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Excerpt from a 2008 Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Training Alert
First responders should exercise caution if Most importantly, investigators should NOT
they suspect the presence of hydrogen sulfide rely on their sense of smell to detect hydrogen
and they should follow their agency’s Hazmat sulfide. The sense of smell is paralyzed within
protocols. Consult the Hydrogen Sulfide three to 15 minutes of exposure to the gas.
Material Safety Data Sheet (excerpt on page
9.) Therefore, knowing the limitations of your
detection devices can save your life. First
Protection against hydrogen sulfide exposure: responders should always be prepared for a
high concentration of the gas. The maximum
• Air must be tested for the presence and exposure limit for a low concentration of
concentration of hydrogen sulfide by a hydrogen sulfide is eight hours without
qualified person using air monitoring respiratory equipment. An exposure to a high
equipment. Testing should also determine concentration of hydrogen sulfide could cause
if fire/explosion precautions are necessary. coma and death within minutes.
Some sites that provide the instructions for However, the most basic formula is a
hydrogen sulfide also include a downloadable strong acid (toilet bowl cleaner) + calcium
PDF sign to warn emergency workers arriving polysulfides solution (pesticides) = hydrogen
on the scene. sulfide.
The police and firefighters evacuated the Law enforcement should be aware that
shopping center before a Hazmat crew in terrorists could use hydrogen sulfide as a
chemical suits extracted the body and began weapon of mass destruction because it is
cleanup. inexpensive and easy to produce. Also, anyone
can purchase the necessary materials to create
Investigation indicated the victim may have the gas at retail stores or on the Internet.
visited one or more of the numerous Japanese
Web sites that provide information on how to The discovery of the victim in Pasadena led
commit suicide using hydrogen sulfide. to the evacuation of several businesses in the
immediate area and left bystanders stranded
Bartow County, Georgia for up to five hours while responders assessed
In December 2008, emergency medical the scene.
workers arrived at Lake Allatoona in Bartow
County, Ga. and found a similar scene. Along In Japan, 90 people in an apartment building
with the 20-year-old victim inside the car, were sickened when a 14-year-old girl killed
workers found two buckets containing a herself in her bathroom using hydrogen
yellow substance. A note on the window said sulfide. Also in Japan, a man vomited in a
“caution” and identified the compound as hospital emergency room after poisoning
hydrogen sulfide. himself with the gas, causing 50 people to be
sickened by the fumes.
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
In 2005, the University of North Carolina Most countries have legal limits that govern
at Chapel Hill conducted a study that linked the maximum allowable levels of exposure to
suicide rates in North Carolina with hydrogen hydrogen sulfide in the working environment.
sulfide exposures from a nearby paper mill. A typical permissible exposure limit is 10 ppm.
(Hydrogen Sulfide Safety Factsheet, 2004.)
In one instance, the Haywood County mill
reported a release of 93,000 pounds of The Atlanta Division’s Joint Terrorism Task Force
hydrogen sulfide. The study showed that requests officers with questions or information
exposure to occupational levels of hydrogen pertaining to large or suspicious purchases
sulfide can result in nervousness, mania, of acid or sulfur-based cleaning supplies to
dementia, and violence - which could result in contact them at (404) 679-9000. (FBI Situational
suicidal thoughts or acts. Information Report, 2010.)
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
Hydrogen Sulfide is a toxic, flammable, colorless, liquefied gas. Hydrogen Sulfide has a distinct
“rotten-egg” smell. The odor cannot be relied on as an adequate warning of the presence of
Hydrogen Sulfide because at high concentrations olfactory fatigue occurs. Inhalation of high
concentrations of this gas can result in unconsciousness, coma, and death. Direct contact with liquid
Hydrogen Sulfide can cause frostbite. Hydrogen Sulfide poses an immediate fire hazard when mixed
with air. The gas is heavier than air, and may spread long distances. Distant ignition and flashback
are possible. Flame or high temperature impinging on a localized area of a cylinder of Hydrogen
Sulfide can cause the cylinder to explode without activating the cylinder’s relief devices. Provide
adequate fire protection during emergency response situations. Contact with the liquid (or, contact
with rapidly expanding gases) may cause frostbite.
EYE CONTACT: If liquid is splashed into eyes, or if irritation of the eye develops after exposure to
Hydrogen Sulfide, open victim's eyes while under gentle, lukewarm, running water. Use sufficient
force to open eyelids. Have victim "roll" eyes. Minimum flushing is for 15 minutes. Victim must seek
immediate medical attention from an ophthalmologist.
INGESTION: Ingestion is an unlikely route of exposure for Hydrogen Sulfide.
INHALATION: Remove victim(s) to fresh air, as quickly as possible. Trained personnel should
administer supplemental oxygen and/or cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, if necessary.
SKIN CONTACT: If liquid is spilled on skin, or if irritation of the skin develops after exposure to liquid
or gas, immediately begin decontamination with running water. Minimum flushing is for 15 minutes.
Remove exposed or contaminated clothing, taking care not to contaminate eyes. Victim must seek
immediate medical attention. In case of frostbite, place the frostbitten part in warm water. DO NOT
USE HOT WATER. If warm water is not available, or is impractical to use, wrap the affected parts
gently in blankets. Alternatively, if the fingers or hands are frostbitten, place the affected area in the
armpit. Encourage victim to gently exercise the affected part while being warmed. Seek immediate
medical attention.
NOTES TO PHYSICIANS: Administer oxygen, if necessary and treat symptoms. Be observant for
initial signs of pulmonary edema.
Sources of Information:
A Typical Life. Blog. “Searching for Answers or Poulsen, Kevin. Wired. “Dangerous Japanese
Following a Trend.” May 2008. ‘Detergent Suicide’ Technique Creeps Into
www.atypicallife.com. U.S.” March 2009. www.wired.com.
Air Products. Material Safety Data Sheet #1010. Safety Directory. “H2S Safety Factsheet.”
www.avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/ August 2004. www.safetydirectory.com.
hydrogen_sulfide.pdf.
Stansbury, Dave. LMVPD. “Suicide Method
DHS Intelligence and Analysis Note. “Hydrogen Poses An Officer Safety Hazard.” March 2008.
Sulfide: A Potential First Responder Hazard.” www.capto-online.org.
September 2008.
Steps Network. “Hydrogen Sulfide: death and
eMedicine. “Inhalation Injuries.” injury from H2S exposure is unnecessary.”
www.emedicine.medscape.com. www.stepsnetwork.com.
EMT Spot. “Hydrogen Sulfide Suicides Come Suicide Prevention Resource Center.
to the U.S.” March 2009. www.theemtspot.com. www.sprc.org.
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ROCIC has been serving its criminal justice ROCIC provides a variety of services, free • Loaning of specialized, high‑tech surveillance
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prototype for the modern RISS (Regional agencies: • Publications, including criminal intelligence
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© 2010 ROCIC • This publication was supported by Grant No. 2008-RS-CX-K005, awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance,
Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The Office of Justice Programs also coordinates the activities of the
Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency, and the Office for
Victims of Crime. This document was prepared under the leadership, guidance and funding of the Bureau of Justice Assistance
(BJA), Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice in collaboration with the Regional Organized Crime Information
Center (ROCIC). The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this document are those of the
authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Regional Organized
Crime Information Center and ROCIC are protected by copyright laws.