PHY11 : WORK,

ENERGY, & POWER

COURSE OUTCOME 1.A

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WORK
Concepts :
Dot (or Scalar) Product of the force
on the object and its resulting
displacement.
It is the amount of energy
transferred by the force acting
through a distance (displacement)

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WORK
Concepts :
Work and Energy are both in Joules in SI or MKS (see other units
below)

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WORK
Concepts :
Work is scalar, it does not have direction in space. It can be
positive or negative. The sign does NOT indicate direction, but
its value as found in a particular reference scale. Example is
temperature which is also scalar, – 10°C means that it is 10°
below 0°C, however – 10°C is also equal to +14°F which is
positive value but it means the same temperature but different
scale.
For work, the negative sign means that the force involve acts in
the opposite direction of the actual objects motion. Example :
Object moves to the left, but friction force is acting to the right.
So the force due to friction is negative. The direction is for
friction, not for frictional work. 5
WORK

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WORK
Concepts :
Another thing is that the negative sign in work, means that
this is the energy loss due to the opposition of friction (or any
other opposing forces)
If we get the algebraic sum of the positive and negative work,
we get the net or resultant work.

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WORK

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WORK

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ENERGY
Two kinds Mechanical Energy
1. Kinetic Energy – energy found in moving objects

V
K = ½ mv2
m

2. Potential Energy – stored energy in an object

2.1. Gravitational Potential - P.E. due to vertical displacement.

h
Ug = mgh
m

g = 9.8 m/s2 = 980 cm/s2 = 32 ft/s2

ENERGY
2. 2. Elastic Potential - Stored energy due to a restoring force of an
object (spring).

Ue = ½ kx2 X

Compressed Stretched

X – compressed (or stretched) distance

k – force constant of spring (N/m)
ENERGY
1. What is the kinetic energy of a 2800 N car moving at 65 km/hr?

Given : weight of car = 2800 N , v = 65 km/hr

Req’d : K

Solution : K = ½ mv2

w = mg , m = w/g = 2800N / 9.8 m/s2

m = 285.7 kg

v = 65 km/hr (convert this into m/s)

v = 65 km/hr x ( 1000 m/1km) x ( 1 hr / 3600 s )
v = 18.06 m/s

K = ½ (285.7 kg)(18.06m/s)2

K = 46,592.4 J
ENERGY
2. A bowling ball of 4 kg is lifted 20 m above the ground. What is the
(gravitational) potential energy stored in the ball?
Given : m = 4 kg , h = 20 m Req’d : PE
g

Solution : Ug = mgh

Ug = (4kg)(9.8 m/s2)(20 m)

Ug = 784 J
ENERGY
3. A 2 kg mass compress a spring with a force constant of 5,000 N/m. How
much distance did the spring got compressed, if the stored elastic potential
energy was 30 J?

Given : m = 2 kg , k = 5,000 N/m, PEe = 30 J

Req’d : x

Solution : Ue = ½ kx2

x = 2(Ue) / k

x = 2(30J) / (5,000N/m)

x = 0.11 m = 11 cm
POWER (P)
– the rate of work per unit time (t).

P=W/t Average Power

W is in Joules , t is in seconds
P = W / t = (Fs cosθ)/ t , s/t =average velocity (v)

P = (F cosθ) v Average Power

F is in Newtons , v here is the average velocity and in m/s
Units : MKS – Watts (W) , 1 W = 1 J/s

English- Horsepower -(Hp)

1 Hp = 746 W = 0.746 kW
POWER (P)
P(t) = dW / dt
Instantaneous Power
P(t) = (F cosθ) v(t)
POWER (P)
1. How much power is consumed by a car motor, if the average net force of
100 N makes the car of 300 kg, travel 3 km in 5 minutes?
(a) In Watts (b) In Hp

Given : m = 300 kg , s = 3 km, t = 5 mins, Fnet = 100 N , θ = 0°

Req’d : P P = (100N cos 0°) (10 m/s)

Solution : P = (F cos θ) v P = 1,000 Watts
v = s/ t
s = 3 km X ( 1,000 m / 1 km) = 3,000 m P = 1,000 W x ( 1 Hp / 746 W)
t = 5 min X ( 60 sec / 1 min) = 300 s
P = 1.34 Hp
v = 3,000 m / 300 s = 10 m/s
F = Fnet = 100 N
 3. The
3. The ski ski slopes
slopes at aatmountain
a mountainmakemakeuseuseof aofski-lift
a ski-lift to transport
to transport snowboarders
snowboarders andand skiers
skiers to the
to the
summit
summit of the
of the hill.hill.
OneOne of the
of the ski-lift
ski-lift is powered
is powered by aby25kW
a 25kW motor
motor which
which pulls
pulls thethe skier
skier along
along an an
icy icy
incline
incline of 20°
of 20° at aatconstant
a constant speed.
speed. Suppose
Suppose thatthat 8 skiers
8 skiers withwith an average
an average mass
mass ofkg
of 50 50were
kg were
transported
transported at one
at one timetime
andandthethe
motormotor operates
operates at full
at full power
power : :
3. The ski slopes at a mountain make use of a ski-lift to transport snowboarders and skiers to the
summit of the hill. One of the ski-lift is powered by a 25kW motor which pulls the skier along an icy
incline of 20° at a constant speed. Suppose that 8 skiers with an average mass of 50 kg were
transported at one time and the motor operates at full power :
3. The ski slopes at a mountain make use of a ski-lift to transport snowboarders and skiers to the
summit of the hill. One of the ski-lift is powered by a 25kW motor which pulls the skier along an icy
incline of 20° at a constant speed. Suppose that 8 skiers with an average mass of 50 kg were
transported at one time and the motor operates at full power :
LAW of CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
“When no other force is acting on an object except its weight (i.e. Object is
airborne or at freefall) . Then Total Mechanical Energy (TME) is constant or
conserve”.
“Energy is not lost but is transformed”

m
TME = K + U

TME1 = TME2 = TME3

2 Vf
K 1 + U1 = K 2 + U2 = K 3 + U3
m

3
LAW of CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
“When no other force is acting on an object except its weight (i.e. Object is
airborne or at freefall) . Then Total Mechanical Energy (TME) is constant or
conserve”.
“Energy is not lost but is transformed”

m
TME = K + U

1
Consider only 2 points
TME1 = TME2 2 Vf
K 1 + U1 = K 2 + U 2
m
0 = (K2 – K1)+ (U2 – U1)
3
0 = ∆K + ∆U
LAW of CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
1. A ball is dropped 10 m above the ground. The ball has a mass of 2 kg.
Using conservation of energy, how fast will it hit the ground? (Note :
Neglect air resistance)

Given : Req’d : v = ?
v1 = 0
m = 2kg
K1 = ½ mv12 = ½ (2 kg)(0)2 = 0 J
h1 = 10 m
U1 = mgh1 = (2kg)(9.8m/s2)(10m) = 196 J
v=?
K2 = ½ mv22 = ½ (2kg) v22 = (1kg) v22
1 2
U2 = mgh2 = (2kg)(9.8m/s2)(0) = 0 J
0 = (K2 – K1)+ (U2 – U1)
0 = [ (1kg) v22 – 0 ] + ( 0 – 196 J)
v22 = 196 J / 1 kg
v22= 196 m2/s2 v2 = 14 m/s
LAW of CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
2. A toy gun that shoots rubber balls of 0.2 kg mass is loaded by inserting a
ball inside the barrel of the gun. The spring inside the gun has a spring
constant of k= 100 N/m. When the gun is loaded, the spring is compressed
by an amount x = 0.05 m. The gun is pointed straight up. How far up will the
rubber ball go?
K1 = ½ mv12 = ½ (0.02 kg)(0)2 = 0 J
U1 = ½ kx2 = ½ (100 N/m)(0.05m)2
h=?
U1 = 0.125 J
K2 = ½ mv22 = ½ (0.02 kg)(0)2 = 0 J
x =0.05 m U2 = mgh = (0.2kg)(9.8m/s2)h
U2 = (1.96N) h
k =100 N/m
1 2 0 = (K2 – K1)+ (U2 – U1)
0 = (0 – 0) + [(1.96 N)h – 0.125J]
h = 0.125 J / 1.96 N
h = 0.064 m = 6.4 cm
LAW of CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

K1 + U1 + WO = K2 + U2
V1
m
WO = (K2 – K1)+ (U2 – U1)
1
WO = ∆K + ∆U
V2

WO = work due to external forces like friction

and/or an applied force
WORK - ENERGY (THEOREM) RELATION

1. A child of 30 kg slides down a slide 2.5 m high and has a speed of 2.25 m/s at
the bottom. How much energy was lost due to friction?

m = 30 kg K1 = ½ mv12 = ½ (30 kg)(0)2 = 0 J

U1 = mgh= (30 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(2.5m) = 735 J

h= WO = Wf + WF = , but WF = 0 (No applied force)

2.5 m WO = Wf
K2 = ½ mv22 = ½ (30 kg)(2.25 m/s)2 = 75.94 J
U2 = mgh= (30 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(0) = 0 J
v2 = 2.25 m/s WO = (K2 – K1)+ (U2 – U1)
m = 30 kg
Wf = (75.94 J – 0) + (0 − 735 J)
Wf = − 659.06 J
 RECALL
Contact Forces

Equations for Frictional Force

N

F
m
f N
f θ
w = mg w = mg

N = wy = w cosθ
N = w = mg
N = mg cosθ
f = μN = μmg
f = μN = μmg cosθ
WORK - ENERGY (THEOREM) RELATION
How much work is done (applied) to move the 8 kg block 10 cm to the right if
the spring is initially relaxed. The spring constant is 20 N/m, the surface is
inclined at 30° with respect to the horizontal and the coefficient of friction
between the block and the floor were 0.5? F

h2
θ h1 θ

WO = (K2 – K1) + (U2 – U1 )

K1 = ½ mv12 = ½ (8 kg)(0) 2 = 0 J K2 = ½ mv22 = ½ (8 kg)(0) 2 = 0 J
U1g = mgh1 = (8 kg)(9.8 m/s2)h1 = (78.4) h1 U2g = mgh2 = (8 kg)(9.8 m/s2)h2 = (78.4) h2
U1e = ½ kx2 = ½ (20 N/m)(0) 2 = 0 J U2e = ½ k(s)2 = ½ (20 N/m)(0.1) 2 = 0.1 J
U1 = U1g + U1e = 78.4 h1 U2 = U2g + U2e = 78.4 h2 + 0.1

WO = Wf + WF
 WORK - ENERGY (THEOREM) RELATION
How much work is done (applied) to move the 8 kg block 10 cm to the right if
the spring is initially relaxed. The spring constant is 20 N/m, the surface is
inclined at 30° with respect to the horizontal and the coefficient of friction
between the block and the floor were 0.5? F

h2
θ h1 θ

WO = (K2 – K1) + (U2 – U1 )

WO = ( 0 – 0 ) + [(78.4 h2 + 0.1) – (78.4 h1)]
WO = 0.1 + (78.4)(h2 – h1) Let h = h2 – h1
WO = 0.1 + (78.4)(h) = 0.1 + (7.84)(s sinθ)
Using trigonometry :
WO = 0.1 + (78.4)(0.1)(sin 30°) = 4.02 J sinθ = h/s
h = s(sinθ)
WORK - ENERGY (THEOREM) RELATION
How much work is done (applied) to move the 8 kg block 10 cm to the right if
the spring is initially relaxed. The spring constant is 20 N/m, the surface is
inclined at 30° with respect to the horizontal and the coefficient of friction
between the block and the floor were 0.5? F

h2
θ h1 θ

WO = 4.02 J = WF + Wf

WF = WO – Wf = 4.02 J – ( – f)(0.1m) = 4.02 J + f(0.1m)

f = μN = μmg(cosθ) = (0.5)(8kg)(9.8m/s2)(cos 30°)
f = 33.95 N
WF = 4.02 J + (33.95N)(0.1m) = 7.415 J
Work Done by a Constant Force

What is the work done by force F from a to b ?

F W = F (b – a)
W=Fs

Graphically Work is
W equal to the area
formed by F & s

s
a b
x
Work Done by a Varying Force

What is the work done by force F(x) from a to b ?

F
W = a∫b F(x) dx
F(x)

Graphically Work is
equal to the area
formed by F(x) & s

a b
x
Work Done by a Varying Force : Example
What is the work done by force F(x) from a to b ?

F W = a∫b F(x) dx
F(x) = 5x3 N
W = 2∫6 [5x3]dx
4 6
W = [5x /4] 2
W = [5(6)4/4] – [5(2)4/4]
W = 1,600 J
W

a=2m b=6m
x
 Work Done by a Varying Force :
Stretching a Spring
What is the work done by force F(x) from a to b ?
F W = Ueb – Uea
x2
W = ½ kx22 – ½ kx12
x1
W = ½ k (x22 – x12)
k – is the spring’s force constant
W Graphically Work is equal to the
area formed by F(x) & s

a b
x
WORK - ENERGY (THEOREM) RELATION
How much work is done (applied) to move the 8 kg block 10 cm to the right if
the spring is initially relaxed. The spring constant is 20 N/m, and the coefficient
of friction between the block and the floor were 0.5?
WO = (K2 – K1) + (U2 – U1 )
K1 = ½ mv12 = ½ (8 kg)(0) 2 = 0 J U1 = U1g + U1e = 0 J
U1g = mgh = (8 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(0 = 0 J
U1e = ½ kx2 = ½ (20 N/m)(0) 2 = 0 J

WO = Wf + WF

K2 = ½ mv22 = ½ (8 kg)(0) 2 = 0 J U2 = U2g + U2e = 0.1 J

U2g = mgh = (8 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(0) = 0 J
U2e = ½ k(s)2 = ½ (20 N/m)(0.1 m) 2 = 0.1 J

WO = ( 0 – 0 ) + ( 0.1 J – 0 ) WO = 0.1 J
WO = WF + Wf WF = WO – Wf
WF = 0.1 J – (fs) = 0.1 J – (– μmg)s
WF = 0.1 J + (0.5)(8kg)(9.8m/s 2)(0.1m) = 4.02 J