SVC and Series compensation

S.M.Mujumdar

E-mail : shrimujumdar@gmail.com
 CAUTION

 Material presented is intended as a course material for a

specific training programme. No part of this may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means
without explicit permission.

 Information contained herein is from sources believed to be

reliable. Author shall not be responsible for any errors,
omissions or damages arising out of use of this information.
It is not intended to provide engineering or other
professional services. If such services are required, the
assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.
June 18, 2018 SMM 2
AGENDA

 Basics

 Static Var Compensators

 Series Capacitors

 Question / Answer

June 18, 2018 SMM 3

Voltage Variation
(Statutory limits)

All users,.. Shall take all possible measures to ensure that grid voltage
always remains within following operating range
Voltage kV (RMS)
Nominal Maximum Minimum
765 800 728
400 420 380
220 245 198
132 145 122
110 121 99
66 72 60
33 36 30
Source: CEA ( Grid Standards) Regulations 2010 clause 3(b)
June 18, 2018 SMM 4
 Typical Daily Load Curve

18000
17000
16000
15000
14000

13000
12000
State Demand (MW)

11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000

4000
3000
2000

1000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Hours

June 18, 2018 SMM 5

Voltage Drop & Reactive Power
(For short lines)

 DV = IR cos f + IX sin f Voltage ≃ X/R

220 kV 6
DV = PR + QX
400 kV 11
V
765 kV 23
DV a Q 1150 kV 40

Voltage drop (ΔV) proportional to

Flow of reactive power (Q)

June 18, 2018 SMM 6

Transmission Line Model

R L R L

C C C

June 18, 2018 SMM 7

Conceptual Reactive power balance

P= VS VR Sin d
XL

June 18, 2018 SMM 8

June 18, 2018 SMM 9
Voltagewise Line Charging / SIL

Sr. Voltage (kV) Conductor Line charging Surge Imp.

No. Configuration MVAR/km Loading
MW
1 1150 Octa Bersimis 6.45 6030

2 765 Quad Bersimis 2.35 2250

3 400 Twin Moose 0.55 515

4 220 Single Zebra 0.17 130

5 132 Single Panther 0.045 50

6 66 Single Dog 0.015 10

June 18, 2018 SMM 10

Voltage Collapse

June 18, 2018 SMM 11

Voltage Collapse –Global events

 France 1978

 Belgium 1982

 Sweden 1983

 Tennessee valley Auth. 1987

 Tokyo, Japan 1987

 West USA 1996

 PJM USA 1999

 North-east USA 2003

June 18, 2018 SMM 12
 Voltage collapse...Japan 1987

 Tokyo – July 23, 1987

 Forecast Ambient temp. 330 C ≈ 38,000 MW Demand (3.8 % Margin)

 Actual temperature touched 390 C (Additional demand wiped off
Margin)
 Demand started increasing @ 400 MW /minute ( more than double
rate)
 500 kV Voltage sank to 460 kV
 At low voltage, reactive demand of Air conditioners increased
 500 kV lines opened and seven 500 kV s/s without supply
 Three million customers of TEPCO without power supply for three
hours.

June 18, 2018 SMM 13

Mechanical Analogy -- Stability

June 18, 2018 SMM 14

Power – Angle Relation
P = VS VR Sin d
XL

June 18, 2018 SMM 15

P – d Curve

P= VS VR Sin d
XL
Q= VS VR Cos d VR 2
Pmax XL XL
Pmax

90 180 d

June 18, 2018 SMM 16

Static VAR Compensator (SVC) - VC

June 18, 2018 SMM 17

Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

SVC BUS

STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER P

TCR TSC

TCR-TSC type SVC.

June 18, 2018 SMM 18

Thyristor switched R-C

TCR does not generate Harmonic currents

June 18, 2018 SMM 19

TCR-TSC Configuration

Control of TCR

1. Evaluate MVAr
required (Q)
2. Calculate
BTCR = Q/V2
Considering
Capacitors
3. Fire TCR at
required α
(Firing Angle)

June 18, 2018 SMM 20

TCR-MSC configuration

MSC= Mechanically Switched Capacitors

MSC branch comprises of tuned Capacitor &/or Reactor
June 18, 2018 SMM 21
Controller Characteristics of SVC

C
V SVC

B
VREFV

QC=V2/XC QL=I2* XL

Capacitive O Inductive I SVC

June 18, 2018 SMM 22

SVC Regulator

 Appropriate Reactive power supply or absorption is the

main function which is performed by SVC regulator.
 Operation involves following:
 Measuring of system & compensator parameters
 Computation of control signals to obtain required steady-
state & / or Transient characteristics
 Generate firing pulse at appropriate instant.
 Firing pulses for thyristors are transmitted to thyristor valve
from base Electronics cubicle (BE) via optical cable.
 Status of each thyristor is sent to thyristor monitoring cubicle.
 Filters are used to damp ripples caused by unsymetry in the
network.
June 18, 2018 SMM 23
SVC Valve cooling

 Thyristor valves of cubicle construction are generally

forced cooled type using fan at the top. In case of
abnormality TCR is tripped.

 In case of water cooled system, Demineralised water is

used to cool the thyristor heat sinks.

June 18, 2018 SMM 24

Thyristor Stack

June 18, 2018 SMM 25

SVC -Feature

 Regulate voltage and stabilise(dynamically) the system.

 SVC is an automated impedance matching device, designed

to bring the system closer to unity power factor.

 If load is capacitive (leading), the SVC will use reactors (in

form of TCR)

 Under inductive (lagging) ,the capacitor banks are

automatically switched in.

 SVC may be placed near high and rapidly varying loads,

such as Traction load, arc furnaces, where they can smooth
flicker voltage.
June 18, 2018 SMM 26
SVC Installation

420 kV
+ 160 MVAr

SVC Installation
at Sylling,
(Near Oslo) in
Norway

June 18, 2018 SMM 27

SVC- 2 x 300 MVAR (HQ 735 kV System)

June 18, 2018 SMM 28

 TSC
+90MVar

TCR
COUPLING TRANSFORMER - 95 MVar
400/10.56 KV 173 MVA

2XJune140 MVAR SVC KANPUR

18, 2018 SMM - BIRD EYE VIEW 29
 STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR- Kanpur

400KV BUS

400/10.56KV , 173MVA
COUPLING TRANSFORMER

10.56KV SVC BUS

CF7 CF5 TCR-1 TCR-2 TSC

+10Mvar +40Mvar -95Mvar -95Mvar +90Mvar

June 18, 2018 SMM 30

Series Capacitor

P= VS VR Sin d
XL-XC

Fixed Series Capacitor

Switched series capacitor

June 18, 2018 SMM 31

P – d curve with Series Capacitor

Pmax

with S.C.

Pmax

without S.C.

90 180 d

June 18, 2018 SMM 32

Series Capacitors - Type

 Switching on/ off  Vernier Control possible

June 18, 2018 SMM 33

Thyristor Controlled Series
Compensation (TCSC) - PFC
α = 1800
BREAKER No conduction
Fixed capacitor
α = 900
Full conduction
Cap bypassed

900 < α < 1800

Vernier mode Smooth
variation

Invented by Dr. John Vithayathil (- 24.05.2011)

He had named it as ‘RANI’ (Rapid Adjustment of Network Impedance)
June 18, 2018 SMM 34
Load Sharing

June 18, 2018 SMM 35

VP Curve with S.C.

HIGH
1
LOW

with S.C.
Voltage
(p.u.)

without S.C.

0
Power

June 18, 2018 SMM 36

 TCSC – Power Oscillation Damping (POD)

Courtesy:
ELECTRA
Dec.2006 Power oscillations e.g. loss of generation in one system
June 18, 2018 SMM 37
 TCSC- Damping of Oscillations

 Uncontrolled Oscillations  Provision of TCSC

June 18, 2018 SMM 38

Series Capacitors-(HQ 735 kV System)

June 18, 2018 SMM 39

 Voltage collapse …. Canada 1989

 Hydro Quebec, Canada March 13, 1989

 Large Hydro generating stations in the North Canada

 Load centre & export to USA is in South Canada. Hence long EHV
(735 kV) network associated with SVC for voltage support
 Due to solar activity, Geomagnetic fluctuations caused induced
currents (GIC) in some transformers, which in turn increased
harmonics in the system.
 Increased harmonics caused tripping of SVC, meant for Voltage
support.
 Due to lost voltage support, network collapsed within seconds.

 After investigating this occurrence, 735 kV system was provided

with series compensation
June 18, 2018 SMM 40
Series Capacitors … Advantages

 Postponement of new line

 No additional ROW

 Less Investment

 Self – Regulating feature QC=I2XC

 Improved stability

 Load sharing

June 18, 2018 SMM 41

Fixed series compensation
(Nagarjunsagar- Cuddhapah 400 kV s/c)

June 18, 2018 SMM 42

TCSC - Installation

500 kV TCSC
installation at
Imperatriz (Brazil)
161 MVAr SC
107 MVAr TCSC

June 18, 2018 SMM 43

Typical SC Scheme

B ->
C <-
A : Platform signal cables
B : Status signal cables from Breaker / Isolators
C : Control signal cables to Breaker / Isolator

June 18, 2018 SMM 44

SC Protection system

 Outdoor Relay panel receives signal from various CTs. Signals

generated are converted into light signal and sent thro’ optical
columns to light receiver at ground level & transmitted to control
cubicle.
 Relay panel is provided following protection:
 Unbalance – Alarm / trip
 Overcurrent
 Spark gap Flashover
 Platform leakage
 Subharmonic frequencies (15-35 Hz)
 Undercurrent
 Power supply failure
 Redundant modules provided for Spark Gap, platform & unbalance

June 18, 2018 SMM 45

Series capacitors.. Some features

 Series Capacitor (SC) Installation generates some frequencies

typically 15-30 Hz. Power frequency (50 Hz) minus electrical
frequency of SC coincides with mechanical frequency of shaft of
generator, resonance occurs known as Sub Synchronous
Resonance (SSR). If SSR persists it soon damages the shaft.

 (Mechanically controlled SC upto 80% compensation to line, damaged

shaft of generator at Mohave in early 1970s.)

 Resonant freq.= fer = fo √ Xc / (X”+XT +XL) fo=50 Hz.

 Torsional mode frequency = fo - fer

June 18, 2018 SMM 46

Mitigation of SSR

 SSR can be avoided by providing part of compensation

mechanically controlled and part thyristor controlled.
Thyristor controlled can be operated as frequently as
required and can be modulated to rapidly damp SSR.

 Use of NGH- SSR controller

 Employing SSDC

June 18, 2018 SMM 47

 TCSC Installation at Gorakhpur

Transmission system for

TALA H.E.P. Courtesy:
ELECTRA
SC – 40 % and TCSC – 5 to 15 % Dec.2006

June 18, 2018 SMM 48

TCSC Installation SLD

Courtesy:
ELECTRA
Dec.2006

June 18, 2018 SMM 49

THANK YOU, FOR ATTENTION

ANY QUERIES???
Voltage change due to Capacitor

%DV ~ Capacitor MVAR x 100

Short circuit MVA

June 18, 2018 SMM 51