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Position: Manager Asset Management
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Services
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Review Frequency ** 3 yearly
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Next Review Date ** February 2017
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* Shall be the Process Owner and is the person assigned authority and responsibility for managing the whole
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process, end-to-end, which may extend across more than one division and/or functions, in order to deliver agreed
business results.
** Frequency period is dependent upon circumstances– maximum is 5 years from last issue, review, or revision
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whichever is the latest. If left blank, the default shall be 1 year unless otherwise specified.
Revision Control
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FOREWORD ............................................................................................................ 10
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 11
1.1 General ................................................................................................................ 11
1.2 Pre – Line Design Considerations ........................................................................ 11
2 DESIGN PROCESS.................................................................................... 13
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2.1 Determine Design Inputs ...................................................................................... 13
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2.2 Selection of Route ................................................................................................ 16
2.3 Selection of Conductor Size and Type .................................................................. 16
2.4 Route Survey and Ground Line Profile ................................................................. 16
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2.5 Conductor Stringing Tension and Ruling Span ..................................................... 17
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2.6 Selection of Poles and Pole Tops ......................................................................... 17
2.7 Selecting Pole Positions and Pole Top Construction ............................................ 18
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2.8 Drawing Line Profile ............................................................................................. 19
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3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES................................................................................ 22
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3.6.1 Ultimate Strength Limit State ................................................................................................ 31
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3.6.2 Serviceability Limit State ....................................................................................................... 31
3.6.3 Strength Reduction Factors .................................................................................................. 31
3.7 Load Combinations............................................................................................... 32
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3.7.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 32
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3.7.1.1 Permanent Loads ................................................................................................................................ 33
3.7.2 Load Conditions and Load Factors ....................................................................................... 33
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3.7.2.1 Maximum Wind and Maximum Weight ................................................................................................ 33
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4.4.3.5 Earthed Poles ...................................................................................................................................... 49
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4.4.3.6 Minimising Deviation Angles ............................................................................................................... 50
4.4.3.7 Proximity to Underground Services ..................................................................................................... 51
4.4.3.8 Road Intersections .............................................................................................................................. 51
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4.4.3.9 Driveway Crossovers .......................................................................................................................... 52
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4.4.3.10 Easements .......................................................................................................................................... 53
4.4.3.11 Circuit Overhang ................................................................................................................................. 53
4.4.3.12 Stays ................................................................................................................................................... 53
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4.4.3.13 Common Lot Boundary Projection ...................................................................................................... 54
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5 STAYS ........................................................................................................ 55
5.1 General ................................................................................................................ 55
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6 INSULATORS ............................................................................................ 58
6.1 Insulator Design.................................................................................................... 58
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7 CROSS-ARMS ........................................................................................... 63
7.1 Allowable Stress Limits ......................................................................................... 63
7.1.1 Wood Cross-arms ................................................................................................................. 63
7.1.2 Steel Cross-arms .................................................................................................................. 63
7.1.3 Standard Cross-arms ............................................................................................................ 63
7.2 Cross-arm Formulae ............................................................................................. 63
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7.2.1 Cross-arm Strength............................................................................................................... 63
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7.2.1.1 Intermediate and Angle Cross-arm:..................................................................................................... 63
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7.2.1.2 Termination Cross-arm........................................................................................................................ 63
7.2.2 Loads on Cross-arms ........................................................................................................... 64
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7.2.2.1 Intermediate ........................................................................................................................................ 64
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7.2.2.2 Angle ................................................................................................................................................... 64
7.2.2.3 Termination ......................................................................................................................................... 65
8 CONDUCTORS .......................................................................................... 69
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8.4 Formulae .............................................................................................................. 87
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8.4.1 Ruling Span .......................................................................................................................... 87
8.4.2 Sag ........................................................................................................................................ 87
8.4.2.1 Supports at Same Level: ..................................................................................................................... 87
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8.4.2.2 Supports at Different Levels: ............................................................................................................... 87
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8.4.2.3 At any Point X: .................................................................................................................................... 87
8.4.3 Tension ................................................................................................................................. 88
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8.4.3.1 Set Conditions: .................................................................................................................................... 88
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10.1.4 Use of Computer Packages ................................................................................................ 105
10.1.5 Aspects of Electrical Design ............................................................................................... 106
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10.2 Determination of Recommended Load Demand Values ..................................... 106
10.2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 106
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10.2.2 Effect of Load Diversity on Maximum Demand .................................................................. 107
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10.2.3 Determination of Design Load Demand Values ................................................................. 107
10.2.4 Application of After Diversity Maximum Demand (ADMD) ................................................. 108
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10.2.5 Residential Load ADMDs .................................................................................................... 109
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12.3 Design for Impulse voltages................................................................................ 122
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12.3.1 Lightning ............................................................................................................................. 122
12.3.1.1 Direct Strikes ..................................................................................................................................... 122
12.3.1.2 Induced Strokes ................................................................................................................................ 126
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12.3.2 Current ................................................................................................................................ 127
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12.3.3 Surge Impedance................................................................................................................ 127
12.3.4 Lightning Protection using Surge Arresters ........................................................................ 127
12.3.5 Selection of Surge Arresters ............................................................................................... 127
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Volume 4: Underground Residential Distribution (URD)
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Volume 5: Overhead Bare Conductor Distribution
The DDM will also serve to initiate "newcomers" to distribution work in Horizon Power without
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them having to start from scratch. It serves to establish "standards" for design work to ensure
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that we get the best value from our facilities - not only in terms of initial cost, but also in terms
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of component availability, length of service life and cost-effective maintenance. In addition to
this, the DDM will also serve as a teaching aid for courses run by Horizon Power.
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This volume describes the engineering process involved in designing and providing
electricity supplies using bare overhead conductor.
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It describes the design process in detail, making use of standardised design information for
use with routine work.
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networks. These assets involve large amounts of capital expenditure, both by
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Horizon Power and customers. Also, these lines need to be properly designed
and constructed and it is imperative that a high level of engineering input is put
into their designs, particularly because these lines may be built in cyclonic areas.
Effort expended here could avoid unnecessary expenses for Horizon Power and
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customers and ensure that the customer's requirements and all of Horizon
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Power's requirements are catered for.
Each overhead line requires different design considerations, configurations,
layouts, etc. As such, there may be many different ways to approach a design.
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The information contained in this manual will assist the designer to develop a
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structured design approach, and ensure that the optimum line configuration is
selected at all times.
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overhead distribution power lines. These requirements fall within the broader
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National Standards and Guidelines (e.g. AS 7000). This manual has been put in
place to facilitate the development of innovative project designs that will aim at:
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The generalised design process is shown in Figure 2.1.
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2.1 Determine Design Inputs
Prior to commencing design, it is important to collect and document all relevant
design inputs. This may include:
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a) planning reports, concept, specification or customer request for supply
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initiating the project;
b) load details, disturbing loads etc;
c) special requirements of customers or stakeholders (e.g. supply reliability);
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d) system planning requirements;
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The designer should take into consideration the environmental factors which
could influence the design of the supply arrangement, e.g. selection of and
location of equipment, etc.
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wire system to shield the conductors, in the line design, even though this is not
normal practice for distribution lines.
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Similar considerations should apply for lines or installations close to the coast,
which are subjected to high salt-pollution levels. High pollution insulators may be
incorporated in the line design.
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Section 6.12) environmental and heritage impacts must be investigated and
managed by the applicant for power supply and their agent. Issues may include
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but are not limited to the following:
a) Aboriginal heritage sites and objects of suspected aboriginal origin;
b) Acid sulphate soils;
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c) Bio-security weeds, pests and disease spread (e.g. dieback disease);
d) Declared rare flora and threatened ecological communities;
e) Dust;
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f) Erosion;
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i) Noise;
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j) Protected wetlands;
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The design should be 'traceable' back to a set of design inputs. Persons other
than the original designer should be able to review the design and see why it was
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Select Route
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Conduct Route Survey and Draw Ground Line Profile
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Select Conductor Stringing Tension and Determine Typical Span Length
Design Satisfactory
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g) Compatibility with future development;
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h) Waterways, parks and natural habitat; and
i) Terrain suitability and ground conditions (excavation, pole foundation etc.)
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2.3 Selection of Conductor Size and Type
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Selection of conductors is covered in section 8.1. Factors influencing selection
include:
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a) Load current and whether the line is 'backbone' or a spur;
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b) Terrain and site features, e.g. trees, access tracks, fences, gullies; and
c) Ground line rise and fall along the route.
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Ground line profiling may not be necessary for minor projects in urban areas
where the ground is reasonably level or has a consistent slope throughout and
there are no on site obstructions.
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The designer can check worst case ground clearances by deducting the sag in
the span from the height of the supports at either end by taking the following
measurements:
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a) Conductor temperature
b) Conductor size/type
c) Ambient temperature
d) Conductor attachment point with respect to ground level
e) Strain points
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the project. For many distribution lines, a simple electronic distance measuring
device and inclinometer are adequate. Elsewhere, use of a high end GPS unit or
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LiDAR may be warranted. The route is broken up into segments, typically
corresponding with 'knee points' or changes in gradient. Slope distance and
inclination measurements for each segment can be converted to chainage and
reduced level (RL) values to facilitate plotting as follows:
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Software packages can be used to plot survey data. Apart from the ground line,
various features and stations must be shown, including existing poles, gullies,
fences, obstacles, roadways. A clearance line is then drawn offset from the
ground line, according to the minimum vertical clearances that apply (refer
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chapter 8).
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Ruling Span.
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Typical pole sizes are presented in Table 4.7. When selecting poles, potential
future sub-circuits and streetlight mounting must be considered, if these are
identified / known during the design phase.
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Apart from spanning and angular limitations, selecting a suitable pole top
configuration should take in to account:
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given the attachment heights on poles, the sag at the nominated stringing tension
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and the required ground clearance. Also check the spanning capability of the
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pole top constructions to be used. Position poles along the route so that this
spacing is not exceeded. If there are gullies between poles, the spacing can be
increased and if there are 'humps' mid-span, span lengths can be reduced.
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Strain Points, Pole Details and Pole Top Constructions have to be determined.
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Strain point locations need to be determined:
1) To isolate electrically different circuits.
2) To keep very short spans or very long spans mechanically separate, such
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that all spans in a strain section are of similar length (no span less than half
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or more than double the ruling span length, and on tight-strung lines, the
longest span not more than double the shortest span). Failure to limit span
variance can cause excess sagging in longest span at higher design
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temperature loadings.
3) To isolate critical spans, e.g. spans over a river, major highway or railway
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adequate capacity must be available for the deviation angle at each site.
4) Pole strengths and foundation types/sinking depths must be nominated as
a first pass, as these may need to be amended later once tip loads are
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2.9 Checking Clearances
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2.9.1 Ground Clearance
If the line profile screen shows that there is insufficient ground clearance (refer to
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clause 8.3.2) the designer may need to:
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• Reduce span length;
• Increase stringing tension;
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• Increase pole height; and
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Where there are spans with an upper circuit and a lower circuit, the inter circuit
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2.9.3 Uplift
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Poles at the bottom of a hill or in a gully are prone to uplift. Under cold conditions,
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the conductors heading up the slope will become tight and pull upward on
structures, causing damage.
Uplift is generally not a problem if it is on one side of the structure only and offset
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on the opposite side by a downward force, as may occur with a line with
successive spans running down a steep slope. However, if on both sides of an
intermediate structure such as a suspension or pin construction, it needs to be
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clearance.
Uplift is managed in different ways in line design software packages. It is
important to verify how to conduct this important check.
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c) Relocating poles to a different alignment;
d) Ensuring that poles are placed in line with any objects, so that there is nil
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blow out;
e) Using different pole top constructions, e.g. vertical construction;
f) Using insulated cables or underground cables rather than bare conductors
where feasible;
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g) Relocating objects affected, where feasible, e.g. Streetlights; and
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Tip load calculations must be undertaken for each of the poles, in the line. Forces
exerted by conductors are detailed in Chapter 3. Conductors attached
significantly below the tip have their applied force scaled down proportionately.
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Forces are added as vectors, not scalar quantities unless in the same direction.
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The applied tip load is then compared with the capacity of the pole.
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Where the pole has more than adequate strength, the designer may investigate
whether it is feasible to drop down to a smaller size, e.g. from a 24 kN to an
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sizing and positioning are given in Chapter 5. Where space for a stay is restricted
or a pole is unsuitable for staying, the designer may reduce stringing tensions, or
even use a short, slack span, then stay the next pole along as shown in
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Figure 2.2. The decision to use a stay should be a last resort, especially in high
traffic, livestock movement or arable cropping land areas.
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3.2 Security Levels
All overhead lines should be designed for a selected security level relevant to
the lines importance to the system (including consideration of system
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redundancy), its location and exposure to climatic conditions, and with due
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consideration for public safety and design working life.
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AS 7000 (Chapter 6) provides a framework to evaluate and select standard
designs to suit a relevant security level appropriate to a particular line, line
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construction class or line type.
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Table 3.1 - Ultimate Limit State Wind Return Periods for Service Life
and Line Security Levels
Minimum design wind return period ( all wind regions)
Line security level
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Service life Level 1 Level 2 Level
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3polycarp3
Temporary construction and construction
equipment, e.g. hurdles, scaffolding and
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temporary line diversions with design life of
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less than 6 months
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< 5 years 10 20 40
25 years 25 50 100
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50 years 50 100 200
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in terms of time and cost. In such case, a higher security level must be
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support failure due to an external cause such as major wind storm with
extensive wind borne debris or major flooding.
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When a single pole fails and conductors are broken (due to say, vehicle
impact or storm debris overload), the adjacent poles deflect such that they
may provide sufficient release of load in the conductors to limit the extent of
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specified serviceability criteria. This recognises that cumulative deterioration of
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the structure over time will occur, due to ‘wear and tear’ or environmental effects.
Therefore, in order to maintain structural integrity within adequate design
margins, adequate maintenance and possible minor repairs will be required from
time to time to maintain the structure in a safe and useable condition over its
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service life.
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Structures and fittings located close to the sea typically within 1.0 km from the
sea will be subjected to more severe exposure and would normally require either
special protection or a shorter service life. Experience in these coastal regions
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suggests that metallic fittings will be the weakest link over time and may need to
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be replaced more than once during the service life of the structure.
Horizon Power is committed to using steel poles on new lines and when
replacing poles on existing lines. The above ground service life of steel poles is
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using 600 g/m2, of zinc galvanizing on steel, the above ground service life can be
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extended to 75 years.
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Added protection will be required for the portion of the steel pole embedded in
the ground and just above ground line to prevent degradation and loss of
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• there are adequate clearances – between the conductors and the ground
or from other objects in the vicinity of the line, as well as between the
various phase conductors and circuits themselves so that clashing does
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not occur.
The line must comply with these requirements over the full design range of
weather and other load conditions that could reasonably encountered – when the
line is cold and taut, when at its maximum design temperature and consequently
when conductor sag is at a maximum, and under maximum wind conditions. The
load conditions to be considered for Horizon Power lines are set out in the
following sections, where applicable wind pressures, temperatures and load
factors are provided.
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Vertical loads
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Vertical loads include the weight of conductors, earth wires, cross arms and pole
mounted plant such as transformers.
Transverse loads
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Transverse loads are caused by wind on conductor and structure and horizontal
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tension from deviation angle in the line.
Longitudinal loads
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Longitudinal loads are caused by difference in conductor tension on either side of
termination structures, adjacent spans being of different lengths and an abnormal
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risk.
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3.4.3.1 Electro Magnetic Field Exposures
Due to the need to provide supply to customers, the options available to
designers in locating distribution lines and substations are limited. Distribution
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lines, by their very nature and function are normally located in road reserves to
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provide supply to customers on both sides of the road. Where practicable to
reduce electromagnetic exposures: distribution lines should be:
a) Located on the opposite side of the road from areas such as schools,
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kindergartens, child-care centres and the like.
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b) Sited away from the walls of multi storey buildings or areas where children
congregate.
c) Located on the side of the road bordered by open spaces where
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applicable.
Prudent design options to reduce electromagnetic exposures from distribution
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i. Use of aerial bundled cables for low voltage reticulation to provide more
effective field cancellation
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iii. Adopt a low reactance (RWB/BWR) phasing when current flow in both
circuits is in the same direction for new double circuit lines,
iv. For lines with both medium and low voltage conductors, the phasing on
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γx = are load factors which take into account variability of loads, importance
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of structure, stringing, maintenance and safety considerations etc.
Wn = wind load based on a selected return period wind
φ = the strength reduction factor which takes into account variability of
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material, workmanship etc.
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Rn = the nominal strength of the component
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3.5.1 Limit States
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To maintain structural integrity, the structure strength must always exceed the
applied mechanical load, otherwise the line passes beyond the limit of its intact
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state to a damaged state or failed state. Beyond these limits, the line no longer
satisfies the design performance requirements. Limit state design principles will
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Limit state design approach takes into account statistical variations in loads and
material properties of structures such as poles to achieve a desired level of
reliability.
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Limit state loads are compared with limit state strength (includes deflection limit
state). The limit state strength needs to be greater than the limit state loads for
each load combination. Also, the design deflection limits need to be greater than
the load effect on deflection.
Limit state principles apply to other components of an overhead power line
including conductors and insulators, and also to electrical clearances. All
electrical components have properties which vary with manufacturing and
weather conditions.
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3.5.3 Design Wind Speed
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A complete coverage of wind loading is given in Appendix B of AS 7000
Standards.
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The design site wind speed is taken as -
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Vz = V50 Md Mz,cat Ms Mt
where
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Mz,cat = gust winds speed multiplier for terrain category (From Table 3.4 ) based
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on AS/NZS 1170.2
Md = wind direction multiplier (taken as equal to 1, for wind in any direction)
Ms = shielding multiplier is taken as equal to 1 ignoring the effects of
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V 50 = basic regional wind velocity for the region corresponding to the 50 year
return period. (39, 52 and 60 m/s for regions A, C and D respectively)
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Please note that for V 100 , the corresponding values are 41, 56 and 66
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Transformers 1.5
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Regulators 1.2
Conductors (assumed SRF =1) 1.0
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Cross–arms (end/wide face) 1.2/1.6
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Terrain
Description
Category
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Open terrain, water surfaces, grassland with few well scattered
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obstructions having heights generally from 1.5 m to 10.0 m.
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Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions 3 m to 5 m
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high such as areas of suburban housing.
Region Description
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V50 V100
900 1000
200 kms from the coast
1600 1900
2150 2600
Carnarvon
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3.5.6 Temperature
Ambient temperature for Region A is 40 °C (summer) and 15 °C (winter) and for
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Regions C & D 45 °C (summer) and 35 °C (winter).
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Maximum conductor temperature must not exceed 75 °C, to ensure that electrical
clearances are maintained.
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3.6 Strength and Serviceability Limit States
Serviceability limit state is the state beyond which specified service criteria for a
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structure or a structural element is no longer met. In this state, a structure and all
its components mechanically function whilst maintaining prescribed electrical
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clearances.
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Table 3.6 – Strength Reduction Factors (as per Table 6.2 of AS 7000)
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Strength
Component of Overhead Line Limit State Reduction Factor
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(φ)
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Fittings and pins, forged or Strength 0.95
fabricated/cast
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Fittings, cast Strength 0.9
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insulator units
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Porcelain or glass insulators ( other than Strength 0.8
cap and pin string insulator units)
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cantilever load)
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3.7.1 General
In the design of an overhead line, a range of loading conditions shall be
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considered that will provide due consideration for all possible service conditions
that the line and individual supports may be subjected to throughout its service
life. Load factors are used to reflect the uncertainty in the derivation of the
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particular load. The value of each load component shall be calculated separately
for each loading condition.
These shall include the potential effects of differential wire tensions across the
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structure due to the effects of unequal spans and wind pressures that may exist
at the structure.
Ultimate and serviceability limit state loads are to be considered in determining
structure deflections and strength ratings.
For loadings less than the serviceability limit, the deflections shall be limited to a
value that ensures that electrical clearances are not infringed.
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3.7.2 Load Conditions and Load Factors
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The following load conditions and factors shall be used to determine the loading
on structures:
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Wn - wind load based on a selected wind period
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Ft - load on structure due to intact horizontal component of conductor tension in
the direction of the line for the appropriate wind load
Gc - Vertical load due to conductors
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Gs - Vertical load due to cross-arms, insulators and fittings
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AS 7000)
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AS 7000)
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The unbalance tension (Fb) resulting from these broken conductors is the
residual static load (RSL) in the aerial phase conductors after severance of a
conductor, or the collapse of a conductor support system. For aerial conductors
supported by suspension insulator strings, an RSL factor of 0.7 must be used,
otherwise 0.8 is used.
The unbroken conductors will be subject to the “Intact Conductor Tensions (Ft)”.
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ℎ. 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 . 0.5(𝐷𝐷𝐺𝐺 + 𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 ). 10−3+𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 . 𝑑𝑑. 𝐿𝐿. 10−3 + ℎ. 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 . (𝐶𝐶ℎ . 𝐶𝐶𝑤𝑤 ). 10−3 + ℎ. 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 . (𝐼𝐼ℎ . 𝐼𝐼𝑤𝑤 ). 10−3
S
U Y
LE
15 N 7 B
3.8.2 Angle Pole
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (15°𝐶𝐶, 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 +
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 +wind on cross-arm + wind on insulators
20 IG 1
= 2𝑇𝑇(15, Pc) sin 𝐴𝐴�2 + 10−3 . 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 . 𝑑𝑑. 𝐿𝐿 cos 𝐴𝐴�2 + ℎ. 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 . 0.5(𝐷𝐷𝐺𝐺 +
R
2- S /20
𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 ). 10−3+𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 . 𝑑𝑑. 𝐿𝐿. 10−3 + ℎ. 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥 . (𝐶𝐶ℎ . 𝐶𝐶𝑤𝑤 ). 10−3 + ℎ. 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝 . (𝐼𝐼ℎ . 𝐼𝐼𝑤𝑤 ). 10−3
= 𝑻𝑻(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏)
D U E
= 𝑻𝑻(𝟓𝟓, 𝟎𝟎)
C RI SE
Note: See section on stays for crippling load formulae. If an object of significant
H IST ER
area (e.g. transformer, recloser, large insulator) is erected on any pole then the
wind load on that object must be included in the calculation.
Having calculated the loads, they are referred to the pole reference point and
then summed.
S
S
U Y
DG Diameter at ground-line (mm)
LE
15 N 7 B
DT Diameter of Pole at top of pole (mm)
Ch Height of cross-arm (mm)
20 IG 1
Cw Width of cross-arm (mm)
R
2- S /20
Ih Height of insulator (mm)
Iw Width of insulator (mm)
00 DE 5
h Height of pole above ground level (m)
-0 N 4/0
Determine the required pole loads and foundation size for a 11 kV/415 V line
in the Kununurra area. Consider a 12.5 m steel pole, with a 15° line
deviation and with a ruling span (RS) of 45 m. Neighbouring spans are 40 m
S
11 kV Conductor positions:
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U Y
Conductor 1: 1.2 m left, 10.2 m above ground
LE
Conductor 2: above top of pole, 10.6 m above ground
15 N 7 B
LV Bracket - ABC
102
Conductor 3: 1.2 m right, 10.2 m above ground
415 V Cable type:
20 IG 1
4 × 95 mm2 LV Aerial Bundled Cable (ABC) to AS/NZS 3560
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2- S /20
and strung at 7% of CBL at 15° C. 8700
Pole)
C RI SE
soil.
P
CALCULATIONS
S
U Y
changed to Ms = 1 following review, although in this example Ms = 0.85 has not been
changed)
LE
15 N 7 B
Regional wind speed V50 = 52 m/s (clause 3.5.3)
Design site wind speed = 52 × 0.945 × 0.85 = 41.77 m/s (clause 3.5.3)
Design wind pressure = 1.05 kPa
20 IG 1
SRF = 0.92 (clause 3.5.5)
R
2- S /20
Conductor Loads
00 DE 5
Conductor loads under the following conditions can be determined using the
Overhead line simulation program.
-0 N 4/0
11 kV Conductor load
01 IO 0
1.78 kN
-9 B D
4.16 kN
Short duration load condition 15°C 1.05 kPa (maximum F t = 10.48
P
wind) kN
Intact conductor tension under 15°C 0.5 kPa F t = 6.23
average wind kN
Failure containment loads (Fc) 15°C 0.24 kPa (0.25 x 1.05) Ft =
4.47 kN
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U Y
Capacity of 11 kV Conductor
LE
15 N 7 B
The capacity of the 11 kV conductor must be determined.
Strength factor φ = 0.5 from Table 3.6, to satisfy serviceability condition
Rn = 31.9 kN (CBL for conductor)
20 IG 1
R
φRn
2- S /20
= 15.95 kN
Conductor short duration load of 1.25 x 5.11 = 6.4 kN, is the highest tension
that the conductor would be subject to, therefore for each 11 kV conductor,
00 DE 5
capacity: 15.95 > 6.4, i.e. φRn > load is satisfied.
-0 N 4/0
φRn = 26.6 kN
-9 B D
Conductor short duration load of 1.25 x 10.48 = 13.1 kN, is the highest
C RI SE
tension that the conductor would be subject to, therefore for each 415 V
conductor, capacity: 26.6 > 13.1, i.e. φRn > load is satisfied.
H IST ER
Pole Capacity
D UP
S
U Y
BM = (3.71 × 4.8) + (0.022 × 10 + (2 × 0.026 × 10.2)
LE
15 N 7 B
+ (0.026 × 10.6) + (2 × 0.86 × 10.2) +(0.86 × 10.6) + (1.76 × 8.7)
= 60.8 kNm
20 IG 1
G s will comprise vertical loads due to weight of pole, weight of cross-arms,
R
insulators and other ancillary hardware. This load is small in relation to the
2- S /20
compressive strength of the pole and will be ignored for this example.
Gc will vary for non-level terrain and unequal adjacent pole attachment
00 DE 5
heights, however for equal height poles on flat terrain the conductor vertical
loads are—
-0 N 4/0
The total pole base moment can now be calculated as shown below:
C RI SE
S
U Y
= 2 x 1.6 x 0.13 = 0.416 kN
LE
15 N 7 B
Transverse load due to F t for 415 V cable = 2 × T 15C,0kPa × sin( 15/ 2) = 2 x 3.72
x 0.13 = 0.967 kN
The total pole base moment can now be calculated as shown below:
20 IG 1
R
The equivalent everyday load at the top of pole:
2- S /20
BMtot = (1.25 × 0.225 × 0.63) + 1.1 × [(2 × 0.416 × 10.2) + (0.416 × 10.6)
+ 0.967 × 8.7)
00 DE 5
= 23.6 kNm
-0 N 4/0
The pole capacity excluding stay support must cater to this load condition.
D U E
-9 B D
C RI SE
0.13 = 1.62 kN
The wind load on the pole, cross arm, insulators and conductors can be
determined similar to under ultimate strength limit state assessment using a wind
pressure of 0.5 kPa.
This value = 28.50 kNm (approximately 0.5/0.95 times 54.16 kNm calculated for
ultimate strength limit state).
S
U Y
Strength factor φ = 0.3 for untreated wood poles with respect to
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15 N 7 B
serviceability.
Capacity of required pole > 6.9/ 0.3 = 23.0 kN must be satisfied.
A minimum capacity 23.1 kN pole is required.
20 IG 1
R
However, in the case of a steel pole, a minimum capacity 7.67 kN (6.9/0.9)
2- S /20
pole is required
the line.
Assuming one side 11kV conductor is broken,
H IST ER
S
U Y
The equivalent failure containment load at the top of pole, in the horizontal
LE
15 N 7 B
line direction:
BMtot = 13.68 + (1.25 × 1.6× 10.2)
20 IG 1
= 34.1 kNm
R
2- S /20
The transverse direction is therefore the critical direction.
The equivalent serviceability pole tip load = 40.31 / 10.2 = 3.95 kN
Strength factor φ = 0.9 for steel poles.
00 DE 5
Capacity of required pole > 3.95/ 0.9 = 4.4 kN must be satisfied.
-0 N 4/0
Strength Containment
-9 B D
•
H IST ER
A 24 kN / 12.5 m steel pole would suffice for all limit state conditions
• A 16 kN steel pole would also be suitable to cater to the ultimate
strength requirement with a suitable stay installed in the transverse
D UP
S
U Y
c) Angle poles shall consider wind loads on the pole and all fittings plus
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15 N 7 B
tension loads in the conductors. When designing for the maximum wind
load condition the tension used shall be the tension which is developed in
the conductors under maximum wind load conditions. Also, the pole shall
20 IG 1
be designed to withstand sustained tension loads in the conductors under
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everyday (still air) conditions.
2- S /20
d) Terminal poles shall consider:
I. in the line direction - the maximum wind loads and sustained load in
00 DE 5
the conductors; and
-0 N 4/0
A range of pole sizes is available for use. Each has a specific maximum load
rating as given in Table 4.7. The rating refers to the maximum load that can be
C RI SE
in section 3.7) is known then a suitable size pole can be chosen, with a load
rating equal to or in excess of the total load.
Care must be taken to include anticipated (future) additions or modifications that
D UP
maybe carried out to the pole structure, to ensure that the correct load rating is
selected.
S
When selecting a pole of the required size (rating) the following steps must be
taken:
1) Determine:
P
S
U Y
6) If the total load exceeds the strength of the chosen pole, re-estimate
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required pole size and repeat from step 3.
15 N 7 B
Table 4.7 – Distribution Pole Details
20 IG 1
R
Pole Pole
2- S /20
Nominal In –
Ultimate Tip Diameter Diameter
Length (m) Ground
Load (kN)
(mm) Top (mm) Base Depth (mm)
00 DE 5
9.5 16 125 330 1.55
-0 N 4/0
• Down thrust
• Lateral load
P
• Overturning moment
Foundations for supports may take the form of single foundations in the case of
pole type structures and stay anchors or separate footings for each leg of towers.
The loading on single footings is predominantly in the form of overturning
moment, which is usually resisted by lateral soil pressure, together with
additional shear and vertical forces resisted by upwards soil pressure.
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U Y
Distribution pole foundations are designed to match the tip load and height of the
LE
15 N 7 B
pole.
Table 4.7 specifies the sinking or embedment depth of the pole in the ground.
20 IG 1
R
2- S /20
4.4 Pole Position Guidelines
4.4.1 Introduction
00 DE 5
These guidelines on pole positions are applicable for average sized, medium
-0 N 4/0
traffic volume, road deviation and traffic calming devices (roundabouts, chicanes,
D U E
etc.), embankments (cut or fill slopes) next to the road, frangibility of the pole,
road kerbing and parking.
-9 B D
Poles can be positioned closer to the road where there is a permanent barrier
C RI SE
between the poles and the road. Barriers can take the form of natural items such
as kerbs, trees, rocks and crash barriers such as walls, wire rope, etc.
H IST ER
Frangible poles can typically be positioned closer to the road because they
absorb the impact of the vehicle to a greater extent than non-frangible poles.
D UP
The pole alignment is laid out in the Utility Providers Code of Practice for
Western Australia and Main Roads Western Australia document “utility Services
P
Note: Customer’s aerial services are not permitted. Services must not cross other
properties.
C RI SE
Location and spacing of street lighting poles and luminaries to achieve the
acceptable level of street lighting must be part of the overall design process.
Refer to Chapter 15 for street lighting requirements.
S
S
U Y
potentials may be of sufficient magnitude to endanger the life of persons or
LE
damage communications equipment near the earthed structure, unless
15 N 7 B
precautions are taken.
The minimum allowable distances for earthed distribution structures to Telecom’s
assets are as recommended in Table A 2 of AS 3835.2:2006 and summarised in
20 IG 1
R
Table 4.3.
2- S /20
Table 4.3: - Minimum Distances to Telecom Assets
00 DE 5
Minimum Allowable
Voltage Earthing Requirements
-0 N 4/0
Distance
No aerial earth wire 40 m
66 kV
With aerial earth wire 15 m
01 IO 0
Earthed poles must also not be located close to driveways, frequented public
access ways, etc. A minimum separation of 2 m is recommended to minimise the
-9 B D
risk of damage to the earthing system installed that will lead to the reduction of its
C RI SE
effectiveness.
An example of this is shown in Figure 4.5
H IST ER
D UP
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2- S /20
00 DE 5
4.4.3.6 Minimising Deviation Angles
-0 N 4/0
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LE
15 N 7 B
20 IG 1
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2- S /20
00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
01 IO 0
J- T D
D U E
-9 B D
reduced visibility to the road users entering or exiting the intersections. This can
easily be achieved by placing poles at the point where the property lot boundary
(not the actual edge of the road) and the pole offset line intersect. This is shown
D UP
in Figure 4.8.
S
S
U Y
LE
15 N 7 B
20 IG 1
R
2- S /20
00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
Wherever possible, poles should be located in positions that will avoid circuit
overhang of lot boundaries. If unavoidable, circuit overhang should be kept to an
D U E
4.4.3.12 Stays
Stay (other than aerial stays ) should not bridge existing or likely driveway
crossovers. This is shown in Figure 4.12.
common lot boundary . However, lots with narrow road frontages (e.g. “battle-
axe” lots, or those with 10 m or less frontages) should not have poles positioned
J- T D
In the case of battle-axe lots, only underground services are permitted and a
-9 B D
service pillar supplied from the nearest pole should be positioned on the common
lot boundary. This is shown in Figure 4.13.
C RI SE
H IST ER
D UP
S
S
U Y
3) A rigid stay is one which will hold the load without allowing the stayed pole
to move sufficiently enough for the pole to carry a significant portion of the
LE
15 N 7 B
load. A ground stay is considered to be rigid when connected to a steel or
wood pole.
4) Rigid stays shall be designed to take the full stay load without assistance
20 IG 1
from the stayed pole.
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2- S /20
5) Forces in stays shall be calculated by balancing the bending moment at
the base of the pole. This assumes that any imbalance in horizontal loads
is countered by shear forces in the pole.
00 DE 5
6) Stays should be attached as near as possible to the point of application of
-0 N 4/0
conductor loads.
Where practicable, ground stays should not be used in frequented areas such as
C RI SE
public roadside footpaths, bicycle ways and livestock forcing areas near
stockyard access ways.
H IST ER
Horizon Power uses two standard stay wires (SC/GZ) 19/2.00 (70 kN CBL) and
19/2.75 (141 kN CBL) in stay assemblies.
S
U Y
Ground anchors will move to develop the full passive pressure wedge. If the
amount of soil movement has not been specifically determined, a value of
LE
15 N 7 B
200 mm should be assumed.
It is recommended that ground holding strengths are based on test results rather
than calculations. The standard stay design in the Distribution Construction
20 IG 1
Manual includes anchors with holding strengths equal to or greater than the rest
R
2- S /20
of the stay assembly .
In difficult terrain, such as swampy or marshy ground conditions, special
provision needs to be made for anchoring. A swamp type anchor which provides
00 DE 5
a large cross sectional area should be used. Alternatively, where this does not
-0 N 4/0
provide sufficient ground area, stay rods with reinforced concrete block and bulk
concrete should be employed.
01 IO 0
hs1,hs2 Height above ground of each stay in a vertical double stay (m)
C RI SE
S
U Y
Angle of stay = 45° ( transverse and opposing conductor tension loads)
LE
15 N 7 B
Tension in stay = 24 x 1.414 =34 kN
Component strength factor for distribution stay = 0.8 (Table 3.6)
20 IG 1
Ultimate strength of stay = 34 / 0.8 = 42.5 kN – select SC/GZ stay wire 19/2.0
R
2- S /20
(CBL = 70 kN)
Compressive load in pole due to stay = 24 kN
The compressive strength of 300 mm diameter wood poles is typically around
00 DE 5
250 kN with higher strength for steel poles. Hence, the compressive load is
-0 N 4/0
generally tolerable. For stayed poles with long length and small diameter, the
buckling failure mode of the pole should be considered.
01 IO 0
J- T D
D U E
-9 B D
C RI SE
H IST ER
D UP
S
S
U Y
even under the conditions of system over-voltages with the insulator strings in
LE
15 N 7 B
the deflected position due to the action of wind pressure. Two types of over
voltages which can occur on a distribution overhead line are:
• power frequency over voltages; and
20 IG 1
• lightning induced over voltages.
R
6.1.1
2- S /20
Design for Pollution
00 DE 5
For medium voltage lines, the pollution performance of the insulator usually
-0 N 4/0
dictates the amount of insulation required for the particular voltage. When
determining the insulation requirements in a contaminated environment, the
following criteria need to be considered:
01 IO 0
degraded; and
D U E
The basic concept is to increase the surface creepage distance so that it is long
C RI SE
combined with adequate creepage length will give satisfactory service in most
locations in Western Australia. Details of a suitable profile are shown in
Figure 6.1. Currently polymeric insulators are predominantly used in new
D UP
In locations where rainfall is spread throughout the year and aerodynamic profile
insulators are not performing satisfactorily fog profile insulators may be
considered.
P
6.1.2 Pins
Although pin length may affect electrical characteristics of lines, pins are
principally required to meet only mechanical requirements.
Table 3.6 must be used to account for the variability of material and
workmanship.
H IST ER
horizontal load applied at the top of a pin or post insulator. Disc insulator strength
requirements are much higher as they need to withstand much higher conductor
tension loads. Insulator strength calculations are detailed in section 6.4.
S
S
U Y
Ultimate Ultimate Resultant load for Resultant load with
LE
ultimate conductor wind ultimate transverse
15 N 7 B
transverse load or failure wind + longitudinal
serviceability wind unbalance load or
failure containment load
20 IG 1
R
2- S /20
6.3.1 Standard Insulators
Horizon Power uses Strain and Stand-off Insulators:
00 DE 5
Strain – 70 kN Strength Rating (creepage -1372 mm and 838 mm options)
-0 N 4/0
6.4.1 Example 1
D U E
33 kV overhead line with 7/4.75 AAC conductor strung at 20% CBL and 15° C.
Assume that the span concerned is a termination span in Esperance.
C RI SE
900 kPA is the design wind speed for Esperance (Table 3.5)
Maximum conductor tension at 900 kPA = 8.61 kN (from Overhead line
D UP
simulation program)
Longitudinal (tension) limit state load = 8.61 x 1.25 = 10.77 kN
S
S
U Y
Line deviation angle = 15° C
LE
15 N 7 B
Insulator estimated projected area = 0.02 m2
Insulator drag coefficient = 1.2 (Table 1.6)
Maximum conductor tension at 0.9 kPA = 4.56 kN (from overhead line simulation
20 IG 1
R
software)
2- S /20
Conductor weight = 0.576 x 47.5 x 9.8/1000 = 0.27 kN
Conductor weight multiplier = 1.25
00 DE 5
Transverse load on insulator
-0 N 4/0
= (1.0 x wind span x SRF x diameter x 0.9) + (1.0 x 0.9 x insulator projected area
x insulator drag coefficient) + [1.25 x 2 x 4.56 x sin (15/2)]
01 IO 0
= (1.0 x 47.5 x 0.92 x 0.0188 x 0.9) + (1.0 x 0.9 x 0.02 x 1.2) + (1.25 x 2 x 4.56 x
0.13)
J- T D
Figure 6.2
D U E
-9 B D
C RI SE
H IST ER
D UP
S
S
U Y
higher annual average moisture content than 15%.
LE
15 N 7 B
For green or partially seasoned cross-arms the allowable stress shall be
calculated using the value of modulus of rupture for green wood in the former
case and an adjusted value in the latter case. Construction loads shall be directly
20 IG 1
catered for. To calculate in service loads during the period in which the cross-arm
R
is seasoning the return periods specified in AS 1170 “Wind Loading” may be
2- S /20
taken into account and the wind pressure reduced accordingly.
Horizon Power uses the following wood cross-arms as standard:
00 DE 5
1) 2.1 x 0.1 x 0.1 m treated hard wood cross-arm
-0 N 4/0
Wood cross-arms are used for low voltage only and steel cross-arms for medium
voltages.
H IST ER
Note: Holes only need to be accounted for if they are between the resisting point
and the point of application of the load.
7.2.2.1 Intermediate
1) Sustained Load: (5° C no wind)
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑾𝑾𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿(𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 )𝑻𝑻(𝟓𝟓, 𝟎𝟎)
S
U Y
Case 1: 15°C, 0.5 kPa wind
LE
15 N 7 B
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 + 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 + 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
+ 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
20 IG 1
R
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑾𝑾𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿(𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 )𝑻𝑻(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓)
2- S /20
+ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔 �𝒆𝒆 + 𝒂𝒂�𝟐𝟐�𝑳𝑳𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄 𝒅𝒅
Case 2: 15°C, 0.15 kPa wind, pole top rescue (LV cross-arm only)
00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑾𝑾𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿(𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 )𝑻𝑻(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)
+ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔 �𝒆𝒆 + 𝒂𝒂�𝟐𝟐�𝑳𝑳𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄 𝒅𝒅 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑾𝑾𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝑿𝑿𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷
J- T D
D U E
7.2.2.2 Angle
-9 B D
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑾𝑾𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿(𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 )𝑻𝑻(𝟓𝟓, 𝟎𝟎)
+ 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑻𝑻(𝟓𝟓, 𝟎𝟎)�𝒆𝒆 + 𝒂𝒂�𝟐𝟐� 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨�𝟐𝟐
D UP
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑾𝑾𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿(𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 )𝑻𝑻(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓)
+ 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑻𝑻(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓)�𝒆𝒆 + 𝒂𝒂�𝟐𝟐� 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨�𝟐𝟐
+ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔 �𝒆𝒆 + 𝒂𝒂�𝟐𝟐�𝑳𝑳𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 𝑨𝑨�𝟐𝟐
Case 2: 15°C, 0.15 kPa wind, pole top rescue (LV cross-arm only)
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑾𝑾𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿(𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 )𝑻𝑻(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)
+ 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑻𝑻(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓)�𝒆𝒆 + 𝒂𝒂�𝟐𝟐� 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝑨𝑨�𝟐𝟐
+ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔 �𝒆𝒆 + 𝒂𝒂�𝟐𝟐�𝑳𝑳𝑷𝑷𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬 𝒅𝒅 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝑨𝑨�𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑾𝑾𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝑿𝑿𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷
7.2.2.3 Termination
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1) Sustained Load: (5°C, no wind)
U Y
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15 N 7 B
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿(𝟓𝟓, 𝟎𝟎)
20 IG 1
𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒄𝒄𝐨𝐨𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓)
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2- S /20
00 DE 5
Note: If the termination cross-arm has smaller dimensions than the intermediate
cross-arm then it should be checked for bending moment in the vertical plane.
-0 N 4/0
01 IO 0
(emergency condition)
T(X,Y) Tension in conductor at X°C and Y kPa wind (N)
W Gravitational force on conductor (N/m)
WI Gravitational force on insulator assembly (N/m)
W MG Gravitational force on man and gear (N/m)
X Distance of conductor from centre of pole (mm)
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φRn > Wn + 1.1Gs + 1.25Gc + 1.25Ft
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15 N 7 B
20 IG 1
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2- S /20
00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
01 IO 0
J- T D
D U E
-9 B D
C RI SE
H IST ER
D UP
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15 N 7 B
The reaction forces on the cross-arm are shown as R1, R2 and R3 in Figure 7.2.
For static equilibrium to exist:
20 IG 1
Σ Horizontal forces = 0
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2- S /20
Σ Vertical forces = 0
Σ Moments about king bolt = 0
00 DE 5
Σ Moments about king bolt
-0 N 4/0
(note that even if cross-arm and insulator weights are ignored there is only a
J- T D
slight variation to R1 )
Σ Horizontal forces = 0
D U E
-9 B D
– (2.2 x 3) – 5.7 + R3 = 0
C RI SE
R2 = 12.3 kN
Σ Vertical forces = 0
H IST ER
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15 N 7 B
20 IG 1
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2- S /20
00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
01 IO 0
J- T D
D U E
-9 B D
C RI SE
It can be seen from Figure 7.3 that the maximum bending moment, maximum
D UP
axial force and maximum shear occur at the same location, just to the right of the
king bolt.
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S
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• Mechanical requirements: annealing, drag coefficient, operating
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15 N 7 B
temperature, ease of construction (no bird caging or unravelling),
permanent elongation, fatigue endurance, conductor diameter, strength
and sag
• Environmental: corrosion and lightning damage
20 IG 1
R
• Economic factors: Life cycle costs
8.1.1
2- S /20
Electrical Requirements
00 DE 5
The most important parameter affecting the choice of conductor is its resistance,
as it influences voltage regulation, power loss and current rating. The diameter of
-0 N 4/0
inducing the maximum steady state temperature for a given ambient condition
and is based on the conductor heat balance equation: Pj + Ps = Pr + Pc
J- T D
Pr = radiant cooling
C RI SE
summer day and night, winter day and night can be determined by using the
overhead line simulation program. (Refer to Tables 8.13 and 8.14 for standard
conductor ratings).
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S
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shall be used to determine the current carrying capacity of a particular conductor.
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Increase in wind velocity affects conductor rating significantly.
15 N 7 B
8.1.1.3 Wind Incident Angle
Wind incident angle affects the magnitude of wind loading on conductors. Wind
20 IG 1
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loading shall be assessed under worst case conditions by assuming a wind
2- S /20
incident angle perpendicular to the conductors.
8.1.1.4 Temperature
00 DE 5
Ambient temperature for Region A is 40 °C (summer) and 15 °C (winter) and for
-0 N 4/0
This is the ratio of reflected solar radiation to direct incident radiation. It is high for
bright reflective surfaces and is generally taken as 0.2, unless a higher value is
H IST ER
When subject to increasing loads, conductors and /or tension fittings may exhibit
at some level, permanent deformation particularly if the failure mode is ductile; or
for wind induced Aeolian vibration, conductors may exhibit wire and/or whole
S
conductor fracture. This level is called the damage limit and conductors and/or
tension fittings will be in the damaged state if the conductors and/or tension
fittings have exceeded the damage limit.
P
If the load is further increased, failure of the conductor and/or tension fittings
occurs at a level called the failure limit. The conductors and/or tension fittings will
be in a failed state if the conductors and/or tension fittings have exceeded the
failure limit. These failure limits are illustrated in Figure 8.1 below.
accordingly must not exceed 0.5 times conductor CBL for determination of
serviceability. Hence, this will govern the strength limit in distribution line design
(refer also to Table 3.6).
01 IO 0
AS 7000)
D U E
require stronger and more expensive fittings. They may also result in reduced life
of the conductor and its associated fittings due to vibration. Lower tensions result
C RI SE
in lower clearances or the need for taller poles or larger conductor spacing to
enable clearances to be maintained.
H IST ER
On longer spans the tension is normally set at the maximum allowable value in
order to maximise span length and hence realise the lowest cost.
In urban areas spans are limited by the need for service take off points. High
D UP
tensions are not required and therefore lower tensions are used in order to
minimise material costs and make construction easier. More information on
applicable conductor tensions is covered in clause 8.4.3.
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AAAC/6201 Good Good Average Poor
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15 N 7 B
AAAC/1120 Good Good Good Poor
20 IG 1
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ACSR/AZ Average Good Average Poor
2- S /20
ACSR/AC Good Good Average Poor
00 DE 5
SC/GZ Poor Poor Poor Average
-0 N 4/0
When selecting a conductor for a hostile environment, the following factors should
J- T D
be considered:
(a) Full or partial greasing of the conductor significantly improves corrosion
D U E
resistance.
-9 B D
(b) Ensure that all fittings are compatible so that electrolytic corrosion does not
occur.
C RI SE
conductor size to minimise the capital costs and energy loss costs associated
with load transfer.
The challenge is selecting conductors is to avoid over/under design of the
network. Over design is costly in terms of capital investment and is not looked at
favourably by the Economic Regulation Authority (ERA). Under design leads to
high losses, costly investigation and high replacement costs.
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HDBC hard drawn bare copper
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15 N 7 B
Table 8.2 shows the ranking of the comparative electrical/mechanical
20 IG 1
characteristics of the different conductors that are used for new lines.
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Table 8.2- Ranking of Conductor electrical/mechanical characteristics
00 DE 5
Conductor Type Current carrying Strength to weight ratio
capacity
-0 N 4/0
AAC 1 4
AAAC 2 3
01 IO 0
FEGZ1 4 1
J- T D
ACSR/AZ 3 2
D U E
Notes:
-9 B D
AAC Has a lower strength to weight ratio and is normally used for
C RI SE
FEGZ Has a high strength to weight ratio and is used for very long
bays. Due to the comparatively high resistance used only to
D UP
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• 6/1/3.00 ACSR
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15 N 7 B
• 95 mm2 ABC ( Aerial Bundled Cable) for general LV use
• 150 mm2 ABC ( Aerial Bundled Cable) for special LV use
• 3/2.75 SC/GZ (G-1340)
20 IG 1
• 7/1.60 SC/GZ (G-1820)
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• 3/2.75 SC/AC (G-1340)
*Spans greater than 60 m are considered long spans. Armour rods are to be
used on all spans greater than 80 m.
00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
8T
C RI SE
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15 N 7 B
8.2.3 Conductor Stress and Fatigue
Fatigue failure of overhead line conductors occur almost exclusively at points
20 IG 1
where the conductor is secured to fittings. The cause of such failures is dynamic
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stresses induced by vibration combined with high static stresses. It is therefore
necessary to limit both the static and dynamic stresses if the conductor is to have
acceptable fatigue endurance and thereby provide required life cycle
00 DE 5
performance.
-0 N 4/0
In order to prolong the life of conductors, design tensions are limited to below
50% of CBL. By using appropriate clamping of conductors to insulators static
stresses can be controlled and dampers are used to control dynamic (vibration)
stresses. Table 8.4 indicates recommended maximum horizontal tension as a
01 IO 0
percentage of CBL considering both static and dynamic stresses. The following
must be considered in the application of Table 8.4.
J- T D
(b) The table is a guide only, and need not apply to situations where proven
-9 B D
(c) Smaller diameter conductors will vibrate at higher frequencies and reach
their fatigue in a shorter time, however, such conductors are easier to
damp effectively.
H IST ER
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Category*
No Dampers Fully
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15 N 7 B
damped all
Clamp Terrain categories
Category Category
20 IG 1
A B C 1 2 3,4
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2- S /20
AAC 18 0 1.5 2.5 0 2 4 6.5 27
SC/GZ
10 0 2.5 5.0 0 5 10 16 31
01 IO 0
SC/AC
J- T D
Type A Short trunnion clamp, post or pin insulator with ties ( without armour rods)
D U E
Post or pin insulator ( clamped or tied) with armour rods or shaped trunnion
Clamp Type B
clamps with armour rods
-9 B D
Category
Helically formed armour grip with elastomer insert or helically formed ties
C RI SE
Type C
with armour rods
Terrain
H IST ER
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15 N 7 B
20 IG 1
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00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
01 IO 0
J- T D
D U E
-9 B D
C RI SE
H IST ER
D UP
11 160 100
22 280 130
33 380 180
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15 N 7 B
Notes:
1) For structures with line post or pin insulators, the moderate wind distances
20 IG 1
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recommended can be used to establish structure clearances.
2- S /20
2) Clearance must be increased in locations where bridging of insulators by
birds or animals is experienced or probable.
3) Moderate wind condition relates to lightning impulse distance and high wind
00 DE 5
condition relate to power frequency flashover distance.
-0 N 4/0
not exceeding 33 kV
D UP
Notes:
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aged. When conductors are first erected, an allowance must be made for
‘settling in’ and ‘conductor creep’. (refer to clause 8.2.3)
3. The distances specified are designed to protect damage to conductors,
impact loads on conductor supports and protecting vehicles from contact
with conductors.
4. When calculating ground clearance a construction tolerance of 300 mm
should be included for long bay lengths and 100 mm for short bay lengths.
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Voltage
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15 N 7 B
exceeding
Voltage not Insulated
1000 V but
Type of Clearance exceeding Service
not
1000 V Cable
20 IG 1
exceeding
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33 kV
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a) Vertically above any part of
any structure normally 3.7 m 4.5 m 2.7 m
accessible to persons
00 DE 5
b) Vertically above any part of
-0 N 4/0
normally accessible to
1.5 m 2.1 m 0.1 m
D U E
Note: * This clearance may be reduced to allow for termination at the point of
attachment.
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Table 8-6
-9 B D
C RI SE
H IST ER
D UP
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15 N 7 B
Table 8.8: - Conductor Vertical Minimum Spacing Requirements
(unattached crossings)
20 IG 1
Lower Circuit
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Not Above 1000 V Above 1000 V
2- S /20
Above 33 kV
exceeding and not and not
and not
1000 V bare, exceeding exceeding
Upper Circuit exceeding
covered and 33 kV 33 kV bare or
00 DE 5
66 kV bare
insulated insulated covered
-0 N 4/0
No No No No
wind wind wind wind
wind wind wind wind
Not exceeding
01 IO 0
bare
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Note:
The above clearances are based may need to be increased due to local factors,
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covered
Not exceeding
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15 N 7 B
0.3 m 0.2 m
1000 V insulated
Above 1000 V and
not exceeding 33 kV 0.6 m 0.6 m 0.2 m 0.9 m
20 IG 1
insulated
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Above 1000 V and
2- S /20
not exceeding 33 kV 1.2 m 1.2 m 0.9 m 0.9 m
bare or covered
Above 33 kV and
00 DE 5
not exceeding 66 kV 1.8 m 1.8 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
-0 N 4/0
bare
Above 66 kV and
not exceeding 2.4 m 2.4 m 2.4 m 2.4 m 2.4 m
01 IO 0
132 kV bare
J- T D
D U E
-9 B D
C RI SE
H IST ER
D UP
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operating conditions.
-9 B D
Where aerial conductors , the voltage of which does not exceed 1 kV, are carried
on the same pole or support as those of a higher voltage the lower voltage
C RI SE
each other must have vertical, horizontal or angular separation from each other
in accordance with the values required by (1) below, provided that the clearance
at the support or at any part in the span should not be less than the separation
D UP
using:
1)
Where
J- T D
X = is the projected horizontal distance in metres between the conductors at mid span;
D U E
(X= (X1+X2)/2 where X1 is the projected horizontal distance between the conductors at
-9 B D
one support and X2 is the projected horizontal distance between the conductors at the
other support in the same span.
C RI SE
Y = is the projected horizontal distance in metres between the conductors at mid span;
(Y= (Y1+Y2)/2 where Y1 is the projected horizontal distance between the conductors at
one support and Y2 is the projected horizontal distance between the conductors at the
H IST ER
different circuits or between an earth wire and an aerial phase conductor, regard
should be paid to any phase differences in the nominal voltages.
k = is a constant, normally equal to 0.4.
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D = is the greater of the two conductor sags in metres at the centre of an equivalent level
span and at an average conductor operating temperature with electrical load (50° C in
still air). This may be higher for high temperature conductors.
P
l = is the length in metres of any free swing suspension insulator associated with either
conductor. Zero for pin and post insulators.
a) which has the same span length in the horizontal projection as the original span;
b) in which conductor attachments at supports are in the same horizontal plane;
c) in which the horizontal component of conductor tension is the same as in the
original span.
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For voltages up to and including 11 kV - 0.38 m
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15 N 7 B
For voltage (U kV) exceeding 11 kV - 0.38 m + 0.01 (U -11) m
Notes:
1) When conductors of different circuits are located vertically one above the
20 IG 1
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other, consideration should be given to the need to prevent clashing of
2- S /20
conductors of different circuits under the influence of load current in one or
both circuits.
2) This clause is not intended to apply to insulated conductors (with or without
00 DE 5
earthed screens) of any voltage.
-0 N 4/0
3) The spacing for covered conductors may be reduced provided the covering
is adequate to prevent electrical breakdown of the covering when the
conductors clash and a risk management strategy is in place to ensure that
01 IO 0
conductors do not remain entangled for periods beyond what the covering
can withstand.
J- T D
4) Where spacers are used, separation may be less than those specified. It is
D U E
involve:
a) Extremely turbulent wind conditions – k to be in the range 0.4 to 0.6
D UP
horizontal construction).
The following k factors are recommended for overhead power lines which
have phase to phase clearances of 1200 mm or less at mid span:
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a) Aircraft warning devices.
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b) Large birds which may collide with conductors, causing them to come
15 N 7 B
together, or whose wingspan is such as to make contact between
bare conductors and conducting cross arms.
c) Flocks of birds resting on conductors are known to “lift-off”
20 IG 1
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simultaneously, causing violent conductor movement.
2- S /20
d) Terrain factors that may contribute to aerodynamic lift and/or random
motion
00 DE 5
e) Spray irrigators; and
-0 N 4/0
8.4 Formulae
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𝑆𝑆𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑋𝑋 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 × (𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ 𝑋𝑋 2 ) ÷ (𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ2 )
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15 N 7 B
8.4.2 Sag
20 IG 1
8.4.2.1 Supports at Same Level:
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00 DE 5(refer to Figure 8.9)
𝑺𝑺 = �𝑾𝑾𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 � ÷ 𝟖𝟖𝑻𝑻
-0 N 4/0
𝑺𝑺 = �𝑾𝑾𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 � ÷ 𝟖𝟖𝑻𝑻
D U E
-9 B D
𝒘𝒘𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉
𝒂𝒂 = 𝑳𝑳�𝟐𝟐 − 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉�𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾
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𝒂𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝒃𝒃 = 𝑳𝑳�𝟐𝟐 + 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉�𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾
𝒎𝒎 = 𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐 ÷ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑺𝑺
𝑻𝑻 = 𝑾𝑾𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 ÷ 𝟖𝟖𝑺𝑺
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𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬� (𝑾𝑾 𝑳𝑳 ÷ 𝑻𝑻 )𝟐𝟐 − 𝑻𝑻 + 𝑲𝑲 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬(𝒕𝒕 − 𝒕𝒕 ) = 𝑬𝑬𝑬𝑬� (𝑾𝑾 𝑳𝑳 ÷ 𝑻𝑻 )𝟐𝟐 − 𝑻𝑻
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
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8.4.3.3 Checking for Uplift:
(refer to Figure 8.9)
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𝑳𝑳𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 ′𝑨𝑨′
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𝒃𝒃𝑨𝑨 = 𝑳𝑳𝑨𝑨 ⁄𝟐𝟐 + (𝑻𝑻𝑨𝑨 𝒉𝒉𝑨𝑨 ) ÷ (𝑾𝑾𝑨𝑨 𝑳𝑳𝑨𝑨 )
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𝒂𝒂𝑪𝑪 = 𝑳𝑳𝑪𝑪 ⁄𝟐𝟐 − (𝑻𝑻𝑪𝑪 𝒉𝒉𝑪𝑪 ) ÷ (𝑾𝑾𝑪𝑪 𝑳𝑳𝑪𝑪 )
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8.5.1 Conductor Thermal Rating
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Overhead lines must be operated at a temperature within its design rating as this
will maintain adequate clearances due to increased sag and prevent permanent
damage to the conductors.
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As energy is lost when current passes through a conductor, there is an optimum
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conductor size to minimise the capital costs and energy loss costs associated
with load transfer. The table below lists typical conductor types and sizes for
various current carrying capacities.
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The cost of replacing conductors is high and it is important to select the correct
conductor type and size to avoid the need to re-conductor lines in the future.
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Checking with Energy Systems Planning concerning potential load growth may
influence the selection of a suitable conductor.
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The conductor ratings (summer and winter) for the three climatic regions in
Horizon Power’s operating regions are given in Tables 8.13 (for Region A) and
8.14 (for Regions C & D).
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of permanent loss of tensile strength (annealing) of the conductor. There is a
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permanent loss of tensile strength when a conductor operates at an elevated
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temperature. The loss of tensile strength results in increased sag. It is
appropriate to establish the maximum design temperature at which a conductor
can operate while maintaining acceptable levels of degradation of tensile
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properties.
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Recent research indicates that the annealing characteristics of a conductor
depend not only on temperature and time of exposure but also on the diameter of
the wires in the conductor.
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The recommended maximum temperature limit for normal operation of AAC,
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AAAC and ACSR is 100°C as per AS 7000. This permits an approximate loss of
strength of 3% of the original tensile strength after 1000 hours operation at this
temperature.
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For emergency ratings, (e.g. when one circuit has to carry more than normal
current for a short time) both the maximum temperature and the duration of the
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emergency load should be taken into account in determining the annealing of the
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it is much the same as heating the conductor continuously for 720 hours. For this
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example, the loss of ultimate strength in AAC would be approximately 15%. For
ACSR the ultimate tensile strength loss would be halved due to load transfer
from aluminium to steel with increase in temperature. The steel provides most of
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Cross-sectional Maximum
Conductor Type
area (mm2) Temperature
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The movement of conductors due to the electromagnetic forces generated
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by large short time currents is a complex matter for which a simple
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satisfactory solution is not available.
c) Structure design
By taking these criteria and the degree of reliability required into account a
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suitable compromise on structure design, conductor configuration and
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service requirements, nominal tension of 10% of CBL for AAC conductor and 7%
of CBL for AAAC is recommended.
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AAC conductor with nominal tension 18% of CBL is recommended for spans in
the 60 m to 105 m range in outer urban areas.
AAAC conductor with nominal tension 18% of CBL is recommended for spans in
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Summer Winter
Diameter
Conductor Rating Rating
(mm)
(amps) (amps)
6/1/2.50 ACSR/AZ 7.50 158 218
6/1/3.00 ACSR/AZ 9.00 196 272
6/1/3.75 ACSR/AZ 11.30 254 354
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6/4.75-7/1.6 ACSR/AZ 14.30 334 471
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7/2.50 AAC 7.50 172 237
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15 N 7 B
7/3.00 AAC 9.00 215 297
7/3.75 AAC 11.30 281 392
7/4.5 AAC 13.50 348 489
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7/4.75 AAC 14.25 371 522
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19/3.25 AAC 16.30 428 606
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7/2.5 AAAC TYPE 1120 7.50 171 235
7/3.0 AAAC TYPE 1120 9.00 217 301
7/4.75 AAAC TYPE 1120 13.50 366 516
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19.3.25 AAAC TYPE 1120 16.30 422 598
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Summer Winter
Diameter
Conductor Rating Rating
(mm)
(amps) (amps)
6/1/2.5 ACSR/AZ 7.50 145 177
6/1/3.0 ACSR/AZ 9.00 179 220
6/1/3.75 ACSR/AZ 11.30 230 286
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6/4.75-7/1.6 ACSR/AZ 14.30 303 380
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7/2.5 AAC 7.50 161 197
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15 N 7 B
7/3.0 AAC 9.00 201 247
7/3.75 AAC 11.30 263 326
7/4.5 AAC 13.50 326 406
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7/4.75 AAC 14.30 332 406
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19/3.25 AAC 16.30 382 470
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7/2.5 AAAC TYPE 1120 7.50 159 194
7/3.0 AAAC TYPE 1120 9.00 198 243
7/4.75 AAAC TYPE 1120 14.30 340 424
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19.3.25 AAAC TYPE 1120 16.30 395 497
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E Modulus of Elasticity (Pa)
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h difference of elevation of supports (m)
hA difference of elevation between supports A and B (m)
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hC difference of elevation between supports C and B (m)
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K Coefficient of Linear expansion (per °C)
L span length (m)
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LT length of conductor (m)
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conductor (m)
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S sag at mid-span
SX vertical distance below top support and any point 'X' (m)
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U r.m.s vector difference in potential between the two conductors when each
is ting at its nominal voltage (kV). In determining the potential between
conductors of different circuits, regard should be paid to any phase
difference in the nominal voltages
W gravitational force on conductor (N/m)
WA gravitational force per unit length on conductor between supports A and B
(N/m)
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H IST ER
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phase supplies and within 390 V and 440 V for three phase supplies (under
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15 N 7 B
normal network conditions).
In accordance with AS 61000.3.100 – 2011, Horizon Power expects to adopt the
new voltage standard 230 V +6%, -10% for single phase and 400 V +6%, -10%
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for three phase supplies sometime in the future.
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When planning and designing a residential distribution network, the designer has
to ensure that the voltages at any point of supply on the network will be within the
statutory voltage tolerance limits, under normal network conditions.
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9.1.2 Voltage Drop Criteria
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After a distribution system has been constructed, there are only two locations
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Compensators), and
2) at the distribution transformers (off load tap changers).
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9.1.3 Effect of Different Load Cycles
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The majority of customers in a “typical” area will have similar, “normal” load
patterns. Some, however, will have load patterns which vary and in extreme
cases could be completely opposite to the “normal” pattern.
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These are usually single customer loads. Such loads of relatively small
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magnitude with respect to the total feeder load (or of relatively large magnitude
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with respect to the total distribution transformer load) can be catered for by
adjusting the tap settings on the transformer supplying the load.
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Instances could also arise where a particular MV feeder load profile becomes
dominant and “masks” the normal load profile of the remaining feeders on the
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zone substation. Such a feeder could influence the response of the LDC, to the
detriment of the remaining feeders and their individual loads. This problem falls
into network load modelling and is not dealt with in this manual.
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One of the voltage drop criteria is that the maximum allowable voltage drop limit
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on the network. This limit, however, applies for normal or steady state conditions.
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In general, the network designer shall ensure that the design of the network
conforms to the voltage drop limits shown in Table 9.2.
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9.1.5.2 Computer Modelling
In many instances the line electrical data is entered into a suitable computer
program for analysis such as Horizon Power’s Power Factory (Digsilent)
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program. This calculates the voltage variations for each option. The designer still
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needs to compare the options.
9.1.5.3
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Voltage Control Equipment
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Some voltage control is built into the standard system equipment as follows:
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In urban areas it has been standard practice to utilise the above two measures
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Where longer lines are used it can become uneconomic to increase the
conductor size. Additional forms of MV voltage control may become the lowest
cost option.
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phase system, it is convenient to treat them on an equivalent single phase basis
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for simplicity. The voltages are given from line to neutral, the current for one
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phase, the impedances for one conductor and the equations written for one
phase.
The three phase system is reduced to an equivalent single phase circuit as
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shown below.
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The effect of a lagging or leading power factor is shown vectorially in Figure 9.2.
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It is normal operating practice to endeavour to keep the sending end voltage
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constant and to allow the receiving end voltage to vary according to the load
demand.
The receiving end voltage is given approximately by:
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𝑽𝑽𝒓𝒓 = 𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔 − (𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝚽𝚽 + 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝚽𝚽)
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The regulation (across the MV line) is given approximately by:
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = (𝑽𝑽𝒓𝒓 − 𝑽𝑽𝒔𝒔 ) ÷ 𝑽𝑽𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏%
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A three phase 22 kV line, 80 km long is required to deliver a load of 630 kVA with
a 0.8 p.f. (lagging). The conductor to be used is 7/4.75 AAAC. Determine the
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XL = XA + XD
XA = 0.2898 Ω/km (from conductor manufacturer tables)
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proportion to the load current. For a given MV feeder (modelled as shown in)
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15 N 7 B
Figure 9.3, the voltage drop across the feeder’s is proportional to the load
current.
If the voltage at the receiving (load) end of the feeder, Vr, is to be maintained at a
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fixed value, then the voltage at the sending (zone substation) end, Vs must be
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raised or lowered in proportion to the feeder voltage drop.
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The voltage drop across the variable resistor and reactor in the LDC essentially
“mimics” the voltage drop in the MV feeder and provides the correct signal to the
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AVR so that the transformer tap setting can be raised or lowered accordingly.
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By suitable adjustment of the LDC’s variable resistor and reactor (which will
depend on the outgoing MV feeder’s characteristics), it is possible to obtain
constant voltage at some distant point on the feeder, irrespective of the size of
the load current or power factor.
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connected to several outgoing feeders, each with different load characteristics,
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conductor types, line constructions and line lengths.
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The instruction manual pertaining to the particular LDC concerned should be
referred to for more detailed information on the operation and adjustment of the
LDC.
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10.1.1 General
The LV (240/415 V) distribution system is really the “business end” of Horizon
Power’s operations. It is the point in Horizon Power’s electricity system where the
majority of customers receive their supply.
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The primary aim when designing a LV residential distribution network is to
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15 N 7 B
ensure that it will adequately service the estimated customer loads both now and
in the future. This must be done for the minimum economic cost, while ensuring
the network satisfies both reliability and quality of supply standards that are
governed by the Electricity Industry (Network Quality and Reliability of Supply)
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Code 2005.
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10.1.3 Challenge for Network Designers
The LV network is the most extensive component in the distribution system and
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accounts for a large proportion of Horizon Power’s capital expenditure. It is also
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responsible for a large proportion of system losses and customer complaints. Yet
it does not always receive the engineering/technical attention it deserves.
The challenge of any residential network designer is to avoid over/under design
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of the network. Over design is costly in terms of capital investment and is not
looked at favourably by the Economic Regulation Authority (ERA). Under design
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Extra effort expended in optimising the design of LV networks results not only in
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the efficient utilisation of capital costs but also impacts on the MV network,
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Typically, the design studies and calculations are carried out using specially
written computer programmes, for the more complex cases or where accurate
results are required. Alternatively, manual calculations can sometimes be used,
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However, it can also be used to calculate the voltage drops and line currents
caused by large commercial loads. LV DESIGN can be used to investigate the
impact of new large loads within residential estates, e.g. shopping centres,
pumps, etc.
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The electrical and other principles used in the computer packages are briefly
outlined in clause 9.1.5.
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10.1.5 Aspects of Electrical Design
The electrical design of LV distribution feeders generally involves the following
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aspects:
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1) Adherence to voltage tolerance limits;
2) Estimation of load demands;
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3) Selection of distribution transformer;
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requirements; and
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10.2.1 Introduction
The current or power flowing from the electricity supply system to an installation
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higher that all others - this is the maximum demand for that period.
Maximum demand is the all important parameter in system design because this
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10.2.2 Effect of Load Diversity on Maximum Demand
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The peak load of any installation is characterised by the demand fluctuations
from the switching in and out of appliances within the installation. It is improbable
that every appliance will impose its maximum demand at the same instant. As
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such, the maximum demand of the installation is generally less than the sum of
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the individual maximum demands of all the appliances within that installation.
Similarly, the maximum demand of a LV feeder is characterised by the demand
fluctuations from the varying load demands of all the loads on the feeder. The
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maximum demand of the feeder will generally be less than the sum of the
individual maximum demands due to the “diversity ” between the loads.
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obtained by simply multiplying the average maximum demand of this typical load
by the number of loads and also by an appropriate “multiplication factor” chosen
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demand” of a “typical” load within a group, to the maximum demand for that
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group of loads.
“typical” customer. The larger the number of customers involved, the nearer to its
ultimate value will be this “average demand”.
For practical purposes, groups of 60 or more loads are considered to produce a
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Because the load ADMD is the all important basis of residential distribution
design, this matter must receive full and careful consideration, concerning its
value at the initial loading of the system, the provision for future growth and the
repercussions of having to alter the system as a result of a poor choice of design
ADMDs.
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7) Tariff structure.
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Whatever the ultimate design ADMD figures are, the designer must endeavour to
ensure that the system is not under/over designed for the reasons given in
clause 10.1.3.
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Optimum design requires optimum choice of ADMD. In most cases, a designer
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has to make a value-judgement as to what value of ADMD is most appropriate
for the particular distribution system, after having considered all relevant issues.
For most instances, the load demand can be estimated based simply on the
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designer’s previous experience with similar developments. However, careful
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thought must still be given to this crucial design parameter for each residential
development, rather than simply using highly conservative “standard” values.
It is not uncommon for a designer to find himself/herself in the position of having
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The after diversity maximum demand (ADMD) electrical loading values must be
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used when carrying out overhead and underground distribution network design
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ADMD is the basic electrical load, on a per customer basis, used in the design of
Horizon Power’s electrical distribution network. It represents the maximum
demand, measured at a distribution substation, where there are more than 60
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Since these ADMD values have a sense of “averageness” about them, they must
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be “scaled up” to obtain the maximum demand for a group of loads before the LV
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feeder can be designed. The “scaling” of the ADMD values is automatically taken
into account in Horizon Power’s Voltage Drop and Line Current formulae.
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10.2.6 Non-Residential Load Demands
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As mentioned earlier, maximum demand values are expressed in a variety of
ways, e.g. amps, kVA, kVA/hectare, kW etc. The following load demand values
for non-residential loads are a mixture of “average demand” type figures
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(kVA/hectare figures) as well as “maximum demand” type figures (kVA, kW, hp
etc. figures).
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Typical design load demand values for non-residential loads are as follows:
1) High Schools: 220 kVA;
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5) Pumps and other large 3-phase fixed equipment: obtain full load kVA from
equipment name-plate or specifications;
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to the “density” of houses on the lot. The “n” index refers to the Number of
Units/hectare, so that an R25 lot classification refers to 25 units per hectare.
Since 1 hectare = 10 000 m2, each unit on a R25 lot would occupy approximately
(10 000 ÷ 25) m2 = 400 m2.
The number of units in a given “Rn” lot of area, A (m2), can then be calculated as
follows:
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allowable limits);
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2) Conductor current carrying capacity being adequate so that load currents
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will be within the capacity, not only during steady state conditions, but
during maintenance/emergency conditions when the LV network is
interconnected with others;
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3) Other conductor current ratings (e.g. summer, winter) not being exceeded,
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wherever applicable;
4) Conductor impedance satisfying the LV fuse/protection requirements (so
that at times of fault at the end of the feeder, the fault current will be large
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enough to be “seen” by the LV fuse and hence, cleared in time to prevent
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However, LV ABC will also be used to upgrade existing bare overhead systems.
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Therefore, it is essential that the designer has a table of conductors covering not
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only LV ABC but other commonly used LV conductors to assist with the design
(e.g. when calculating voltage drops, checking current rating violations or
checking LV fuse/protection requirements).
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account:
The feeder route should be chosen such that it will “start to be loaded” as close
to the transformer as possible. This is facilitated by locating the transformer as
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In general, the LV feeder routes must be chosen such that the transformer will
service the required number of loads determined on the basis of design load
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demand values (refer to clause 10.2.3 and HPC-3DC-07-0001-2012 Electrical
Design for Distribution Networks: After Diversity Maximum Demand).
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The length of a LV feeder affects the:
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1) voltage drop on the feeder; and
2) fault current at the end of the feeder.
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Very long LV feeders should generally be avoided since this would only result in
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higher voltage drops than necessary, cause improper operation and lead to
possible conductor burnouts.
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When selecting LV routes, the designer should select routes which can assist in
the provision and location of these “interconnecting points”, if possible.
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10.3 Voltage Drops and Line Currents in LV Feeders
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10.3.1 General
A three phase, four wire distribution system servicing a large proportion of single
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phase residential loads together with three phase commercial/industrial loads is
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subject to rapidly fluctuating currents. These currents produce corresponding
rapidly fluctuating voltages on the system.
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10.3.2 Effect of Load Unbalance
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It is inevitable that an imbalance between the line currents on the three phases of
a feeder will occur if the feeder services a large number of single-phase loads
(e.g. residential loads).
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This imbalance in the line currents leads to a current which flows in the neutral
conductor, which adds to the voltage drop caused by the current flowing in the
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phase conductor.
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The voltage drop calculation (in LV DESIGN software) takes into account this
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change as the loads on the meshed portion vary during the day. However, during
times of peak load, the location of the null point would be approximately at the
same position.
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The location of the null point in the meshed portion of the network signifies that
the voltage drop from the transformer to either side of the null point is within the
maximum allowable limit. Hence, once the location of the null point is known, the
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network can be assumed to be “opened” at this point and the conductor sizes are
appropriate to ensure that the voltage drop to the null point (and hence to all
other points on the meshed portion of the network) remains within the maximum
allowable limits.
Note: Horizon Power’s Distribution Design Manual - Volume 2 (HPC-5DC-07-
0002-2013): Low Voltage Aerial Bundled Cables details the precautions
the designer should note when designing with LV ABC to replace existing
meshed bare overhead networks.
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protection design, refer to Chapter 14.
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11.2 Equipment Rating
Distribution network fault levels are specified in Horizon Power’s Technical Rules
and are provided in Table 11.1.
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Table 11.1 – Distribution Fault levels
The low voltage network fault level is 31.5 kA where supplied from one
transformer and 63.0 kA where supplied from two transformers in parallel.
Equipment selected must have an equal or higher rating to those values provided
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in Table 11.1 . When selecting equipment , care must be taken that the
manufacturer’s information refers to the same conditions. Fault levels specified in
Table 11.1 are steady state symmetrical values.
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Three phase fault
• Phase to phase fault
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• Single phase to earth fault
• Phase to phase to earth fault
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Other fault conditions which may require consideration are short circuits within
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distribution transformers, conductor open circuits, cross country faults (i.e.
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simultaneous faults at different points on the system) and system instability.
The magnitude and distribution of fault currents are influenced by the following
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factors :
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impedance.
d) The type of fault and location on the system.
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a) The driving voltage remains constant during the fault. (Usually taken as
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b) The effects of load current on the system prior to the fault are ignored as it
is small in comparison with the fault currents.
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11.4 Formulae
Formulae are given below for calculation of the fault level on a per unit basis.
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The fault level is converted to a current (kA) which is the standard method for
specifying equipment fault rating.
Several items of plant which make up the power system will not necessarily all be
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to a stated MVA base, i.e. the percentage impedance:
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15 N 7 B
𝒁𝒁𝑩𝑩 % = �𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 × 𝒁𝒁𝒑𝒑 × 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎� ÷ �𝒁𝒁𝑳𝑳 ÷ √𝟑𝟑�
Where
𝑽𝑽𝑳𝑳 - phase to phase voltage in volts
20 IG 1
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𝒁𝒁𝒑𝒑 - phase to neutral impedance in ohms
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 - current in amps corresponding to the 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑩𝑩
00 DE 5
Plant impedance values are usually given in per cent on their own MVA rating
and conversion of these values to a common MVA base is achieved by the
-0 N 4/0
formula:
It is usual when doing fault calculations to use per cent impedance on 100 MVA
J- T D
base. It is therefore necessary to convert all the plant impedances to a 100 MVA
D U E
This is the same as per cent impedance but expressed as a fraction of the phase
to neutral volts instead of a percentage.
H IST ER
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spacing factor XD are:
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15 N 7 B
RA = 0.8930 ohm/km;
XA = 0.3208 ohm/km; and
XD = 0.0857 ohm/km.
20 IG 1
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2- S /20
Calculation:
Assume system base MVAB = 100 MVA
Base voltage (phase to phase), VB = 22 kV
00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
Base impedance:
𝑍𝑍𝐵𝐵 = 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵2 ÷ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵
= 222 ÷ 100 = 4.84Ω
01 IO 0
Source impedance:
J- T D
Line impedance:
C RI SE
= 3.1255 + 𝑗𝑗1.4228Ω
Total impedance (line + source):
D UP
= 0.646 + 𝑗𝑗0.711Ω
= √(0.6462 + 0.7112 )
P
= 0.960𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Fault level at the 22 kV terminals of the distribution transformer:
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 ÷ 𝑍𝑍𝑇𝑇
= 100 ÷ 0.96 = 104 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Short circuit current at the MV terminals of the distribution transformer:
𝐼𝐼𝐹𝐹 = 104 × 106 ÷ �22 × 10−3 × √3�
For the second part of the example, the single phase to earth fault is taken to be
at 320 m from the transformer. A simplified method is used for LV side
calculations using whole impedance values instead of resistive and reactive
components.
From the table of conductor parameters for Standard Distribution Overhead Lines
in Appendix C, the values of RA and XA for 7/4.50 AAC conductors are:
RA = 0.315 ohm/km;
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XA = 0.260 ohm/km
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15 N 7 B
ZA = √( R2A + X2A) ohm/km
ZA = 0.41 ohm/km
20 IG 1
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Base impedance:
𝑍𝑍𝐵𝐵 = 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵2 ÷ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵
00 DE 5
= 0.4152 ÷ 100 = 0.00172 Ω
-0 N 4/0
Transformer impedance:
𝑍𝑍𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ÷ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
01 IO 0
Line impedance:
C RI SE
𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿 × ZA
= 0.32 × 0.41
H IST ER
= 0.128 Ω
= (0.128) ÷ 0.00172 pu
D UP
= 76.2 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
The above constitutes the positive, negative and zero sequence line impedance
S
= (3 × 0.32 × ZA ) ÷ 00172pu
= 229 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
The LV side impedances are much larger than the MV side impedances and
transformer impedance are therefore neglected in the calculations.
Total impedance to fault: (𝑍𝑍𝑇𝑇 )
= Positive sequence impedance + Negative sequence impedance + Zero
sequence impedance + Fault Impedance
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11.4.5 Worked example using MVA method
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15 N 7 B
The MVA method is a variation to the per unit and ohmic methods.
The example in clause 11.4.4 is reworked in this case. The first step is to convert
the typical single line diagram to an equivalent MVA single line diagram and then
20 IG 1
reduce the MVA single line diagram into a single MVA value at the point of fault.
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The equivalent MVA single diagram is provided in Figure 11.2.
22 kV utility source:
00 DE 5
= 240 MVA
-0 N 4/0
22 kV Line:
= (222 ÷ 3.43) MVA (√[3.1252 + 1.4232] = 3.43)
01 IO 0
= 141 MVA
Fault Level on 22 kV Line:
J- T D
Fault Current:
-9 B D
= 2.4 kA
Transformer:
H IST ER
= 0.315 ÷ 0.044
= 7.2 MVA
D UP
LV Line:
= (0.4152 ÷ 0.13) MVA (0.41 x 0.32 = 1.3)
S
= 1.3 MVA
Fault Impedance:
P
S
U Y
The up-to-date zone substation fault level values should be obtained from Energy
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15 N 7 B
Systems Planning (a branch of Commercial & Business Development Division).
20 IG 1
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00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
01 IO 0
J- T D
D U E
-9 B D
C RI SE
H IST ER
Figure 11.2
D UP
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satisfactory performance (i.e. acceptable equipment failure rates and system
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15 N 7 B
outage rates).
The ability of insulation to withstand overvoltage depends on the rate of rise and
duration of the overvoltage. Consequently two voltage withstand levels are
20 IG 1
specified for equipment:
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• power frequency overvoltage; and
• impulse overvoltage
Impulse over voltage is usually the critical factor for distribution line design. It is
00 DE 5
referred to as the Basic Insulation Level (BIL). The values of BIL for standard
-0 N 4/0
60 6.6 kV
D U E
95 11 kV
150 22 kV
-9 B D
200(170)(150)* 33 kV
C RI SE
Power frequency flashovers can occur under wet or high humidity conditions. An
D UP
overhead line must be designed to avoid such flashovers. Even if the insulation is
able to withstand an initial withstand without damage, due to recloses there is a
likelihood of a subsequent flashovers when the wet or polluted conditions exist.
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12.3 Design for Impulse voltages
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15 N 7 B
12.3.1 Lightning
Lightning can cause over voltages in two ways:
• Direct strikes
20 IG 1
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• Induced strokes
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12.3.1.1 Direct Strikes
Direct strikes inject very high currents which coupled with the surge impedance
00 DE 5
of the line produce over voltages in the mega volt range.
-0 N 4/0
Since lightning tends to strike the highest object, earthed wires installed above
the line can provide protection. (Natural protection is provided where surrounding
vegetation or buildings are higher than the line).
01 IO 0
The degree of protection depends on the shielding angle of the overhead earth
J- T D
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A map of the Average Annual Number of Thunder Days is shown in Figure 11.2.
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15 N 7 B
The relationship between thunder days and ground flash density (Ng) is
approximately.
𝑁𝑁𝑔𝑔 = 0.0025𝑇𝑇 1.9 flashes per km2/annum
20 IG 1
R
Where, T equals thunder days per annum
2- S /20
00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
01 IO 0
J- T D
D U E
-9 B D
C RI SE
H IST ER
D UP
S
S
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ℎ𝑠𝑠 line height (m)
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15 N 7 B
𝑁𝑁𝑔𝑔 ground flash density (flashes/km2/year)
S line length (km)
20 IG 1
For example, 100 km of 9 m high line in an area of ground flash density of
R
12 flashes/km2/year would have an expected strike rate of:
2- S /20
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆 = 0.3 × 9 × 0.2 × 100
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆 = 54 induced voltage surges/year
00 DE 5
The number of surges exceeding a certain voltage magnitude can be determined
-0 N 4/0
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6,000 kV.
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This is high enough to flashover the full length of a wood pole.
15 N 7 B
12.3.4 Lightning Protection using Surge Arresters
Surge arresters are installed to protect equipment being damaged by lightning.
20 IG 1
A surge arrester will conduct a surge to ground but will not allow a power
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frequency flow current to pass.
An arrester’s residual voltage value is the voltage across the arrester whilst it is
conducting the surge to ground. The residual voltage needs to be significantly
00 DE 5
less than the equipment BIL in order to provide satisfactory protection. A “margin
-0 N 4/0
Where:
D U E
operating voltage
2) Determine the lightning discharge current. At voltages below 36 kV, 5 kA or
10 kA ratings are specified, however, for Horizon Power’s areas 10 kA is
S
more appropriate.
3) Select the creepage distance (refer to clause 6.1.1)
P
Surge arrester earth leads must be as short and straight as possible in all surge
arrester applications. The primary reason is inductive surge impedance. The
selection of an appropriate surge arrester for a given application can be negated
by poor installation practices. The length and configuration of the line and earth
leads connecting the arrester to the apparatus being protected is critical in the
determination of the arrester protective levels and margins.
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installed in parallel with the insulation being protected, the combined lead
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inductive voltage drop is additive to the arrester discharge voltage.
15 N 7 B
The inductive voltage drop in the line and ground leads is a function of the lead
inductance, current rate of rise and time according to the formula: V = L di/dt .
20 IG 1
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For a straight lead wire, the inductance (L) can be assumed to be 1.3 µH/meter.
If the lead wires are coiled the inductance will be significantly greater.
00 DE 5
Arrester manufacturers’ catalogs, drawings, and data will usually provide
-0 N 4/0
wave through switching surge. Those arrester discharge voltages plus lead
inductive voltage (if appropriate) are usually plotted and compared to the
J- T D
insulation coordination curves similar to Figure 12.5. Figure 12.5 also illustrates
the typical volt-time characteristic of most insulation. That is, the shorter the time
-9 B D
The example below illustrates the effect of arrester line and ground leads
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connected to a surge arrester and connected in parallel with insulation.
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15 N 7 B
Example
The 22 kV transformer in Figure 12.6 needs to be protected from surge damage.
The BIL for 22 kV is 150 kV (Table 12.1). The required margin of protection is
20 IG 1
R
50%;
2- S /20
Vtotal = BIL ÷ {(MOP) ÷100 + 1}
= 150 ÷ {50 ÷100 + 1}
00 DE 5
= 100 kV
-0 N 4/0
The residual voltage for a suitable arrester with continuous operating voltage
22 kV and rated voltage for a standard 8/20 µs wave is 77 kV (from a
manufacturer’s catalogue)
01 IO 0
J- T D
Assuming line and ground lead impedance of 1.3 µH/ft, the resulting inductive
voltage developed across the leads = 1.3 x 10‾⁶ x (10 x 103 A / 0.5 x 10‾⁶ sec) =
D U E
conservative than a standard 8/20 µs wave) Thus, for every meter length of line
C RI SE
and ground lead, 26 kV must be added to the arrester residual voltage when
calculating the overvoltage protective margins provided by the arrester and its
connections.
H IST ER
If the arrester is not directly connected on to the transformer tank, the ground
D UP
Therefore:
S
In the above example, if the full length of down lead to ground is 10 m and the
transformer ground resistance is 30 ohms, the voltage rise of the phase
conductor due to the lightning strike is approximately 637 kV. (i.e. 260 kV across
H IST ER
the down lead; 77 kV across the arrestor; and 300 kV across the earth
resistance).
This lightning impulse level will cause adjacent insulators to flashover as it is
D UP
much greater than their BIL, resulting in a fault with power frequency follow
through current. However, there is a high probability that the line can be
successfully auto reclosed after the fault is cleared.
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Customer Charter.
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15 N 7 B
13.2 Asset Hierarchy
The Street Lighting asset family includes:
20 IG 1
•
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Support structures including steel, wood and concrete poles, outreaches,
2- S /20
and foundation etc
• Street Light Control Boxes and its associated accessories and spares
00 DE 5
• Luminaries: including High Pressure Sodium (HPS), Mercury Vapour
-0 N 4/0
(MV), Metal Halide (MH), Compact Florescent (CFL), Light Emitting Diodes
(LED), accessories and spares.
01 IO 0
•
D U E
Table 13.1 indicates the lighting category, typical spacing, pole heights and lamp
types used in Horizon Power.
P
Type of
Typical Possible
Lighting Public
Road Width Pole Height Lamp Type
Category Spacing /
(m) (m)
Roadways
Residential or
P4 40 - 65 15 - 20 6.5 CF, LED
Local road
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Arterial HPS, MH,
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15 N 7 B
V3 65 - 100 30 - 40 10.5 or 12.5 MH/LED,
LED
20 IG 1
Arterial/Princi V4 65 - 100 30 - 40 10.5 or 12.5 MH/LED,
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pal LED
2- S /20
Cycle- (40 - 65)* or
P3 Any*** All CF, LED
way/Footpath (65 - 100)**
00 DE 5
Cul-de-sacs P4 40 - 65 15 - 20 6.5 CF, LED
-0 N 4/0
precinct LED
J- T D
Open Car
P11 20-40 Any*** 6.5 or 10.5 CF, LED
Park
D U E
-9 B D
Civic square
or Retail P7 20-40 30 - 40 6.5 or 10.5 CF, LED
precinct
H IST ER
Transport
P7 20-40 N/A 6.5 or 10.5 CF, LED
Interchange
D UP
Notes:
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5) Reduction in Greenhouse gas emissions
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15 N 7 B
Horizon Power currently install a combination of Metal Halide, High Pressure
Sodium, Compact Fluorescent and LED lamps depending on the application.
The old incandescent lamps are replaced with the above lamps wherever a pole
20 IG 1
is replaced or other work makes it appropriate to do so.
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The Main Roads Department uses low pressure sodium lights to light
crosswalks on highways and major roads. Horizon Power do not use these lights
for general highway lighting to allow drivers and pedestrians to readily recognise
00 DE 5
crosswalks by the distinctive light colour.
-0 N 4/0
4) Luminaire internal control gear including chokes and Photo Electric (PE)
D U E
8) Luminaires and their control gear internal wiring must be Double Insulted.
replacement)
3) How much of over design for lumen depreciation
4) Low life cycle cost
5) Reduction in Greenhouse gas emissions
S
U Y
years. Only circular or eight side polygonal poles are used. Some of the critical
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characteristics of the poles are:
15 N 7 B
1) Must be suitable to withstand Region D wind conditions
2) Pole tip deflection at ultimate loads must be less than 4%
20 IG 1
3) High vandalism rating of IK 08 in accordance with AS 1158
R
4) Minimum height above ground of 6.5 m, 10.5 m or 12.5 m
2- S /20
5) Should be installed in the 2.7 m alignment or 0.5 m alignments
When installing or replacing luminaires, on existing overhead power lines the
00 DE 5
existing poles may need to be utilised. When luminaires have been on every
-0 N 4/0
second pole and there is an even number of poles, lights will be required on two
adjacent poles.
Individual councils may request extra lights or the use of higher wattage lights.
01 IO 0
When poles carrying mains on the standard alignment are a long way from the
carriageway edge, it is necessary to install additional poles adjacent to the road
J- T D
On standard width Road Verges the street lighting pole should be erected in the
-9 B D
“Pole and Tree” allocation area, i.e. 2.7 m from the Property Line. If this position
does not allow enough distance between the kerb edge and the street lighting
C RI SE
pole to install a foot path, advice should be sought from the local Shire.
H IST ER
D UP
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15 N 7 B
20 IG 1
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00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
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High Pressure Sodium (150 W) 14000 10500 15500
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15 N 7 B
High Pressure Sodium (250 W) 26000 18200 25000
20 IG 1
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Compact Florescent (42 W) 3200 1920 20000
2- S /20
LED (56 W) 5000 4600 50000
00 DE 5
LED (112 W) 10000 9300 50000
-0 N 4/0
01 IO 0
* HRC fuses cannot be relied upon to operate rapidly enough to prevent risk of
injury/death should a conductor fall to ground. Normally the resistance to ground
of a fallen wire is too high to allow the fuse to detect and clear the fault. However
D UP
the smallest possible fuse size should always be used in order to maximise the
probability of the fuse operating if a fault does occurs.
S
Table 13.5 shows the maximum number of lamps or watts that should be placed
on a switchwire protected with the fuse sizes shown.
P
Fuse Rating
S
U Y
125 watt lamps 20 40 80
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15 N 7 B
150 watt lamps 17 34 68
20 IG 1
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Watts 2,400 4,800 9,600
2- S /20
00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
01 IO 0
J- T D
D U E
-9 B D
C RI SE
H IST ER
D UP
S
S
U Y
whenever the standard gets reviewed.
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15 N 7 B
Date Rev No. Notes
20 IG 1
01/02/2014 1 First Issue
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00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
01 IO 0
J- T D
D U E
-9 B D
C RI SE
H IST ER
D UP
S
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15 N 7 B
20 IG 1
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2- S /20
00 DE 5
-0 N 4/0
01 IO 0
J- T D
D U E
-9 B D
C RI SE
H IST ER
D UP
S