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COMMENTARY

Why Do We Dream?
Robert A. Berezin, MD

May 18, 2018

Eddie's Dream

The following passage is from the Dr Berezin's book Psychotherapy of Character: The Play of Consciousness in the Theater of the Brain.[1]

It was gloomy and cloudy. The forest was filled with darkness. A grotesque ogre was chasing me through a primordial forest. I was running down a dirt path
surrounded by gnarled trees and overhanging vines. The misshapen giant took one step to my three. Fortunately, I was faster and more cunning. It was certain if he
caught me, I'd be torn apart.

The chase went on and on and on. There were several close calls and narrow escapes. I sped up to put some distance between us and got out of sight. I spied a tree
with an enormous branch overhanging the path and climbed up. I positioned myself on the branch and prepared to pounce on the ogre when he came running by. I
had with me a broomstick to be used as a spear. Soon enough, he lumbered up the path after me. Holding on to the branch, I swung down, kicked him with all my
might, and knocked him over. I stood over him and clasped my hands together on the broomstick. I raised it above my head and plunged it through his chest into the
earth.

At that point I awakened, my heart pounding out of my chest. I was sitting up in bed with my hands outstretched in front of me in the spearing position. The muscles
of my hands and arms were taut and tense from the violence.

I felt a surge of triumph, having killed him in hand-to-hand combat. I was so relieved to be safe from the monster. Despite the fact I sort of knew it was a dream, I was
sure I had actually done it. In the next moment, I thought, Oh my God, I've just killed someone. What kind of person am I? What's going to happen to me? Will I go to
prison?

In a while, the lingering reality of the dream dissipated. It became more fully clear that it was "just a dream." I noticed that the anxiety I had felt before I went to sleep
had disappeared. And I felt enormous relief to just feel good again.

Eddie, the dreamer, was a quiet, studious, even-tempered senior in college. That afternoon he had an argument with his professor. Although the professor was in error,
Eddie was forced to submit to his authority. For the rest of the evening he was subject to a nameless anxiety that he felt gnawing away in his chest. He had a hard time
falling asleep that night.

How is it that Eddie went to bed that night and was awakened 8 hours later by killing a monster in a dream? How did this alive drama get created? Where did this cast of
characters, the landscape, set design, costumes, props, relationship, and plot come from?

Magical Thinking About a Biological Process

Dreams have fascinated people from the beginning of time. People believe that dreams foretell the future; that they have psychological meanings, allow us to commune
with sprits and the dead, or visit with ancestors ; and that they are filled with omens, prophesies, and auguries. They are steeped in mystery, as if written in a secret code
decipherable to a special few.

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In fact, dreams are not about any of the above. Their function is a biological application to clean out the residues of yesterday's play of consciousness in order for the brain
to prepare and be at its best for the upcoming day.

Its work takes place during REM sleep. All of its operations utilize the imagination in the theater of consciousness, which is organized as a living drama in the brain. It is an
entire representational world that consists of a cast of characters who relate together by feeling, as well as scenarios, plots, set designs, and landscape.

The reason why dreams have meaning to us is because they are written from our plays of consciousness. The plays define our character. And, as we shall see, there is
much we can learn from them.

Backstage in Our Brain's Living Theater

During sleep, all the organ systems do their metabolic night's work—digestion, detoxification, cellular repair and cell growth, immunologic activity, et cetera. Likewise, the
sleep function in our most important organ, the brain, is also for the detoxification and restoration of our consciousness itself. In order for consciousness to be at its best
and open to take on tomorrow's challenges, it must digest and detoxify conflicts stirred during the previous day and recent past.

Dreaming's work takes place on the level of images. Consciousness, no longer operative in the theater of reality, now operates in a living theater of the brain doing its
sleep work. As the curtain is lifted onto this inner theater, a drama begins onstage. Untethered to reality, it writes its own play, giving us a window into the unadulterated
nature of consciousness itself.

Inner dramas triggered by the day's conflicts are the stuff of dreams. Consciousness, in dreams, is not just a reductive brain rehash. Dreams are an alive, creative
production of consciousness. Dream enactments take place in the living moment, as do the productions of waking consciousness.

It is also essential to realize that the actual work of a dream is enacted in sleep and has no reference to wakefulness at all. A dream is not dreamed to be seen by an
awake person—it is not a production to be shown in your local movie theater or on YouTube®. It is purely intended to be shown on the brain's projection screen in sleep.

A Play Worth Forgetting

The brain routinely does its REM sleep work unremembered. We dream five times a night, only a minor fraction of which are remembered. If the purpose of dreams were
for us to acquire information about our waking selves, remembering far less than 1 % of them in some seemingly secret code would be woefully inefficient. This cannot be
the purpose of dreaming. Nature does not work this way.

REM sleep is a trance state. There are five trance states in sleep, each with a specific function and a specific brain- wave pattern. Likewise in wakefulness, also a trance,
we have a beta brain- wave pattern. Our total consciousness is composed of these shifting synthetic trance states operating throughout the 24-hour cycle. Remembering
dreams is an unintended by-product of a blur in the shift on awakening between the REM trance and the trance of wakefulness.

The Brain's Illuminating Pathway

All of consciousness is a synthetic illusion that we believe to be real. The images of both wakefulness and dreaming are created by the imagination. "Image-ination" is the
creation of images. Our brain creates living, feeling images of people.

It utilizes its regular pathways to create these hallucinated illusions within the REM trance. These alive-seeming personas are created by webs of neuronal connections
that loop all throughout the architecture of the brain—through the amygdala and the hippocampus, et cetera, the limbic feeling centers; the frontal lobes, the judgment
center, the temporal lobes, the center of a sense of realness; the salient memory cortex; the various brain nuclei and ganglia; the body- mapping centers, both cortical and
subcortical, creating the presence of bodies; the auditory and thinking centers; and the vision centers to create the seen dream movie. The webs of these connected
neurons create an activated brain map of neural constellations of webs of constellations that take form as images.

The brain creates representational images at around age 3, at which point these synthetic images are taken to be real. In waking life, we use reality as our projection
screen where we believe our neurologic projections to be real. We think we believe what we see. In fact, we see what we believe.

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Likewise, dreams are experienced as just as real as in waking life. In this case, we inhabit the projection of images on the dream screen of the theater of consciousness
itself. The central element of the work of dreams is to digest emotional conflict that has been stirred up during the day. As such, it is the major subject of our dreams.
Consequently, the limbic system is central to dream formation.

Explication of Eddie's Dream: A Volatile Family History

The meaning of Eddie's dream is as follows ; the anxiety that generated the dream derived from the argument with the professor.

The way a dream operates is that the surface conflict is like the crust of a piece of pie. The deeper meaning of the dream cuts all the way to the center of the pie, to the
person's core. Eddie reenacts a form of the already established internal play to digest the surface conflict.

The feeling relatedness in Eddie's dream is one of sadomasochism. The ogre, a monomaniacal bully, hates Eddie. He is stalking Eddie in order to kill him. Eddie is in the
masochistic position of this relationship: threatened, terrified, humiliated, and impotent. By his actions later in the dream, it is clear that the masochist in this relationship is
also filled with hatred and murderous rage. The limbic system clearly creates the feeling relationship between dream characters.

The inner context for the dream, then, was a story that already existed inside Eddie based on his formative emotional experience with his mother and father. The emotional
conflict with the professor resonated with this inner story. The surface of his inner story was the problematic relationship with his father, who was an arrogant, self-involved,
and cruel man. Eddie spent his childhood hopelessly seeking his father's approval, to no avail. When Eddie sought approval from his professor, sure enough, his hopes
were dashed once again. He was forced to submit to unresponsive disapproval from male authority.

More profoundly, the inner story of Eddie and his father telescoped to the more disturbing relationship with his mother. Hers was a secret world of physical and emotional
sadism and violence. In fact, his father's humiliations were an extension of the core violations by his mother. Eddie's experience of his father was already filtered by what
had come before. The relationship between Eddie and his mother was one of unadulterated sadomasochism. Mother related to Eddie by her sadistic and violent rage. As
the masochistic object of this rage, Eddie was on the receiving end of unrelenting physical and emotional abuse, cruelty, humiliation, and threat.

We can see that the ogre figure is a combination of the professor, Eddie's father, and centrally Eddie's mother. The fight with the professor elicited this inner context, where
Eddie was subject to a humiliating victimizer who had all the power. The dream story unfolded and was written through this prism.

A dream is not a documentary of past experience. Eddie's dream was not a literal replay of the trauma of Mother's beatings and humiliation. But clearly, the drama of Eddie
and Mommy Dearest was the foundation of the dream.

Facing the Ogre

In scene 2 of the dream, Eddie surmounted the humiliation and enacted his true inner aggression toward Mother. Now, instead of being the humiliated, terrified, impotent
one, Eddie rose up and turned the tables. He chose fight over flight.

Through the dream plot, Eddie digested the professor's humiliation by doing to his ogre-mother what he couldn't do in real life. He killed the relentlessly cruel monster. This
reversed and dissipated his anxiety state. The argument with the professor had triggered this inner context. The drama of sadistic mother and maso-sadistic Eddie was
inside all along. The dream gave form to this inner drama as the context for doing the work of detoxifying the day's conflict.

In the dream, Eddie triumphed in the fight, and the conflict was resolved. The murder reversed Eddie's feeling of impotence that came from his failed attempts to defeat his
ogre-mother. There are times when a dream may fail to undo the anxiety. In this case, Eddie would have had a nightmare, an anxiety dream, which did occur frequently.

The dream creation of the broomstick as the murder weapon was drawn from 2 "feeling" sources: Eddie, when troubled as a child, used to climb his grandmother's apple
tree, where he would use a broomstick to knock down ripe apples that he couldn't reach . The broomstick Eddie had used in the apple tree was stored as a positive
memory image. It resonated with feelings of competence, courage, and triumph. The murder-by-broomstick was an image of a violent penetration.

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In this story, the impotent humiliation was reversed and Eddie's anxiety abated. We can see that the image creation of the ogre came from Eddie's limbic system, where it
created a scary monster. In like fashion, the apple tree had gnarled branches. The gnarled limbs "dripping with vines" was a nice touch created by Eddie's limbic image-
ination.

Eddie's dream was remembered because of the blur between trance states. It actually did its work in the dark. It would have successfully relieved his anxiety state had it
not been remembered. The dream was not just a repeated remembrance, but a new and alive play in the living moment. This story used activated memory to give form to
an internal drama drawn from Eddie's formative past that utilized the inner story of Eddie and his mother. It didn't just spring from nowhere. It was already there, organized
in his brain mappings.

As such, it turned out to be useful in his psychotherapy, because it gave us a window into his inner drama, and his internal characters and their problematic relationships.
But this was not its purpose. (The collision between Eddie's REM consciousness and waking consciousness might not be so confusing if humans were more like dolphins.
In their sleep adaptation, only half of their brain sleeps at a time. The other half is awake. It would be interesting to know how dolphin dreams coexist with dolphin waking
reality.)

Digesting Our Lives

This dream is a model as to how dreams operate. For the most part, we have to digest emotional conflicts, which happen on a daily basis. The issues that may occupy the
dream stage are combats, quests, challenges, boredom, wishes, hopes, curiosities, pain, disappointment, sexual interests and stimulations, fantasies, competitions, fears,
anxieties, cruelty, sadism, humiliations, suffering, abuse, deprivation, traumas, envy, jealousy, sadness, and otherwise the full panoply of life's dramas, engagements, and
relationship adventures.

The conflicts to be digested aren't always emotional ones. Sometimes when a person is cognitively trying to solve a problem, this is the context that is on his or her plate
while going to sleep. The dream may, through its work, digest the problem and come up with a solution. If one remembers the dream upon awakening, he or she will see
the solution. If one doesn't remember the dream, he or she will come to the solution refreshed in the morning.

Oddly, dreams teach us more readily about the plays of consciousness than we can see in our waking trance. Our consciousness is neurologic illusion. It's always
important to keep in mind that dreams and our lives are a human story. Our psychiatric treatments must always consider our stories.

Our plays of consciousness define our reality, which, once formed, plays itself out over and over again. Our suffering comes from trauma to our human story. We can see
the source of Eddie's anxiety, and how this anxiety got triggered. These are the issues that have to be mourned in psychotherapy so that they no longer rule us. We need
to appreciate the full scope of the human story.

References

1. Berezin RA. Psychotherapy of Character: The Play of Consciousness in the Theater of the Brain. Tucson, AZ: Wheatmark; 2013.

Medscape Psychiatry © 2018 WebMD, LLC

Any views expressed above are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect the views of WebMD or Medscape.

Cite this article: Why Do We Dream? - Medscape - May 18, 2018.

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