Methods of Paragraph Development

A well written Paragraph has unity, coherence, and development, which means subordinate
ideas must be linked to major ideas.
Paragraph by Narration
Narration is writing that tells a story, it generally presents series of events in chronological
order.
Forms of Narration
Non-Fiction or Real Happenings
1. Anecdotes
2. History and News
3. Biographies
4. Autobiographies
5. Personal Experiences/ Adventures
Fictions or Stories
1. Short Stories
2. Novels
3. Drama
4. Science Fictions
5. Myths
6. Legends
7. Fantastic Stories/ Fairy tale
8. Fables
The purpose of Narrative
 To Entertain
 To Gain and Hold the reader’s interest
 To Teach and Inform
 To Change Attitudes/ Social Opinions
Elements of Narration
Setting
Is the time and place in which it happens. Authors often used description of landscape,
scenery, buildings, seasons or whether to provide story sense of setting.
Character
Is a person, or sometimes even an animal, who takes part in the action of a short story or
other literary work.
Plot
Is a series of events and character actions that relate to the central conflict
. A list of events or incidents must be “significant events” rather than a simple series of things
that happen.

Point of view
Refers to the way tells the story. It decides who is telling the story and conveys whether the
writer is a character in the story, outside the story or an observer.
First-Person Point of View
A Character in the story is the narrator. Uses the pronouns I, ME and WE
Second-Person Point of View
Telling a story using YOU, YOUR and YOURS.
Third-Person Point of View
The story is being told by an outside observer. Uses the pronoun HE, SHE and THEY
Example:
1. Inform:
On July 16, 1969, the Apollo 11 spacecraft launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Its mission was to go where no human being had gone before the moon! The crew consisted of
Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin. The spacecraft landed on the moon in the
Sea of Tranquility, a basaltic flood plain, on July 20, 1969. The moonwalk took place the
following day. On July 21, 1969, at precisely 10:56 EDT, Commander Neil Armstrong emerged
from the Lunar Module and took his famous first step onto the moon’s surface. He declared,
“That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” It was a monumental moment in
human history!
2. Narrate:
It was July 21, 1969, and Neil Armstrong awoke with a start. It was the day he would become the
first human being to ever walk on the moon. The journey had begun several days earlier, when
on July 16th, the Apollo 11 launched from Earth headed into outer space. On board with Neil
Armstrong were Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin. The crew landed on the moon in the Sea of
Tranquility a day before the actual walk. Upon Neil’s first step onto the moon’s surface, he
declared, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” It sure was!

Paragraph by Sketch
 A character sketch is a short written description introducing the reader to a character in a
story.
A Character sketch could be:
Individual – to explain the characteristic of individual. Only one character is characterized.
Group – seeks to portray the inner quality of a group by narrating an incident reveal the
unique quality/ les of the individual or group.

The purpose of character sketch is to present information about a person. It is expository, yet it
make effective use of description and narration as well.
To write a character sketch:
1. Decide whether to write a detailed list or a hypothetical encounter you had with the
character. Writing a list is easier, but writing about an encounter helps the reader better
understand the character’s voice, and will help get your creativity flowing.
2. Give a character a name and decide the gender. A name can tell a lot about the character,
such as geographical location and age or generation.
3. Use adjectives and similes to describe the character’s physical description. Concentrate
on what the character look like, and what she is wearing or carries around, such as
baseball bat or a jar of fireflies.
4. Quote a conversation you had with the character. Describe what he says, does and thinks.
Write about the character’s likes and dislikes. Tell the readers about major goal the
character is working toward or wishes to accomplish.
5. Notice what other people say about the character and what they do to her. Tell about
anything interesting relationships with family or friends, whether people like the
character and how they would describe her.
6. Explain the setting where the character is found. This may be a specific place like
favorite hangout.
7. Write about what your character is like in general sense. Think about what makes this
character different, what his strengths and weakness are and anything else you thinks is
important for the reader to know.
Example:
1. Sunday had her auburn hair pulled up in its usual bun. She liked to say it helped keep
her hair out of her way when reading her Bible. As she sat down in the straight-backed
chair, she smoothed out her tan skirt and adjusted the sleeves of her collared shirt.
Crossing her legs, she set her Bible in her lap as she waited for the sermon to start.

2. Sunday has red hair and green eyes. Her hair is usually pulled up into a tight bun, and
she wears glasses. She could be considered average as far as weight and height. Her
style of dress is conservative, preferring pastels and tan colors. She usually wears a
 collared shirt and skirt, and she has a cross necklace around her neck every day. She
speaks with a Californian accent, and a phrase she commonly says when excited,
startled, or scared is “Oh, my goodness!”
Paragraph by Process
Paragraph by process analysis explain how something work, how something is made, or
how something is done.
Two kind of process analysis
1. The directional process analysis
2. The explanatory process analysis
A directional process analysis gives the steps in a procedure the reader may want to
perform.
Ex.
How to set time
How to change the battery and
How to work the alarm

An explanatory process analysis is a bit different. Like a directional process analysis, it

tells how something is made, or how something is done. But the procedure explained will
not be performed by the reader.
Example:
1. My Most Favorite Dish, You Can Make It Too
Today we are going to be making chicken primavera. Before you get started you will
need the following things: two or more skinless, boneless chicken breasts; two cans of
Cream of Mushroom soup; two cans of Cream of Chicken soup; milk; butter;
vegetable oil, spaghetti noodles and finally one very large sized frying pan. First you
want to start the water and about 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil boiling for the noodles,
and then while you have that going, start dicing you chicken breast into about 1 inch
cubes. After you get all of your chicken cut up you want to start heating up your pan.
Always start on high heat and then once the ingredients are added the heat will get
turned down. Once your frying pan is hot put 1 tablespoon of butter into the frying
pan, let that melt a little bit, and then add your chicken. You want to make sure that
the chicken is browned on all sides, and if you were to cut a cube in half that the
middle is white. Any time while you are cooking you chicken, if the water is boiling,
then you can start boiling you noodles. When your chicken is done all the way
through then we make the sauce. Right there in the same pan that you cooked you
chicken in, add your two cans of Cream of Mushroom soup and your two cans of
 Cream of Chicken soup. After dumping the soup into the pan, you will then need to
guess on the amount of milk that you put into the sauce. The more milk that is added
the thinner the sauce will be, and the less milk that is added will give you a nicer
creamier sauce. It depends on how thick or thin you like your sauces. Make sure to
keep stirring the noodles through-out their cooking process, or they will all be stuck
together. While finishing cooking the noodles turn the heat down on the sauce so that
all it is going to do is warm up. You don’t want the sauce to boil or else it will take
longer to thicken up even if the amount of milk was small. It only takes about 3-5
minutes for the sauce to warm all the way through. Once the noodles are done then
you can strain the water off of them. Add about 1 tablespoon of butter to the drained
noodles and stir them really good to get that butter mixed in, this will keep the
noodles from sticking together until they can be served. Finally, all you need to do
now is dish up your plate of chicken primavera and enjoy. This recipe will feed
between 8-10 people in one sitting. If you need to make more than that, just double
the recipe and follow the same instructions. I hope that this meal was as quick, easy,
and delicious for you as it was for me.

2. How To Be A Good Friend

To be a good friend, an individual has to spend time working on her friendships, or
they will eventually fade. When two people first meet, they both need to be sure they
are acting in good manor, so they don’t scare the other away. After they meet and
start talking a few times, they will start getting to know each other, calling each other,
and spending more time with each other. That is how a friendship begins. After they
call each other “friends”, the friendship has to be made through the effort of more
than just one person, so each has to do her own part. Friendships shouldn’t take a lot
of money but they do take a lot of time and care. Friends should always listen to what
the other has to say, and then should give advice only when asked for it. No matter
how much friends are alike, everyone has differences, so a friend should be able to
accept their differences. After being a friend to a person for a long period of time, one
might get tired of hearing repeated problems every day, but a good friend will always
be there for her friend no matter what.

Paragraph by Description
Description is a writing that paints a word picture of a person, place, or thing. In general,
there are two kinds of descriptive paragraphs: Objective and Subjective.
Example:
1. Back in 1999 this fearless athlete posed in this football picture. In the far distance
below the cloudless sky stands an off-white stadium. Embedded in the center is
large, cracked, blue, painted, letters that spell out BISON. Beneath the old
stadium are rows of worn-out bleachers which are completely empty. Up in front
stands the competitor down on one knee. As you observe more, the sport player is
 wearing a blue Bison jersey sporting the number 60. To the left above the freshly
trimmed green grass that engulfs this player’s figure lays a football. In the center
of the picture, you see her pale white face and dark brown eyes. Around these
features you cannot help but notice the bronzed hair; which appears to be pulled
back around this slender face. Her stern look shows how proud she is;
nonetheless, all the confidence she carries on her padded up shoulders. This
unique woman is not only elegant and brave; she is my sister, Margaret Eva Hoyt.
2. In front of me on the table sat a beautiful pure white bowl, simplistic in design,
hiding a decadent surprise inside. In the bowl was hidden something that was not
so pure, however, the irresistible indulgence was worth every calorie that I knew
it contained. As I looked inside I saw on the bottom of the bowl a hot, tender
brownie loaded with macadamia nuts. I knew from past experience that the nuts
had a creamy and smooth texture, almost like white chocolate. On top of the
brownie were two firmly packed scoops of ice cream, laying side by side, each
one a different flavor, the scoop on the right was a rich vanilla, flecked with dark
specks of vanilla bean. The scoop on the left was a dark, smooth, bittersweet
chocolate. The scoops were just starting to melt tiny rivers of melted cream down
the sides of the hot brownie, pooling on the bottom of the pure white bowl. These
scoops of ice cream were draped with a sumptuous, rich, hot fudge sauce.
Topping the luscious sauce was an ample dollop of whipped cream that was in
perfect contrast to the dense, almost too rich dessert below. The whipped cream
was topped with a shower of chocolate sprinkles and finely chopped walnuts.
What finally completed this wonderful creation was a perfect maraschino cherry,
its red juice sending tiny streams down the whole mountain of dessert delight. The
contrast of colors, textures and flavors in this dessert appealed to every part of my
senses. I could not wait to eat it.
Paragraph by Classification
Classification organizes information into groups or categories. It means to sort similar
details or items and arranging them into base on one or two features common to all species in the
group.
Two states of classification paragraph
1. Who or what will you classify
2. How will you classify it
When to use classification paragraph:
The essence of classification paragraph is to communicate the idea by dividing
something big into smaller units.
Transitional terms for Classification
This word and phrases help the reader move from one category to another.
Example:
1. People looking to lose weight have a few options: exercise, diet, weight loss pills, and
surgery. Exercising involves going to a gym, working out at home, or joining some sort
of class or sports team. Those who are dieting can talk to a doctor about a plan for them.
Weight loss pills can be taken, if proper precautions and directions are followed.
Individuals who are severely overweight can talk to a doctor about having surgery to lose
the weight that they need.
2. Although friendship is something that most people enjoy, friendships are not all the same.
Some friendships are forged from a long-term familiarity with one another, and other
friendships can spring up just by spending one fun evening together. Not all friendships
result in daily or even weekly time spent together; long-term friendships can be kept
afloat using communication tools like the Internet and telephone, while other friendships
result in sporadic get-togethers sometimes months or even years apart. People seek
different things in friendship, meaning certain friendships result around trips to a diner or
video games while other friendships may occur due to a work relationship or general
common interests.

Paragraph by Analogy
Analogy is the reasoning or explaining from parallel cases. In other term, analogy is a
comparison between two different ideas or object that is not the same level of measurement.
Similes and metaphors are helpful tools in writing paragraph using analogy.
Example:
1. Falling in love is like skydiving. Skydiving is a risk because you are never 100% certain
that you will survive the fall. Likewise, falling in love is also a risk because you never
know if your love will survive. As you fall out of an airplane, your adrenalin is pumping,
your stomach is in knots and your heart is pounding in your chest. In love you also feel
this sense of euphoria and excitement. But like in skydiving, love does not come without
its challenges. You must learn to lose control and rely on your partner for help and
personal growth. In skydiving you are dependent on the parachute; without it you will
dye. In love you are dependent on your partner and must take your partner’s needs into
consideration. In skydiving, your first experience determines your love or loathing for the
sport. After the first jump, a person is enticed by the sport or else fearful and hesitant to
try another jump. So we can argue that in love, a person’s first experience in love can
also determine how they approach future relationships. If a person has a warm first love
experience, they will be open and willing to engage in other relationships. If, however,
the person is badly hurt and burnt so greatly by their first relationship, they will be very
hesitant to enter in a subsequent relationship.
2. The growth of human population in Indonesia is like as the fungi which grow in rainy
season. Fungi will be growing faster in rainy season than in dry season, look at your
around place in rainy season, you will find most fungi over there, many kinds of it grow
 everywhere and it’s growing so fast, but sometime it will disturb our comfortable in life,
because of it the environment looked dirty and cause the unpleasant smell. The growth of
human population in our country is so fast, and it may cause many problems in our life,
such as the problem of economic, our country is still confuse to solve that problem which
the longer progressively increasing. The economic gap between the rich and the poor is
very much, and it’s giving Indonesia as the poor country in the world because of the
increasing of human population in isn’t followed by the well progress of technology in
Indonesia. Another problem dealing with economic gab in Indonesia is about the
increasing of criminal act, the poor person tend to commit criminal act to meet their
needs, and it makes our comfortable life will be disturbed.

Paragraph by Cause and Effect

Cause and effect describe what would be the results of a certain narration or a
conclusion.
Ex.
1. Letting alcohol take control over your life has many negative effects on a person and
the people around them. One important effect is the damage you can do to your
body. Drinking can lead to severe illness and even eventual death; some health
consequences to consider might be liver disease, kidney failure and, for pregnant
women, the loss of their unborn child. Another detriment is that an addiction could
lead to drinking and driving; possibly causing a fatal car accident for either yourself
and/or an innocent by stander. Another concern to consider is the relationships
alcohol can destroy. Alcohol abuse can have very serious effect on a person’s
temperament, which can lead to spousal and even child abuse. Alcohol often is the
number one cause in divorce and spending time in jail. It can also affect
relationships outside of the family, many people have lost long friends whether it is
due to foolish arguments and behavior or possibly death. Lastly, drinking has
negative effects on self-esteem and rational thinking. People become more self-
centered, develop low self-esteem, doing things or behaving in ways that they would
not normally. They have little or no regard to the outcomes of what is said or done
when they grow reliant on getting that alcohol high. The negative effects of alcohol
abuse are overwhelming when considering the many consequences that drinkers and
the people around them have to deal with.
2. The lack of rain and snow has horrible effects on farmers. With no rain their land
dries up, and it is very difficult to grow anything. When the crops fail, the farmers
haven't any choice but to get a second job in order to make the money they need.
Farming is a full time job and with a second job, farmers are overworked, stressed
and even depressed. Many farmers end up selling their land. Some farmers have
accepted the government program the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), which
is the land is left idle to let the grass grow and must be left idle a certain number of
years. While the land is in the CRP program, some farmers have taken outside jobs.
 That is why when it doesn't rain, you notice that most of the farmers are very
crabby. As a farmer's daughter, I have experienced some good times and some bad
times. I have gained a great respect for farmers everywhere.

Paragraph by Definition
A definition is a statement that explain the meaning of a term.
Definiendum the term to be define.
Definiens is a cluster of words that defines that term.

1. Nominal Definition
Speaks about the term but not declaring anything about it.
Classification of Nominal Definition
a. By Etymology attained by tracing the origin of a term
b. By Description attained by describing the term
c. By Synonym it is done by giving a word equivalent to the term
d. By Example it is done by citing anything that will represent the term
2. Real Definition
Declares something about the term. Serves to explain about the nature and to distinguish
it from other term.
Classification of Real Definition
a. By Genus and Specific Difference explains the essence of a term by considering the
intelligible elements that make up the term
b. By Description it is done by stating the genus of the term but altering the specific
difference by giving the logical property
c. By Cause attained by stating the genus of the term but altering the specific difference
by tracing its cause
3. Formal Definition
It has three-part structure that includes the term to be defined. The TERM, CLASS and
DIFFERENTATION.
4. Definition Paragraph
Usually includes the three components of formal definition. It may define a term or
concept.
Example:
1. An amtrack is not a boat, however, it is a military vehicle that moves on the ocean as
well as on land. It’s an armored vehicle that weighs twenty-six tons. An amtrack’s job
is to carry troops from ships off shore onto the beach in an amphibious assault. It’s
made out of aluminum, with steel suspension. It has a tracked suspension, much like a
bulldozer. Its front end slopes upward toward the headlights in an effort to give it
greater ground clearance. It’s propelled on land by its tracked suspension; however, in
the water it uses two water jets. It has a turret that holds a fifty caliber machine gun,
and a forty millimeter, fully automatic, grenade launcher. It has a ramp on the back
that can be raised or lowered for the easy loading and unloading of troops. There is a
door built into this ramp so that when the ramp is up, people can still get in and out
through the back. It has three hatches behind the turret that can be opened to allow the
dropping of supplies into the vehicle, or to allow embarked infantry a means of
looking out. The driver looks out of a hatch on the front left side of the vehicle, while
the troop commander sits just behind him. The vehicle commander, sits in the turret
of the vehicle, and mans the machine guns. The amtrack is fully amphibious.
2. A racist can be defined as a prejudiced person who discriminates because of another
individual outer appearance or race. Racism can all start as a child being raised with
negative thoughts, or can be brought upon by personal reasons. For example, growing
up in a racist family will give adolescent awful thoughts about a race without even
experiencing how they really feel first hand. A different example of how one might
unfortunately choose to be racist would be if a person visits a country, and a negative
event took place; this person might become racist toward a group of people that lived
there all because of one personal event that happened. This is not a type of person that
treats people like how they want to treated, but it is a form of hatred toward a set of
people. This kind of person might use mental abuse, or they can even get physically
abusive toward the kind of race they are discriminate towards. They also can have a
type of attitude that thinks that they are better than certain groups and cultures.
Racism is a negative concept that put down people for no real reason. Racism is a
form of ignorance and inequity and only one could wish for this discrimination to
stop all together in order for everybody to get along.