x −2 y−7 z+5
(A) = = (P) Perpendicular to the
3 4 2
18. Vector equation of a plane passing through the point plane 3x + 4y + 2z = 1
r
P perpendicular to the vector b is x +1 y − 2 z − 7
(B) = = (Q) Passes through
(A) r.(2i – j + 2k) = –7 3 4 2
(B) r.(2i – j + 2k) = 7 (2, 7, –5)
(C) r.(2i + 3j – 4k) = –7 x −5 y+2 z−2
(C) = = (R) direction cosines are
(D) r.(2i + 3j – 4k) = 7 1 3 4
2/ 30 , 5/ 30 , 1/ 30
19. Cartesian equation of a plane π passing through the
point with position vector b and perpendicular to the x −1 y +1 z + 1
(D) = = (S) lies in the plane
vector OP , O being the origin is 2 5 1
(A) 2x – y + 2z + 7 = 0 7x – y – z = 35
(B) 2x – y + 2z – 7 = 0
(C) 2x + 3y – 4z + 7 = 0
(D) 2x + 3y – 4z – 7 = 0
Ability
20. Sum of the lengths of the intercepts made by the
plane π on the coordinate axes is • We can accomplish almost anything win tin our
(A) 14 (B) 91/12 ability if we but think we can.
(C) 9/7 (D) 5/7
• He is the best sailor who can steer within
fewest points of the wind, and exact a motive
The section contains 2 questions (Questions 21 to 22). power out of the greatest obstacles.
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, • Our work is the presentation of our capabilities.
(P, Q, R, S) in Column II. The answers to these • The wind and the waves are always on the side
questions have to be appropriately bubbled as of the ablest navigator.

XtraEdge Test Series
ANSWER KEY
IIT- JEE 2010 (July issue)
PHYSICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans A A D A C C C C C B, C
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans B, C ,D A ,B , C , D A ,D A ,B B A B C C B
21 A → Q, S B → P,S C → R,S D → P, S
22 A → P,S B → P,Q C→P D→Q
C H E MI S T R Y
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans B C D B C A B B D B, C
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans A , B ,C A ,B , C , D A ,B ,C A ,B A B C B B A
21 A→P B → Q, R C→S D→P
22 A→R B→S C→Q D→P
MATHEMATICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans B C D B C C A C A A ,B , C
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans B, C B, C A ,C A ,B ,C A C D A B B
21 A→Q B→R C→P D→S
22 A→R B→Q C→P D→S
pH
IIT- JEE 2011 (July issue)

Y SI
PHYSICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans C B A B B C C D B D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans C, D D B, C A ,D C D D D C B
21 A→R B→P C→Q D→S
22 A→S B→Q C→R D→P
C H E MI S T R Y
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans B A C B B A A C B A , B ,C , D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans B, C A ,B , D A ,B ,C , D A ,B ,C , D C D B A B D
21 A → P,Q,R,S B → P, Q, R C→Q D→P
22 A→Q B→P C→S D→R
MATHEMATICS
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans D C C A D B B C D A ,B ,C
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans A,B A ,C A ,C A , B ,C B C A A C B
21 A→S B→P C→Q D→R
22 A→Q B→P C→S D→R

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Editor : Dear Students,

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Dr. Ashok Jhunjhunwala

"Success is a journey, not a destination."

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