CITATION

&
REFERENCE
A PA S T Y L E
 CONTENT

1. What is citation? reference? APA Style?

2. Why document with APA?
3. General Rules for APA
4. Citations & References
 1. WHAT IS CITATION? REFERENCE?
APA STYLE ?
• Citation: An in-text reference to a published/unpublished sources
that you consulted and obtained information from when writing
your essay/research paper.
• It is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your
work came from another source.

• Reference: Referring to all sources you have used in your paper.

• APA = American Psychological Association (APA)

• APA style is one of several styles for academic writing.
 2. WHY DOCUMENT WITH APA?

• Give credit to avoid plagiarism!

• Establish your credibility as a scholar and writer in your specialized field

• Give your readers access to the sources you’ve used

 3. GENERAL RULES FOR APA
General Format:

• Font: Times New Roman

• Font size: 12
• Space: Double- space between all lines of text, including the
reference list
• Margin: 1 inch (2.54 cm) on all sides
• Flush-left alignment (not justified)
 TITLE PAGE (SECTIONS 2.01 & 8.03)
• Header should read “Running head:” followed by shortened title
in capitals, followed by the page number:

Running head: PRIMARY EDUCATION 1

• The running head must be no more than 50 characters

(including spaces and punctuation)
• Full title (12 or fewer words) should be centered in the upper
half of the page
• Title is followed by name, professor, course and due date
 TITLE PAGE
Running head: PRIMARY EDUCATION 1

Significances of Primary Education

John Kennedy
Saginaw Valley State University
 TITLE PAGE
Running head: PRIMARY EDUCATION 1

Significances of Primary Education

John Kennedy
(Course Name)
Saginaw Valley State University
(Professor:….)
(Date)
 4. CITATION AND REFERENCES
B. Citation
• Write only Surname and publication year, not full name, of the author in the
parentheses/round brackets “( )”.
• Include the page or paragraph number when using direct quotation
COMMON CITATIONS (APA)
CITING DIRECT QUOTATIONS

• Robert and Senn (1998) state that “Teacher resistance to change is

not unusual” (p.107).

• “Teacher resistance to change is not unusual” (Robert & Senn,

1998, p.107).

• ……(Gladwell, 2008, Chapter 1, Section 2, para. 5)

 1. ONE WORK BY ONE AUTHOR
• One author => Surname & Publication Year

Ex: John (2003) found that……………………………….

Ex: According to John (2003), ……………………………
Ex: …………………………………………... (Kessler, 2003).
Ex: In 2003, John’s study of ………. found that………………
2. ONE WORK BY MULTIPLE AUTHORS
• 2 authors => Surname & Publication Year
=> Cite both names every time

Ex: Wegener and Petty (1994) support………………….. .

Ex: …………………………….. (Wegener & Petty, 1994).
 ONE WORK BY MULTIPLE AUTHORS
• 3, 4 or 5 authors => Surname & Publication Year

Ex: Kisangau, Lyaruu, Hosea, and Joseph (2007) found that …………………..
(Use as first citation in text)
Or ……………………………………(Kisangau, Lyaruu, Hosea, & Joseph, 2007)
(Use as first citation in text)
Ex: Kisangau et al. (2007) found that…………………………………………..
(Use as subsequent citation per paragraph thereafter)
 ONE WORK BY MULTIPLE AUTHORS
• 6 or more authors
=> Only by Surname of the first author followed by et al.
& Publication Year

Ex: Harris et al. (2001) argued .................................................

............................................................... (Harris et al., 2001).
 3. UNKNOWN/ANONYMOUS AUTHOR
• Unknown => The first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and
the year.
=> Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter,
or a web page.
Ex: A similar study was done of students learning to format research
papers ("Using APA," 2001).

• If "Anonymous," cite in text the word “Anonymous” followed by a

comma and the date.
Ex: A similar study was done of …………….. (Anonymous, 1998).
 4. GROUPS AS AUTHORS
• Groups => associations, government agencies, and study groups.
• Groups (readily identified through abbreviations)
Ex: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003) stated that ……….
Or Ex: ………………(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003).
• Groups (no abbreviations)
Ex: University of California (2003) found that ……………………………
 5. SECONDARY SOURCES
• Use secondary sources
=> means you cite, in your academic writing, some information or words
that an author has taken from a source that you haven't read.
Ex: Allport (as cited in Nicholson, 2003) stated that ………………. .
 6. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
• Personal communications
=> may be private letters, memos, some electronic communications,
personal interviews, telephone conversations, and the like.
=> Personal communications are not included in the reference list.

Ex: T. K. Shaw (personal communication, April 18, 2001) believed that ……….......... .
………………….. (V.G. Jenny, personal communication, September 28, 1998).
 3. GENERAL RULES
C. References
•Purpose: To provide more detail so that readers may easily find the sources
cited in the paper
•Page Format:
– Begin your reference list on a new page
– Use the heading as “References” in the center
– All lines after the first line of each entry should be indented one half inch from the
left margin.
– Double-spacing
– Put your list in alphabetical order by author’s surname/family name.
COMMON REFERENCES (APA)
 PERIODICALS
• Periodicals include items published on a regular basis such as journals,
magazines, and newspapers.
 NON-PERIODICALS
• Non-Periodical => Book, reports, brochures
 A. JOURNAL ARTICLE
• Journal Article (Print)

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the
Journal, volume(issue), page-page.

Smith, J. T., & Jones, K. T. (2001). Students who use

libraries earn higher grades. Journal of Research in
International Education, 34(5), 15-25.
 A. JOURNAL ARTICLE
• Journal Article (Online)

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Date). Title of the article. Title of the
Journal, volume(issue), page-page. Retrieved from http://home page of the
journal

Smith, J. T., & Jones, K. T. (2001). Students who use libraries earn higher grades. Journal
of Research in International Education, 34, 15-25. Retrieved from http://
jri.sagepub.com
 B. NEWSPAPER
• Newspaper (Print)

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of
the article. Title of the Newspaper, p. Section Number.

Rosenberg, G. (1997, March 31). Electronic discovery proves an effective

legal weapon. The New York Times, p. D5.
Smith, Z. (2008, June 10). Knee surgeries are on the rise. Palm Beach Post,
pp. C2, C4.
 B. NEWSPAPER
• Newspaper (Online)

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of the article.
Title of the Newspaper, p. Section Number. Retrieved from http://home page of
the journal

Smith, Z. (2008, June 10). Knee surgeries are on the rise. Palm Beach Post,
pp. C2, C4. Retrieved from http://jri.sagepub.com
 2. BOOK
• Book (Print)

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of Publication). Title
of the book. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Ruiz, B. (2009). Financial audits in higher education. Fort Pierce, FL: Pioneer
River Press.
 2. BOOK
• Book (Online)

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of the book.
Retrieved from http://webaddress

Selph, A. (2008). Planning a family vacation around potential career

opportunities. Retrieved from http://www.careervacations.com
 2. BOOK
• Edition of a Book (Print)

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Title of the book
(# ed.). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Kendrick, M. (2009). Cataloging learning objects (2nd ed.). Fort Pierce, FL:
Pioneer River Press.
Jame, J. (2010). Stats mean business (Rev. ed.). Burlington, MA:
Butterworth-Heinemann)
 2. BOOK
• Chapter in an Edited Book (Print)

Author’s Last name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Title of the chapter. In First
Initial. Middle Initial. Editor’s Last name (Ed.), Title of the book: sub-title of the book
(page-page). Place of publication: Publisher.

Robert, A. (2007). Democratization in Asia. In O. F. Hammer (Ed.). The rise of

democracy:Third wave of democracy (pp. 30-45). Metuchen, NJ: Menlo Park
Press.
 3. OTHERS
• Master thesis/Doctoral dissertation

Gibson, L. S. (2007). Considering critical thinking and History 12: One teacher’s story
(Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https://circle.ubc.ca/

Citation => (Gibson, 2007)

Adam, R. J. (1973). Building a foundation for evaluation of instruction in higher

education and continuing education (Doctoral dissertation) . Retrieved from
http://www. ohiolink.edu/etd/
Citation => (Adam, 1973)
 4. OTHERS
• Webpage

Author, A. A. (Year of last update). Title of webpage. Retrieved from URL

Mulhauser, G. (2009). An introduction to cognitive therapy & cognitive behavioural

approaches. Retrieved from http://counsellingresource.com/types/cognitive-
therapy/
REFERENCES PAGE

Provides information so readers can

YOUR TITLE find the sources. 11
References

Gulicovski, J., Cerovic, L., Milonjic, S., & Popovic, I. (2008). Adsorption of itaconic

acid from aqueous solutions onto alumina. Journal of the Serbian Chemistry

Society, 73(8-9), 835-843. doi: 10.2298/JSC0809835P

Mims, F. (2009). Scientific research, books, articles, columns, lectures and photographs.

Retrieved from http://www.forrestmims.org/

 References
•Afonso, H.W. (2011). Democratic liberal peace: From peace to war. Revista Ética eFilosofia Política,1(13),
122-138.
•Aun, P. (2014, January 17). One garment strike ends, two begin, over missing pay. The
Cambodia Daily, p. 15.
•Ehrbenberg, J. (1999). Civil society: The critical history of an idea. New York, NY: New York University
Press.
•Independent International Commission on Kosovo. (2011). The Kosovo report. Retrieved from
http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/thekosovoreport.htm
•Insulza, J.M.(2006). Building democracy. In R. Wilkinson (Ed.), Democracy rising: Assessing the global
challenges (pp. 11-15). Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
•Kreber, C., Kampfleitner, M., McCune,V., Bayne, S., & Knottenbetl, M. (2007). What do you mean by
“authentic”?: A comparative review of the literature on conceptions of authenticity in
teaching. Adult Education Quarterly, 58(22), 22-43. Retrieved from
http://aeq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstact/58/1/22
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!