CAD Lecture 2

6/3/2018
UEME1253 Engineering Content

Drawing and CAD  Introduction to Conventional
Drawing Kits
 Dimensioning
Lecture 2  Line Convention
 Scale
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE 1 2
Introduction to Conventional
Drawing Kits
Drawing Kits
 Setting of Conventional Drawing

Drawing
Board
T Square
Introduction to
Tape/Clip
Conventional Paper
Drawing Kits
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE 3 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE 4
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Introduction to Conventional Introduction to Conventional

Drawing Kits Drawing Kits
 Sizes of Drawing  Setting of Conventional Drawing

Paper
◦ A4 = 210 x 297mm
◦ A3 = 297 x 420mm
◦ A2 = 420 x 594mm
◦ A1 = 594 x 841mm
◦ A0 = 841 x 1189mm


• Conventional Drawing Kits  Erasing Shield

• Drawing board
• Compass
• Irregular curves
• Template
• Protractor
• T-square
• Triangle
• Erasing Shield
• Dusting Brush
• Pen, Pencil, Mechanical
• Triangular Scale etc.

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 Drawing Pencil • Drafting Pencil

• For general line work and Advantages
lettering •constant thickness of
• 2B is can be used to line

produce quick drawings • refills are available in
and shading wide range of

• 2H or even a harder pencil thicknesses and either
can be used when precise hard or soft leads
drawing is needed Disadvantages
• Harder lead for fine line • relatively expensive
• Softer Lead for thick line and so are the refills
• the leads tend to break
more easily

• Compass & Compass Cutter • Protractor

‘bow’ compass, used •Basic tools for measuring angle.
for drawing small •Types of Protractor
circles very accurately •Nickel Silver, stainless steel, brass type
• accuracy
• Sturdy
•Plastic type
• normal used
• sites work
• attempting to cut circles
in card or paper
• can be adjusted to cut
circles of varying sizes

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• Triangles (Set Squares) & • Triangle Wheel

Adjustable Type • Formed with the aids of T-
• For inclined lines • used to draw accurate Square
• 30˚, 45˚, 60˚ & 90˚
angles • Various combination of
• various angle can be
• adjusted to almost any angles
obtained by meant of angle • Lines can be drawn toward
“Triangle wheel” or outward from the
• Ease to use reference point
• No skills required


• Irregular Curves • Irregular Curves – Flexible Ruler

• For drawing an irregular curves • Consists of lead, enclosed by a coil of spring, and attached to a
• to composed of segmental & geometric curves flexible strip
• Requires skill • Requires skill
• Complex irregular curves can be
drawn, but less accuracy
• Flexibility depends on the elasticity
of flexible strip

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• Templates • Technique of Drawing

• Available in wide variety of shapes and sizes
• No skill required ◦ Irregular Curves – draw an ellipse
• For fast drafting purpose curve
• For repetitive features
• Time saving


• Technique of Drawing • Technique of Drawing

◦ Draw A Perpendicular Line ◦ Draw A Perpendicular Line

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• Technique of Drawing • Technique of Drawing

◦ Draw A Perpendicular Line ◦ Draw A Parallel Line

Introduction to Conventional
Drawing Kits
Drawing Kits
• Technique of Drawing
◦ Draw A Parallel Line – Parallel Ruler
• It is basically two rulers held together by
two linkages
• The linkages provide the parallel motion
• The rulers have scales either metric, Dimensioning
imperial or both

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Dimensioning Dimensioning
Communication General Rules
 Engineering drawing communicate or  General rules

conveys information in: ◦ Standards and conventions should be followed
◦ Dimensions should be placed on drawings so that they
◦ describing the form/shape of the component, may be easily read
usually by using orthographic and sometimes ◦ The drawing must include the minimum number of
pictorial views dimensions required to accurately manufacture the
◦ giving actual dimensions of all features of the design
geometry ◦ A dimension should not be stated more than once,
unless it aids communication
◦ giving information about any special ◦ If use in manufacturing, it should not be necessary for
manufacturing processes and materials required the machinist to have the calculation on any dimensions

Types of Dimension Conventions of Dimensioning
 Dimensioning can be broadly  General conventions:

classified as: ◦ Parallel dimensions, indicating the
◦ Size dimensions. Used to describe heights, widths, size of the plate
diameters, etc. ◦ edges A and B are being used as
the reference edges (datum)
◦ Location dimensions. Used to place various
◦ minimum number of dimensions
features of a component relative to each other,
required are specified
such as a hole centre line to a reference surface
◦ use of description of 'plate 3mm
◦ Mating dimensions. Used for parts that fit together
thick', so that no side view is
requiring a certain degree of accuracy
required
◦ evenly spaced dimension lines

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Conventions of Dimensioning Conventions of Dimensioning
 General conventions:  General conventions:

Thin
◦ Overview projection
line
◦ Dimensioning Line
Short
Extension
“Break” when
2 projection
 Thin lines that show where a measurement
line intercept begins and where it ends and the size of an angle
Gap  Broken for text, if needed
Dimension Arrow
Head Dimension
Dimension Dimension
Line Line


◦ Extension/Projection Line ◦ Arrow Head
 Thin lines that extend the lines or edges of the object  Used at the ends of dimension lines
 DO NOT touch the object – away from the object  Show where a dimension begins and ends
 Extend past the dimension line  Also used on leaders
Thin
 Break the line where appropriate projection  Can be open or solid
line
 Must be uniform through out drawing
Short
Extension
Gap

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◦ Example 1 ◦ Example 2
 Parallel Dimensioning – thick dimension line, thin  A central line or projection line should never be used
as dimension line
projection line, well spaced of dimension lines
 Dimension line should be drawn unbroken even in

break feature
 Superimposed Running Dimensioning – thin origin  When space is constrained , an oblique strokes of
circle of min. 3mm, dimensioned in series manner min. 3mm at 45˚ instead of arrow head can be
acceptable
Dimensioning Common Features Dimensioning Common Features
 Radii  Diameter
◦ All radial dimensions are proceeded by the ◦ Circles on engineering drawings are usually either
spheres, holes or cylinders of some description. The
capital R dimension refers to the diameter, and the diameter symbol
 shows a radius dimensioned with the centre of is Ø
the radius located on the drawing
 shows how to dimension radii which do not need
their centres locating
The ∅40 dimension can also be

refereed to as the PCD or Pitch
Circle Diameter

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Dimensioning Common Features Dimensioning Common Features
 Chamfers  Countersinks and counterbores:
Chamfer at angle 45˚ Counter-sinks
Counter-bores
Chamfer at angle other
than 45˚

Do & Don’t Do Do & Don’t Do
 Do & Don’t do  Do & Don’t do
Wrong! Right!
Wrong!
Wrong!
Wrong! Right!
Shaded area for

Wrong! corresponding
dimension
Right!
Right! Wrong! Right! Wrong! Right!

Right!

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Do & Don’t Do
 Do & Don’t do  Parallel Dimensioning

◦ Parallel dimensioning consists of several dimensions
originating from one projection line
Wrong! Right! Wrong! Right!
But, not
Wrong! Wrong! Wrong! Right! recommended

 Chain Dimensioning  Superimposed Running Dimensioning

◦ Chains of dimension should only be used if the function of ◦ Superimposed running dimensioning simplifies parallel
the object won't be affected by the accumulation of the dimensions in order to reduce the space used on a
tolerances drawing. The common origin for the dimension lines is
indicated by a small circle at the intersection of the first
dimension and the projection line.

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 Combined Dimensioning  Dimensioning Small Features

◦ A combined dimension uses both chain and parallel ◦ When dimensioning small features, placing the
dimensioning dimension arrow between projection lines may create a
drawing which is difficult to read

 Unidirectional system  Can be classified in to: V

◦ all dimension texts are always vertical upright e
◦ Justify r
 Aligned system ◦ Controls justification of the text t
 Align, fit, centre, middle, right etc. i
◦ dimension text ca be placed on or in line with the
dimension lines ◦ Style c
a
◦ Specifies the text style, which determines the
l
appearance of the text characters
 Time News Roman, Arial, Rockwell etc.
S
AutoCAD AutoCAD AutoCAD
t
Unidirectional y
System Aligned System
l
H o r i z o n t a l S t y l e

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Placement of Drawing Placement of Drawing
 How?  Or
Y
Good
Drawing Y
X X X
Clean,
Y Neat &
Good Tidy
Drawing

Line Convention
Visible Line
• Visible Line
◦ represent features that can be seen in
the current view
◦ lines, edges, corners
Line Convention

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Line Convention Line Convention

Centre Line Hidden Line
• Centre Line • Hidden Line

◦ symmetrical parts and features, such as cylinders
and holes (alternating long and short thin ◦ a dashed line that represents a line,
dashes) edge or corner, which exists but cannot
◦ in circular view, short dash should cross at the be seen or concealed from view due to
intersections of centre line
obstructed view by part of the object or
◦ for small hole, centre line is
presented as thin continuous line
of another object
◦ centre line should not extend
between views


Principle of Hidden Line Summary
 Principle of Hidden Line • In summary
1. Visible
2. Hidden
3. Center

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Precedence of Line Precedence of Line
• Precedence of Line • Precedence of Line

• when 2 or more types of lines are happened to • e.g.
be in the same location
• order of precedence
• A continuous line takes precedence over a
hidden line and a hidden line takes
precedence over a centerline


Line Types Line Types
• Line Types • What they look like?

THICK
• Visible object line 0.60 to 0.70 mm
• Cutting plane line 0 70 to 0.90 mm
• Border line 0.70 to 0.90 mm
• Break Line 0.45 to 0.70 mm
THIN
• Hidden line 0.30 to 0.35 mm
• Section line 0.25 to 0 30 mm
• Centerline 0.30 to 0.35 mm
• Dimension line 0.30 to 0.35 mm

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Line Types Line Types
• Example 1 • Example 2

Scale
• Scale drawings allows the engineer and
drafter to create drawings which are
proportionately the same as the product it
represents.
•Using scale,Very large objects or very
small objects can fit on a standard size
Scale paper accurately.

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Scale Scale
 Scale representation  Scale representation
◦ Scale 2:1 ◦ Scale 1:2
DOUBLE SIZE :2 millimeters on paper =1 HALF SIZE : 1 millimeter on paper =2
millimeter on the parts millimeters on the parts
◦ Scale 1:1 ◦ Scale 1:4

FULL SIZE: 1 millimeter on paper =1 QUARTER SIZE or 1 millimeter on paper= 4
millimeter on the parts millimeters on the parts.
17

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6/3/2018

UEME1253 Engineering Content

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

 Setting of Conventional Drawing

Introduction to Conventional Introduction to Conventional

 Sizes of Drawing  Setting of Conventional Drawing

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

Introduction to Conventional Introduction to Conventional

• Conventional Drawing Kits  Erasing Shield

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

Introduction to Conventional Introduction to Conventional

 Drawing Pencil • Drafting Pencil

• 2B is can be used to line

and shading wide range of

Introduction to Conventional Introduction to Conventional

• Compass & Compass Cutter • Protractor

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

Introduction to Conventional Introduction to Conventional

• Triangles (Set Squares) & • Triangle Wheel

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

Introduction to Conventional Introduction to Conventional

• Irregular Curves • Irregular Curves – Flexible Ruler

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

Introduction to Conventional Introduction to Conventional

• Templates • Technique of Drawing

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

Introduction to Conventional Introduction to Conventional

• Technique of Drawing • Technique of Drawing

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

Introduction to Conventional Introduction to Conventional

• Technique of Drawing • Technique of Drawing

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

 Engineering drawing communicate or  General rules

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

 Dimensioning can be broadly  General conventions:

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

 General conventions:  General conventions:

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

 General conventions:  General conventions:

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

 General conventions:  General conventions:

 Dimension line should be drawn unbroken even in

The ∅40 dimension can also be

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

 Chamfers  Countersinks and counterbores:

Chamfer at angle 45˚ Counter-sinks

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

 Do & Don’t do  Do & Don’t do

Shaded area for

Right! Wrong! Right! Wrong! Right!

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

 Do & Don’t do  Parallel Dimensioning

Wrong! Right! Wrong! Right!

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

 Chain Dimensioning  Superimposed Running Dimensioning

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

 Combined Dimensioning  Dimensioning Small Features

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

 Unidirectional system  Can be classified in to: V

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)

Placement of Drawing Placement of Drawing

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN(UTAR)