Pattern formation in fluids Bénard experiment

•Rayleigh-Benard convection
•Marangoni convection
•Taylor Couette Flow

Rayleigh- Bénard convection Rayleigh- Bénard convection

Rayleigh Bénard hexagons

Cool

Hot

Cool

Hot

RB convection: the microscopic equations RB convection: the microscopic equations

dp
How will fluid flow? F
dt Navier Stokes equation
dmu
dt
 −AΔp − AΔ − mgẑ ∂
 u  ∇ u  −∇P − ∇   −gẑ
∂t

Viscous force  ij   ∂ i u j  ∂ j u i − 23  ij ∂ ℓ u ℓ   ij ∂ ℓ u ℓ
Gravitional force  shear viscosity P pressure
AΔp AΔp
 AΔx  ∇p  bulk viscosity  mass density
V mass conservation
du
dt
 −∇p − ∇ − gẑ ∂
 ∇ u  0 C p specific heat
∂t
analogously to eq. 6.12 Barabasi heat conservation K thermal conductivity
∂
∂t
 u  ∇ u  −∇p − ∇ − gẑ ∂
∂t
 u  ∇ C p T  ∇ K∇T
Navier Stokes equation

1
 RB convection: the microscopic equations RB convection: the microscopic equations
∂
∂t
 u  ∇ u  −∇P − ∇   −gẑ Oberbeck-Boussinesq equations:
 ij   ∂ i u j  ∂ j u i − 23  ij ∂ ℓ u ℓ   ij ∂ ℓ u ℓ ∂ 
∂t
 u  ∇ u   −∇P/ −  ∇ 2 u gTẑ
∂
∂t
 ∇ u  0 ∇u  0
∂
∂t
 u  ∇ C p T  ∇ K∇T Buoyancy ∂
∂t
u∇ T  K
Cp
∇ 2T
T, , T, , KT, , PT,  “Non-Boussinesq effects”
Oberbeck-Boussinesq T, , T, , KT, , PT, 

RB convection: poor-mans solution Rayleigh- Bénard convection

∂
 : − 1 ∂T
Tt Tt
h h
Tb Tb
Tb  Tt Buoyancy must act faster than dissipation + diffusion
ΔT  T b − T t gΔ  gΔT
  ΔT/h F
 ma  mV a   h } 2
B  h
gΔT
V V  2B
T 0 z   T b − z
∂
Thermal expansion  : − 1 ∂T

Rayleigh- Bénard convection Rayleigh- Bénard convection

Tt Tt
h h
Tb Tb
Buoyancy must act faster than dissipation + diffusion
k
h 3 g Δ T
h2 h2
R 
 2B  h
gΔT
     

 kinematic viscosity k  h −1 precisely k = 3.117/h

 thermal diffusivity There are no other length scales in the problem
  h 3 gΔT
R    1708 Rayleigh number
 2B

2
 Rayleigh- Bénard convection: pde’s RB convection: onset of instability
MECHANICAL ∂v z
 ∂
2v

Viscosity decreases fluid flow

∂v z
 ∂
2v
z
∂t
z
 g v z  v 0 e ikxt 
∂t ∂x 2
∂x 2
∂
 ∂2
 v z    0 e ikxt
a  F/ m  f / ∂t ∂x 2

a  f viscous /  f buoyancy / v 0 i  −v 0 k 2  g 0

∂v z
  ∂2v z
 g   T − T 0 z  0 i  −0 k 2  v 0
∂t ∂x 2
−k 2 g v0 v 0
THERMAL i
 −k 2 0 0 
∂
 ∂
2

∂t
v z h 3 gΔT
∂x 2
Any v 0 , 0 ; det0  k 4  g R  
transport of heat due to fluid flow h 3 ΔT
R onset  
k 4 For large k only for small k dissipation
due to vx is important...

RB convection: onset of instability RB convection: onset of instability

∂v z ∂2v z
R onset  h ΔT k 4
3

∂t
   g was used. R onset  k −2
∂x 2
small k large k
But what about dissipation due to v x
∇  v  0  ∂v∂xx  ∂v∂zz  0
vx changes from 0 to 0
over a length k/2
vz changes from 0 to 0
over a length h kv x  vz
h
 vx  vz
kh
Dissipation  v 2x  k −2 E = Eckhaus instability
buoyancy
R  R c ≃ 1708  R onset  k −2
dissipationk −2
h 3 gΔT
R   R c k −2 Z = Zig-zag instability

Rayleigh Bénard stability diagram Rayleigh Bénard rolls and hexagons

3
 Rolls versus hexagons: who wins? RB: Start of instability
σ(k)
Rc

growth rate
instable
•How does an instability start?
•How does the amplitude grow?
•How does a disturbance grow? stable
•Are rolls stable? k0 k k0 k

k   −1
0 −  20 k − k0  2
simpler
close to onset |k − k 0 | ≃ 0    −1
0 
∂A
 ∂t
 A

RB: growth of amplitude RB: growth of amplitude

∂A
 A A  A0 e t growth rate    ∂A i
n n
∂t
∂t
 A i −  n3 A i ∑  ij A j − A i ∑ g ij |A j | 2
n n
∂A i j1 j1
∂t
 A i −  n3 A i ∑  ij A j − A i ∑ g ij |A j | 2 A 1  AS   1
j1 j1
stability of rolls vs squares: g ii  1 ∂A S  1 
∂t
 AS  1  − AS   1  g11 A S   1 2  g12 A S  2 2
∂A S  1 
A1  AS   1  AS   1 ∂t
 AS   1  − AS   1 A 2S  2AS  1   g12 A 2S  2AS  2 
∂A S  1 
A2  AS   2  AS −  1 ∂t
 AS   1  − A3S  3A 2S  1  g 12 A 3S  g 12 A2S  1  2g 12 A2S  2 
∂A S
∂A S g11 = 1  A S − A3S − g 12 A 3S
∂t
 AS − A3S − g 12 A3S ∂t
∂ 1
  1 − 3A2S  1 − g 12 A2S  1 − 2g 12 A2S  2
 A2S  g 12 A 2S ∂t

RB: growth of disturbance

RB: growth of amplitude ∂ 1
∂ 1  −2A 2S  1 − 2g 12 A 2S  2
∂t
  1 − 3A2S  1 − g 12 A2S  1 − 2g 12 A2S  2 ∂t
 i  e t
∂ 2
2 ∂t
 −2g 12 A S  1 − 2A S  2
2 2

  A2S  g 12 A 2S  1  −2A2S  1 − 2g 12 A2S  2

∂ 1  2  −2g 12 A2S  1 − 2A2S  2
∂t
 −2A 2S  1 − 2g 12 A 2S  2
− − 2A 2S −2g 12 A 2S
0
−2g 12 A 2S − − 2A2S

− − 2A2S   −2g 12 A 2S
  −2A2S ∓ 2g 12 A 2S

4
 RB: growth of disturbance RB: Are rolls stable?
  −2A 2S ∓ 2g 12 A2S
   −2A2S  2gA2S 

Hexagon amplitude
 1  − 2 in   −2A  − 2g A 
2 2
1 S 1
  −2g A  − 2A 
2 12
2
12 S 2
2
Stable
S 1 S 2

  −21 − g 12 A2S Hexagons

rolls are stable if g 12  1 Rolls
g ij  G ij 
Control parameter
Gertsberg and Sivashinsky e
tud
G ij   23 1  2 cos 2  ij  G0  1 mpl i
a
R oll

  1
3


Rayleigh Bénard spatial temporal chaos Marangoni convection

Cool
spiral
Hot Surface tension
Hot Cool

Hot
Higher surface tension in cooler places
Numerical investigation: Egolf et al Nature 404 (2000) 733 pulls on warmer fluid

Marangoni convection Marangoni convection

Surface tension Σ pull must act faster Surface tension pull faster than dissipation + diffusion
than dissipation + diffusion
 is energy/area  force/length  F/L  2M  h 3
  h2
   h2

− ∂ ΔT
ΔT induces F/L  − ∂∂T ΔT ∂T
h − ∂ ΔT
 
F
 − 12 ∂∂T ΔT h M  ∂T
 80 Marangoni number
V
F

h
ma
 m
a
2 
h
} M − 12 ∂
h ∂T
ΔT
 2M
 


h 3 gΔT
V V V  2M R    1708
 2B

 2M  h 3 Mh R  h3
− ∂ ΔT
∂T ΔT crit  M  h −1 ΔT crit  R  h −3
small h  ΔT crit  M ΔT crit  R

5
 Marangoni convection Marangoni convection in mixtures
Look
Zie dennotwijn
thouniet
upon thealswine
aan, whenrood
hij zich it isvertoond,
red,
als hij in den beker zijn verve geeft, cup,
when it giveth his colour in the
when
als hijitrecht
moveth itself aright. Proverbs
opgaat 23:3123:31
Spreuken

Alcohol evaporates ⇒
Alcohol Higher surface tension ⇒
Fluid moves to hst ⇒
H2O+Alcohol Fluid moves up ⇒
Where the fluid is rising there is a trough ! Water tears run down

Marangoni convection in mixtures Convection rolls in the earth

Tia Maria + cream
Alcohol
Heavy H20

cream
Light H2O+alcohol
Alcohol

H2O+Alcohol

Convection rolls: parallel clouds Mysterious striped currents in the oceans

from an airplane:

NewScientist (21 April 2008 )

6
 Convection cells and main wind direction Taylor Couette Flow

Why this stratification? Earth is rotating !

Taylor Couette Flow Taylor Couette Flow

No centrifugal force

Centrifugal force

Taylor Couette Flow Taylor Couette Flow

rolls rolls + undulations rolls + turbulence laminar flow + turbulence

7
 TC: stability if L 2 − L 20  0 TC: stability if
Angular momentum L  L 0  dr r − r 0 
dL

Fcf(1) L  I  mr 2  L 0  L − dL r − r 0 
dr
0
F cf  ma  m 2 r L 0  L − 2L dL
2 2 r − r 0 
dr
L2
F cf 
L 20
mr 3 L 2 − L20  2L dL
dr
r − r 0   0
F displ.
 3
1
cf mr L dL 0 L  mr 2 
Stability: pressure gradient counteracts Fcf dr
d
2
dL
 2mr   mr 2
F pg 1  F cf 1  L 3 dr dr
mr
L dL  2m 2 r 3  2  m 2 r 4  d 0 m 2r 2  0
displ.
Stable if F pg 1  F cf 1 L  2
L 20 dr dr
2r  2  r 2  ddr  0 But what is d
?
 L2 − L 20 0 dr

TC: stability if - Couette flow TC: stability if

 2 R22 − 1 R21  1 − 2 R21 R22 1
Navier Stokes equation in cylindrical coordinates  
R22 −R21 R22 −R21 r2
Static situation, non-viscous  1 − 2 R21 R22
d
 −2
d2v dr R22 −R21 r 3
2
 1r dv
dr
− v2  0
dr r
v  ar  b
with boundary conditions: (  v
 2r2 2  r 32  ddr  0
r r
 2 R2 − 1 R21
2
 − R2 R2
  1 2 2 2 1 2 12 r2 −
1 −2 R21 R22
0
R2 −R1
2 2
R2 −R1 r
R22 −R21
 1 − 2 R21 R22
d
 −2 2 R22 −1 R21
r2 
1 − 2 R21 R22
−
 1 −2 R21R22
0
dr R22 −R21 r 3
R22 −R21 R22 −R21 R22 −R21

2r  2  r 2  d
dr
0  2 R22 − 1 R21
r2   0
R22 −R21

TC: stability if TC: stability if

 2 R22 − 1 R21  2 R22 − 1 R21
r2   0 0 r2   0 0
R22 −R21 R22 −R21

 2 R 22 −  1 R 21   0  2 R 22 −  1 R 21   0
Case 1: counterrotation Case 2: parallel rotation
ω changes sign always unstable ω>0
stable if  2 R 22   1 R 21

8
Taylor Couette Flow: phase diagram
 2 R 22   1 R 21

stable