Modelling and Control

of Wind Generation Systems

Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara

TUTORIAL:
Transmission and Integration of Wind Power Systems:
Issues and Solutions
nd
2 International Conference on Integration of Renewable and
Distributed Energy Resources
December 4-8, 2006, Napa, CA, USA
Programme

1. Introduction
2. Wind turbine technologies
3. Optimum power extraction from wind
4. Dynamic model of the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG)
5. Control of DFIG-based wind turbines
5.1. Provision of synchronising torque characteristic
5.2. Short-term frequency control
5.3. Provision of Power System Stabiliser (PSS)
6. Impact of wind farms on transient and dynamic stability
7. PSS for a generic DFIG controller
8. References

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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 1. Introduction

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Introduction
Wind power is presently the most cost-effective renewable
technology and provides a continuously growing contribution to
climate change goals, energy diversity and security.
Integration of large amounts of wind power into electricity networks
face however various strong challenges:
Technical characteristics of wind turbine technologies are
different from conventional power plants.
Wind intermittency
Grid availability and reliability
Grid Code compliance

Accurate modelling and control of wind turbine systems for power

system studies are required to help solving these challenges

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Wind turbine components

Combination of mechanical
and electrical systems

Mechanical:
Aerodynamics and structural
dynamics

Electrical:
Generator, power electronic
converters, control system,
protection equipment
Source: www.nordex-online.com

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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 2. Wind turbine technologies

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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FSIG-based wind turbine

SCIG
Soft-starter

Capacitor NETWORK
bank

Fixed-Speed Induction Generator (FSIG)-based wind turbines employ a squirrel-cage

induction generator directly connected to the network.
The slip (and hence the rotor speed) varies with the amount of power generated. In this
turbines the rotor speed variations are very small (1 or 2%).
The induction generator consumes reactive power and hence capacitor banks are used to
provide the reactive power consumption and to improve the power factor.
An anti-parallel thyristor soft-start unit is used to energise the generator once its operating
speed is reached.
Power control is typically exercised through pitch control.

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG-based wind turbine

Wound-rotor Network
Induction generator

Crowbar PWM converters

protection

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines employ a wound rotor

induction generator with slip rings to take current into or out of the rotor.
Variable-speed operation is obtained by injecting a controllable voltage into the rotor at
slip frequency.
The rotor winding is fed through a variable frequency power converter. The power
converter decouples the network electrical frequency from the rotor mechanical frequency
enabling the variable-speed operation of the wind turbine.
The generator and converters are protected by voltage limits and an over-current
‘crowbar’.

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Wide-range SG wind turbine (SGWT)

Generator Network
Side Side
Converter Converter

Gearbox
Generator
Power
converter Network

This wind turbine uses a synchronous generator (it can either be an electrically excited
synchronous generator or a permanent magnet machine.
The aerodynamic rotor and generator shafts may be coupled directly, or they can be
couple through a gear box.
To enable variable-speed operation, the synchronous generator is connected to the
network through a variable frequency converter, which completely decouples the
generator from the network.
The electrical frequency of the generator may vary as the wind speed changes, while the
network frequency remains unchanged.
The rating of the power converter in this wind turbine corresponds to the rated power of
the generator plus losses.

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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 3. Optimum power extraction
from wind

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Optimum power extraction from wind

Power in the airflow:

WIND
1
Pair = AU 3
2
Power extracted by the wind turbine rotor:

Pwt = C p Pair

Where: C p max = 0.593 (Betz limit)

: Air density
A : Area swept by the blades The turbine will never extract
U : Wind speed more than 59% of the power
Cp : Power coefficient from the airflow

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Optimum power extraction from wind

0.5

0.4
Tip speed ratio :
0.3

rR
Cp

0.2
=
0.1 U
0
0 5 10 15 20
is the rotor speed
r
Tip-speed ratio
and R is the radius
of the rotor
Power coefficient/Tip speed ratio curve

To extract maximum power r should vary with the wind speed

such as to maintain at its opt

Operating a wind turbine at variable rotational speed it is possible

to operate at maximum Cp over a wide range of wind speeds

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Wind turbine power curve
Power
set-point
Rated power
U = 12 m/s Rated power

U = 10 m/s
Maximum Power Shut-down
curve (Popt) speed
Generator power

U = 8 m/s

Speed
Speed Limit
limit
U = 6 m/s
U = 4 m/s
U = 2 m/s

Generator speed Cut-in Speed

speed

In practice the rotor torque (power) is used as set-point and

a speed controller is designed to maintain the operation of
the generator at the point of maximum power extraction

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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4. Dynamic model of the Doubly-Fed
Induction Generator (DFIG)

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Typical DFIG wind turbine

Wound rotor
Windmill Gearbox
induction generator

DFIG

PWM Converters
Power
C1 C2 Network

Crowbar

Network
CONTROL SYSTEM operator

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG power electronic converters
DC-link Grid side
Machine (Machine
Side (rotor) stator)

Converter C1 Converter C2

Back-to-back voltage source converters (VSCs)

Graetz bridge (two-level VSC)

IGBT-based
Pulse Width Modulated (Sinusoidal, Space Vector PWM)
Typical switching frequencies above 2 kHz
Trade-off between switching frequency (losses) and harmonics

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG power relationships
A DFIG system can deliver power to the grid through the
stator and rotor, while the rotor can also absorb power. This
is dependent upon the rotational speed of the generator

s= <
r>
s r
s r s
s

P P

Super synchronous Sub synchronous

operation operation

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG power relationships
Mechanical Electrical
Input
Output Pair _ gap = Ps
Pair _ gap = Pm Pr = Ps
Pair _ gap Ps
Pm Ps = Pm Pr
T s =T r Pr
Pr Stator
losses
Rotor
Power through losses Slip s= s r
the slip rings
s

Pm : Mechanical power delivered to

the generator
Pr = Ts s = sPs
Pr : Power delivered by the rotor
Pair _ gap : Power at the generator’s air gap Pg = Ps + Pr
Ps : Power delivered by the stator

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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 Dynamic model of the DFIG
Stator winding
Derive voltage and
bs axis as-
flux equations for the
br axis
bs
stator and rotor in
cs ar-
br ar axis
r
the abc domain.
cr
Transform voltage
Air gap cr- as axis
br- and flux equations to
ar
bs- cs-
the dq reference
frame.
as Rotor winding
cs axis
cr axis
Model the induction
generator as a
Schematic diagram of an
voltage behind a
induction generator transient reactance.

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Stator and rotor
circuits of an induction generator
rotation
ias
r

vas var iar

ibs
vbs vbr

vcs Lm ibr
vcr
ics Rs , Ls Rr , Lr

Rs : Stator resistance
Lss = Ls + Lm icr
Rr : Rotor resistance
Lrr = Lr + Lm
Ls : Stator leakage inductance
Lr : Rotor leakage inductance Lss , Lrr : Stator and rotor
Lm : Magnetising inductance self-inductances

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG 3rd order model
(voltage behind transient reactance)

Stator voltages: Rotor voltages:

vds = Rs ids + X iqs + ed '

ded
dt
=
1
sTo
ed ( X )
X ' iqs + s seq s
Lm
Lrr
vqr

vqs = Rs iqs X ' ids + eq deq

=
1
eq + X ( )
X ' ids s sed +
Lm
vdr
s
dt sTo Lrr

Voltage components: Transient reactance's:

Lm Lm Xr × Xm
ed = qr eq = dr X = Xs + Xm X = Xs +
'
Lrr Lrr Xr + Xm
Open circuit time constant: Rotor swing equation:

To =
Lrr Lr + Lm
= d r 1
= × (Tm Te ) Te =
(e
d × ids + eq × iqs )
Rr Rr dt J s

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Vector diagram of DFIG operating conditions

q
d 1 Lm
jX i s
dt
e= [ e j( X X )is ] + j s se j s vr
e sTo Lrr
v
In steady state de dt = 0
s

is ir $r Lm
se vr
Lrr

d vr se

ir
vr v r = vdr + jvqr e : internal voltage vector
vs: terminal voltage vector
Br : rotor flux vector
vr : rotor voltage vector

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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 5. Control of DFIG-based
wind turbines

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Decoupled active and reactive power control

The dq transformation allows the two rotor

injection voltages vqr and vdr to be regulated
separately

Power control vqr

Voltage control vdr

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG current-mode control
Voltage control loop:

vs idr _ ref P vdr vdr

ref
7 K vc 7 7 7
+ + + I +
- + - +
idr
vs
1 Compensation
s Lm
term

Torque control loop:

Te Tsp iqr _ ref P vqr vqr

Ls + Lm
Lm vs 7 7
+ +
- I
iqr +

Compensation
r term

Source: Ref [4]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG rotor flux magnitude and angle control

Vs
-
Vsref X magref
+ AVR
Compensator Vr
Controller Rotor
Pe A voltage
Peref + - X angref
Compensator

uaux1
uaux3
uaux 2
Aux Aux Aux
Loop 3 Loop 2 Loop 1

Speed Network Provision of

Power System
(slip) Frequency Synchronising Power
Stabiliser
support capabilities characteristic

Flux and Magnitude Angle Controller (FMAC)

Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Synchronous Generator
and DFIG vector diagrams

Round rotor synchronous generator Doubly fed induction generator

q q

jXI is
Eg jXIss Eig

Et Vs

r Is ig Iis r
fd

ig d

fd = rotor field flux vector Is = stator current vector Vr

= E fd
fd
XS = synchronous reactance
Efd = dc field voltage
Et = terminal voltage vector
E g = generator internal voltage
(voltage behind synchronous
reactance)
r = rotor angle
r = rotor flux vector
Vs = terminal voltage vector
Eig = generator internal voltage
vector (voltage behind
transient reactance)
ir
Iis = stator current vector
Vr = rotor voltage vector
ig = generator load angle
ir = rotor voltage angle
X’ = transient reactance

Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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FMAC basic scheme
FMAC Controller
Vs AVR compensator

-
Vsref
k e ref k vr
7 k pv + iv gv ( s ) 7 k pm + im gm ( s )
+ s + s vdr
-
Polar
E to
Controller A
Pe dq vqr
Transf.
-
Peref kip ref
kia
7 k pp + 7 k pa + ga ( s )
+ s + s
- ir
1
Filter
1 + sT f

Power-speed function for

max. power extraction

1 + 0.024 s 1 + 0.035s 1 + 0.4 s

gv ( s ) = gm ( s ) = ga ( s ) =
1 + 0.004 s 1 + 0.05s 1 + 2s

Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Auxiliary loop 1:
Synchronising power characteristic
FMAC basic scheme
Vs AVR compensator

Vsref - EDfigref Vrmag

k k
7 k pv + iv gv ( s ) 7 k pm + im gm ( s )
+ s + s Vrd
-
Polar
EDfig
Controller A to
Pe dq Vrq
Transf.
-
Peref Dfig ref
kia
kip ga ( s )
ig _ T
7 k pp + 7 7 k pa +
+ s + + s Vrang
+ -
1
Filter ig _ sync Dfig
1 + sT f

Power-speed Washout
function for Integrator filter
max. Power
extraction Phase 1 + sT1 2 s sT slip
Compensator 1 + sT2 s 1 + sT
slip
Auxiliary loop to provide power-angle characteristic

Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Auxiliary loop 2:
Power System Stabiliser
FMAC basic scheme
Vs AVR compensator

Vsref - EDfig ref Vrmag

k k
7 k pv + iv gv ( s ) 7 k pm + im gm ( s )
+ s + s Vrd
-
Polar
EDfig
Controller A to
Pe dq Vrq
Transf.
-
Peref Dfig ref
kia
kip ga ( s )
ig _ T
7 k pp + 7 7 k pa +
+ s + + s Vrang
+ -
1
Filter Dfig
1 + sT f

Power-speed
function for Limiter
Wash-out Compensator
max. Power
extraction
uaux 2 2
sT 1 + 0.04 s
slip ga 2 ( s ) g a 2 ( s ) = 200
1 + sT 1 + 0.2 s
slip
Auxiliary loop to provide Power System Stabiliser

Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Auxiliary loop 3:
Short-term frequency regulation
FMAC basic scheme
Vs AVR compensator Controller A

Vsref - EDfigref Vrmag

k k
7 k pv + iv gv ( s ) 7 k pm + im gm ( s )
+ s + s Vrd
-
EDfig Polar
to
Pe dq Vrq
Transf.
-
Peref ig 1
Dfig ref
kia
7 k pp +
kip
7 7 k pa + ga ( s )
+ s + + s Vrang
+ -
1
Filter ig 2 Dfig
1 + sT f

Power-speed
500
g a1 ( s ) =
function for
max. Power slipt
extraction
slip
sT
7 ga3 ( s ) 1 + 5s
1 + sT - ig 2 Auxiliary loop to
+
3 + 4.5s
ga2 ( s ) =
r
sliptref facilitate short-
term frequency
support 1 + 5s
sT g a1 ( s )
Network
fs ga 2 ( s ) 0.8 + 1.2 s
frequency 1 + sT g a3 ( s ) =
1 + 3s
Shaping function
Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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6. Impact of wind farms on transient
and dynamic stability

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
32
Generic network model

Generator 1 Generator 2

Synchronous DFIG
Generator Wind Farm
Load or
ZF synchronous
generator

Main
Fault 1 System

Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
33
Conventional synchronous plant operation

Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator

G1 G2
Generator 2 (G2): Synchronous generator
G3

(a) Synchronous (b) Synchronous

generator (G1) generator (G2)

FAULT 1 applied at t=0.2 s. Clearance time 150 ms.

Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG with synchronising power characteristic

Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator

G1 G2
Generator 2 (G2): DFIG with FMAC basic control
G3

(a) Synchronous (b) DFIG

generator (G1) wind farm (G2)

FAULT 1 applied at t=0.2 s. Clearance time 150 ms.

Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG with synchronising power characteristic

Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator G1 G2

Generator 2 (G2): DFIG with FMAC basic control
scheme plus auxiliary loop 1. G3

(a) Synchronous (b) DFIG

generator (G1) wind farm (G2)

FAULT 1 applied at t=0.2 s. Clearance time 150 ms.

Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG with PSS capability

Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator G1 G2

Generator 2 (G2): DFIG with FMAC basic control
scheme plus auxiliary loop 2 G3

(a) Synchronous (b) DFIG

generator (G1) wind farm (G2)

FAULT 1 applied at t=0.2 s. Clearance time 150 ms. Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG contribution to frequency regulation

Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator G1 G2

Generator 2 (G2): Synchronous generator
G3

(a) Main System (G3) (b) Synchronous

generator (G2)

Loss of generation applied at t=0.5 s. Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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DFIG contribution to frequency regulation

Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator G1 G2

Generator 2 (G2): DFIG with FMAC basic control
scheme plus auxiliary loop 3 G3

(a) Main System (G3) (b) DFIG

wind farm (G2)

Loss of generation applied at t=0.5 s. Source: Ref [3]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Influence of
wind generation on dynamic stability
Eigenvalue analysis
Bus1
Bus4
Bus2
Operating situations
X1 X2

Fixed power P1 of G1
G2
f2 G1 G1 G2 G2
G1 G2 Rating Rating Rating Rating
(Southern (Northern (MVA) (MW) (MVA) (MW)
Scotland) Scotland)
X3 Load L1
1
2,800 2,520 2,400 2,240

Bus3 2/3 2,800 2,520 1,600 1,500

Main System
Load (England-Wales) 1/3
2,800 2,520 800 750

1/10 2,800 2,520 240 224

installed capacity of generator G2 (MVA)

Capacitor factor f 2 =
maximum capacity of G2 MVA (2400 MVA)
Source: Ref [2]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Influence of
wind generation on dynamic stability
Generator 2: Synchronous generator

AVR Control AVR + PSS Control

Variation of dominant eigenvalue loci with generation capacity
Source: Ref [2]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Influence of
wind generation on dynamic stability
Generator 2: Wind generation

FSIG-wind farm DFIG wind farm with

current-mode control
Variation of dominant eigenvalue loci with generation capacity Source: Ref [2]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Influence of
wind generation on dynamic stability
Generator 2: DFIG wind farm with FMAC control

FMAC basic FMAC basic + PSS control

Variation of dominant eigenvalue loci with generation capacity
© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
43
PSS for a generic DFIG controller

Vsref
Vdr Vrmag Vdr
Generic Rectan. Polar to
DFIG to polar rectan.
Control Vqr transf. Vrang transf. Vqr
Peref
+
+

u PSS
slip PSS

Source: Ref [5]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
44
DFIG Power System Stabiliser
Vsref
Vdr Vrmag Vdr
Generic Rectan. Polar to
DFIG to polar rectan.
Control Vqr transf. Vrang transf. Vqr
Peref
+
+

Limiter
Washout Compensator
0.8 uPSS
slip 2
5s 1
300
1 + 5s 1 + 0.2s
0.8

Source: Ref [5]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Control performance (transient stability)
Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator
Generator 2 (G2): DFIG G1 G2

G3

DFIG in super synchronous DFIG in sub synchronous

Operation (slip = -0.2) Operation (slip = 0.2)

Fault applied at t=0.2 s with a clearance time of 150ms. (Full line:

Source: Ref [5]
DFIG with PSS; dotted line: DFIG without PSS)
© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Control performance (dynamic stability)
Generator 1 (G1): Synchronous generator
Generator 2 (G2): DFIG
G1 G2

Influence of PSS loop on the

G3
dominant eigenvalue for sub
synchronous (s=0.2) and super
synchronous operation (s=-0.2).
(With PSS •; without PSS C)

Operating situations
Slip DFIG Stator Converter Total
power MW power power
MW Output MW

-0.2 1,928 375 2,303

0.2 857 -182 675

Source: Ref [5]

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
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Reference for further reading

1. P. Kundur: "Power systems stability and control," McGraw-Hill, 1994.

2. O. Anaya-Lara, F. M. Hughes, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac, “Influence of wind farms on

power system dynamic and transient stability,” Wind Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp.
107-127, March 2006.

3. F. M. Hughes, O. Anaya-Lara, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac, “Control of DFIG-based wind

generation for power network support,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20,
No. 4, pp. 1958-1966, November 2005.

4. O. Anaya-Lara, F. M. Hughes, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac, “Rotor flux magnitude and

angle control strategy for doubly fed induction generators,” Wind Energy, Vol. 9. No. 5,
pp. 479-495, June 2006.

5. O. Anaya-Lara, F. M. Hughes, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac, “Power system stabiliser for a

generic DFIG-based wind farm controller,” paper accepted for publication at the IEE
AC/DC Conference, March, 2006

© Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara – TUTORIAL: Control of Wind Generation Systems, 4 December 2006, Napa, CA, USA
48
Modelling and Control
of Wind Generation Systems

Dr Olimpo Anaya-Lara

TUTORIAL:
Transmission and Integration of Wind Power Systems:
Issues and Solutions
nd
2 International Conference on Integration of Renewable and
Distributed Energy Resources
December 4-8, 2006, Napa, CA, US