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30/01/2017
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Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual (Eurocode 2 edition)
Corrections due to Amendment 1 of the UK National Annex
The following are the technical updates applicable to the Nov 2009 revision of Concrete Buildings Scheme
Design Manual.
Location Original Amendment
Page 46, 3. As,prov/As,req’d ≤ 1.5 (UK National Annex)
section
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
3.6
\\tccdata\tcc\users\obrooker\Small tasks\Changes due to Amd 1 of UK NA\CBSDM corrections due to Amd 1 of UK NA.doc Revision 1/5 March 2010
Page 1 of 1
All advice or information from The Concrete Centre is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its
contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such
advise or information is accepted by The Concrete Centre or their subcontractors, suppliers or advisors.
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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Since its publication in 2006, the Concrete building scheme design manual has proved a popular
publication and this update is intended to assist the transition to Eurocode 2 for the design of
concrete structures by showing how to carry out initial design to the Code. As before it will greatly
assist candidates for the Institution of Structural Engineers chartered membership examination
by drawing together in one place useful information including design aids that are specifically
prepared for Eurocodes.
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Andrew Minson was the originator of the concept for this book, but the final format and content
have evolved over time with input gratefully received by the author, Owen Brooker, from a
number of people. The book contains some new material but many of the ideas and much of the
data have been developed from many sources over several years. It is not possible to credit every
source; indeed many are unknown, but wherever possible, references have been made to relevant
documents.
Particular thanks are due to Jenny Burridge and Bob Wilson who have spent considerable time
reviewing and commenting on drafts and providing useful guidance on what the examiners are
expecting. Thanks are also due John Brazier, Andrew Cotter, Bryan Magee and Matt Obst, who
have commented or made useful contributions in more specialised areas.
Gillian Bond, Issy Harvey, Sally Huish and Michael Burbridge Ltd have also made essential
contributions to the production of this handbook.
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the significance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including
that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by MPA –The Concrete Centre or its
subcontractors, suppliers or advisors. Readers should note that MPA –The Concrete Centre publications are subject to revision
from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.
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* Introduction
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1
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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*'- Timing
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2
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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3
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
Long-span roof
Upstand
beam
Column
Transfer beam
Shear Column
wall GL GL
Raft
Slender
columns
Retaining
wall
c) Reservoir
Tie/strut
Pilecap
Pile
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4
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
Partition load
Uniform load
Deflection, bending
and shear in beam
leads to reactions
at the end of the
beam Wall reaction
Reinforced
concrete column Brickwork wall
Pile cap
Pile
Friction reaction
1.5B
Load on rock
Load
Stress =
Area
a) Vertical loads
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5
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
Tension
Wind
n
tio
ac
e
Walls Ti
displaced
Hogging
Floor sag
Support
removed
Surcharge
GL
W1
Soil at rest
W2
GWL
Water load
GL
Passive
resistance
Bearing pressures
d) Retaining wall
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6
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
+'- Stability
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Movement
joint e) Cores resist bending on each section of the
building independently. Relative shear
displacement at movement joint.
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T V
7
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
Ma^nl^h_la^ZkpZeelZllnf^lmaZmma^ÌhhkpbeeZ\mZlZahkbshgmZe]bZiakZ`fmhmkZgl_^kehZ]l
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8
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
600
500
400
Depth in mm
300
200
100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
a) Imposed load Qk = 2.5 kN/m 2
600
500
400
Depth in mm
300
200
100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
b) Imposed load Qk = 5.0 kN/m2
600
500
400
Depth in mm
300
200
100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
c) Imposed load Qk = 7.5 kN/m2
Key
Troughed slab Flat slab One-way slab
P/T flat slab Hybrid hollowcore and topping
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9
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
MZ[e^+'*
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Solid flat slab (Continuity improves economy) - *) 0 *, ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ H H H H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Solid flat slab with drops - *+ 0 *- ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ H ✓ ✓ ✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Solid flat slab with column heads (Forming column head - *) 0 *, ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓ H H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
disrupts cycle times and interferes with holes adjacent to
columns)
Waffle slab 2 *+ 2 *- H H ✓✓ ✓ H ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Biaxial voided slab (Can be used with in-situ or with - *- 0 */ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ H H H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓
precast soffit slab, which would act as permanent
formwork)
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Solid one-way slab with beams - *+ / *- ✓ H H H H ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Solid slab with band beams 0 *+ 0 *, ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Ribbed slab with beams 0 ** 1 *+ H H ✓ ✓ H ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Ribbed slab with integral band beams / ** 1 *+ H ✓ ✓✓ ✓ H ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Tunnel form (One-way slab on walls) a - *) ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Composite lattice girder soffit slab b - 1 ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓
Precast hollowcore slab - *- ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ H H ✓✓
Composite precast slab - *. ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ ✓ H ✓
Precast double ‘T’ units / *2 ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H H ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ H H ✓✓
Precast crosswall and solid prestressed slab - 0'. ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ∏
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Solid two-way slab with beams . *+ ✗ ✗ H H H H ✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Two-way waffle slab with beams 2 *- ✗ ✗ H H H H H ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
Waffle slab with integral beams / ** ✗ ✗ H H ✓✓ ✓ H ✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗
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Precast twin wall and lattic girder soffit slab with - 0'. ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓
in-situ infill and topping
Precast columns and edge beams with in-situ floor - *) / *+ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ H ✓✓ H ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓
slab
Precast columns and floor units with in-situ beams b - *- ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓
In-situ columns and beams with precast floor units b - *- ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓✓ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H H ✓ ✓ ✓✓
In-situ columns and floor topping with precast - 0'. ✗ ✗ ✓✓ ✓ H H ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓✓ ✓✓ H H ✓ ✓ ✓
beams and floor units
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[M^fihkZkrikhilk^jnbk^]
10
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
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11
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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17
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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18
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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+'0', Buildability
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19
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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20
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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21
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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22
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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CO2 in use
120
100
80
60
40
Embodied CO2
20
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Year
Key
Heavy (cavity walls, precast concrete floors, dense block partitions)
Medium-heavy (cavity walls, precast concrete floors, block partitions)
Medium (cavity walls, timber floors, lightweight partitions)
Light (timber frame & floors, lightweight partitions)
Note
This graph assumes solar shading used and air-conditioning will be installed in homes when
temperatures become uncomfortable, but will be used with natural ventilation whenever possible.
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24
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
?b`nk^+'1
Mrib\ZeÌhhkeZrhnml
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25
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
MZ[e^+'*)[
;nedehZ]l_hkfZm^kbZel
FZm^kbZe ;ned]^glbmr FZm^kbZe ;ned]^glbmr
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26
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
MZ[e^+'*)]
:k^ZehZ]lZg]ehZ]lh_la^^mfZm^kbZel
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:liaZem!+)ff" )'-/ IeZlm^k[hZk]!2'.ff" )')0
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?Zel^\^bebg`¾lm^^e_kZfbg` )'*) IeZlmb\!\hkkn`Zm^]" )')-
?^em!,&eZr^k"Zg]\abiibg`l )',. Ierphh]!*+'.ff" )')1
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@eZllphhe!*))ff" )')* KZbl^]Ìhhk¾a^Zor]nmr )'.)
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27
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
MZ[e^+'**
Mrib\ZeZk^ZehZ]l_hk\eZ]]bg`Zg]pZeel!dG(f+"
<ZobmrpZee Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^\eZ]]bg`
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IeZlm^k
IeZlm^k )'+*
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Total 4.0 Total 3.6
Eb`amp^b`am\eZ]]bg` ;kb\dphkd
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)'). IeZlm^kq+ )'-+
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)'*. Total 2.8
Total
Total 0.4
0.4 ;eh\dphkd¾]^gl^
<nkmZbgpZeebg` *))ff]^gl^[eh\dphkd +'))
:eehp
:eehp *'))
*')) IeZlm^kq+ )'-+
BglneZmbg`\hg\k^m^_hkfphkd
BglneZmbg`\hg\k^m^_hkfphkd Total 2.4
K^g]^k
K^g]^k )'/)
)'/) ;eh\dphkd¾eb`amp^b`am
BglneZmbg`_hkfphkd
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<hg\k^m^!+))ff" -'1)
-'1) IeZlm^kq+ )'-+
IeZlm^k
IeZlm^k )'+*
)'+* Total 1.8
MhmZe
MhmZe .'0
.'0 ;eh\dphkd¾Z^kZm^]
Mbf[^k\eZ]]bg` *))ffZ^kZm^][eh\dphkd )'.)
;hZk]bg`!+.ff"
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;Zmm^gl )').
)'). Total 0.9
Ier!*+'.ff"
Ier!*+'.ff" )')1
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)'). IeZlm^k[hZk]Zg]ldbfq+ )'-)
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=krebgbg`hglmn] )'*.
=krebgbg`hglmn] )'*. Mbf[^klmn]pZee
Total 0.8
Total 2.40 Mbf[^klmn]l )'*)
IeZlm^k[hZk]Zg]ldbfq+ )'-)
Total 0.5
MZ[e^+'*+
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28
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
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MhmZe )'0
29
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
A: 0.46 m minimum
recommended minimum
0.8 m to 1.0 m
preferred range
3 bins
Acceptable
support positions
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30
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
=^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl
Structural
zone A
C B
Services E
D
zone
Floor to
ceiling
height G
FFL
Raised
H
floor
a) Flat soffit
A
B
500 C E
400 D
FFL
b) Downstand beams
Key
A Structural zone
B 50 mm deflection and tolerance
C Approx. 500 mm HVAC duct or terminal device
D 50 mm support and tolerance
E 5 150 mm sprinkler zone (if required)
F 150 mm lighting and ceiling zone
G Floor to ceiling height
H Raised floor
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31
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
+'*)'* Beams
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32
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33
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34
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36
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37
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
Engineering Consultants
99 High Street
Newtown
NW9 9AA
Your ref:
Our ref: 1099/OB/1.01/21-11-06 21 November 2006
FAO Mr J Client
Dear Mr Client
Call Centre – Implications of Recent Minor Seismic Activity
As we are sure you are aware there has recently been a minor earthquake in the region of the recently completed Call Centre.
We would like to address the concerns you may have regarding the strength of your building if faced with a similar event.
Initially we would like to confirm that the structure has been designed to the latest Building Regulations and Codes of
Practice. There is no requirement to explicitly consider the effects of seismic activity because historically the most significant
horizontal forces on structures in this region are wind forces, rather than forces arising from seismic activity.
We would suggest that, before making any decisions about strengthening the structure, we wait for a consensus amongst the
experts as to whether this type of event is likely to occur more frequently in the area and what they recommend as the design
requirements. We would expect that, if changes are necessary, the Building Regulations will be revised and that clear guidance
will emerge on whether existing buildings should be strengthened. The Call Centre is just one of many buildings that could be
affected by a similar earthquake in this region.
In the meantime, we would like to reassure you that the building as it stands will have reasonable strength to resist to a
minor seismic event. It has been designed with ties to ensure that ‘progressive collapse’ does not occur and these will act to
strengthen the building in the event of an earthquake. There are, however, a number of specific areas where localised damage
could occur as a result of a small earthquake; these are detailed below.
s !N EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT BUILDING SHOULD BE ABLE TO CARRY THE LATERAL LOADS IMPOSED TO A STABILITY CORE )N THIS CASE THE
precast units and topping screed are designed to act as a stiff diaphragm. However, depending on the intensity of the
earthquake, this system may have insufficient strength to carry the forces. A design check can be carried out when
there is agreement on the design forces that should be used for an earthquake in this region.
s 4HE CURRENT BUILDING IS DIVIDED INTO TWO DISCRETE STRUCTURES WITH A SMALL MOVEMENT JOINT BETWEEN THEM $URING AN
earthquake the structures will move laterally and the width of the joint is unlikely to be sufficient to prevent the two
structures from making contact. We think there are two options for overcoming this; either the joint could be made
wider by making alterations to the existing structure, or the lateral stiffness of the building could be increased by
incorporating more stability walls. The latter would reduce the sideways sway during a seismic event. It may also be
the preferred solution if the floor diaphragm requires strengthening. We will need to have a discussion so we can find an
acceptable solution that provides minimal disruption to your business and the minimum effect on the architecture.
s 4HE BUILDING IS FOUNDED ON WEATHERED ROCK WHICH SHOULD BE SUFlCIENTLY ROBUST IN THE EVENT OF AN EARTHQUAKE (OWEVER
we will need to review the strength of the foundations to resist lateral forces, for which they were not designed. The
building has a suspended ground floor, which means that there are beams tying the foundations together. This is
beneficial in the event of an earthquake, because it prevents the foundations moving apart possibly causing major
damage to the frame.
s 4HE BEAM
TO
COLUMN CONNECTIONS ARE A CAUSE FOR CONCERN 4HERE ARE MANY WAYS TO FORM A CONNECTION AND THIS IS
generally left to the precast manufacturer to design. This is usually beneficial because he can carry out the work more
efficiently and to suit his working methods. On this project the manufacturer has used a ‘billet’ type connection, which
is perfectly adequate for the job it was designed to do. However, it offers less spare capacity to resist the forces from
an earthquake and strengthening may be required.
s 4HE TWO
STOREY GLAZED ENTRANCE AREA WILL REQUIRE SOME STRENGTHENING MEASURES 4HE LATERAL MOVEMENT THAT WILL OCCUR
during an earthquake is almost certain to damage the glazing. The current glazing is laminated glass, which means
that it will not break into small pieces. However, there is a risk that whole panes will come away from their fixings with
the potential to cause loss of life. To overcome this, strengthening of the column–to-roof beam connections will be
necessary to reduce lateral sway.
We cannot be certain about how design guidance will change as a result of the earthquake, but the above comments should
give you an appreciation of the preventive measures that are likely to be necessary. If you would like to discuss the situation
further then please contact us.
Yours sincerely
?b`nk^+'*/
>qZfie^e^mm^k
38
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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40
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41
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42
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43
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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44
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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START
Is No Is No
vEd < vRd,max cot y = 2.5? vEd < vRd,max cot y = 1.0? Redesign
(see Table 3.7) section
Determine y from:
vEd
y = 0.5 sin-1
0.20 fck (1 – fck/250)
Asw vEd bw
Calculate area of shear reinforcement: =
s fywd cot y
?b`nk^,'*
Procedure for determining vertical shear reinforcement
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45
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
,'/ Deflection
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36
34
fck = 50
32
fck = 45
30 fck = 40
fck = 35
28 fck = 32
Span to depth ratio (l/d)
fck = 30
26 fck = 28
fck = 25
24
fck = 20
22
20
18
16
14
12
0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.30% 2.00%
Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,req /bd)
Notes
1 For two-way spanning slabs, the check 4 Curves based on the following expressions:
should be carried out on the basis of the 1.5
1.5 fck r 0 r0
shorter span.
2 This graph assumes simply supported span
l
d [
= K 11 +
r
+ 3.2 fck
( )]
r
–1
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Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios
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46
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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320
Approximate steel stress at SLS for As,req, ssu
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Ratio Gk/Qk
c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.35
To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (ss ), calculate the ratio Gk/Qk,
read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to determine ssu.
As,req 1
ss can be calculated from the expression: ss = ssu f pf p
As,prov d
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Determination of steel stress
47
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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49
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
,'2'+ Analysis
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50
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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1.5 m 9.0 m
Shear vEd = 3525 x 103/(0.9 x 600 x 1550) = 4.21 MPa Figure 3.1
≥ 5.81 mm
Figure 3.1
Say 4 H12 links @ 75 mm ctrs
4 H12 links
@ 75 ctrs
600
51
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
,'*)'+ Analysis
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56
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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9000
Imposed load = 5 kN/m2
cnom = 25 mm
Concrete class C28/35
l y = 9000
Initial sizing From Economic concrete frame elements: 213 mm Section 2.10
or 9000/36 = 250 mm say 250 mm
Loads n = 1.35 (1.5 + 6.25) + 1.5 x 5 = 18.0 kN/m2 (ULS)
Check short span d = 250 − 25 − 8 = 217 mm
ly 9.0
= = 1.3
lx 7.2
bsx = – 0.069 and bsx = 0.051 Table 3.17
Support moment msx = bsx n lx = – 0.069 x 18.0 x
2 7.22
= – 64.4 kNm/m
critical in bending For msx = 64.4, b = 1000, d = 217, fck = 28
Then As = 718 mm2/m (K = 0.049 & z = 206 mm)
Use H12s @ 150 ctrs (As,prov = 754 mm2/m)
Shear bvx = 0.50 Table 3.18
Vsx = bvx n lx
= 0.5 x 18.0 x 7.2
= 64.8 kN/m width
V 3
vEd = Ed = 64.8 x 10 = 0.30 N/mm2
bd 1000 x 217
100 As = 100 x 754 = 0.35
bd 1000 x 217
= vRd.c = 0.57 N/mm2 > 0.30 = no shear links required Table 3.6
Deflection Maximum sagging moment = 0.051 x 18.0 x 7.22 = 47.6 kN/m
For b = 1000, d = 217, fck = 28
Then K = 0.036, As req = 531 mm2 (z = 206 mm)
r = As,req/bd = 531 x 100/(1000 x 217) = 0.24%
Basic l/d = 35.2 x 1.3 = 45.8 (K = 1.3 for end span condition) Figure 3.2
actual l/d = 7200/217 = 33.2 =OK
=Use H12 @ 200 ctrs As,prov = 566 mm2
57
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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60
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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61
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
cnom = 30 mm
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square columns
62
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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64
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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65
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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66
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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67
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68
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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70
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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71
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
Initial sizing 9000/36 = 250 mm thick (Economic concrete frame elements: 249 mm) Table 2.22
Geometry Area of concrete, Ac = 7000 x 250 = 1750 x 103 mm2
Second moment of area, Ic = 7000 x 2503/12 = 9.11 x 109 mm4
Distance to extreme fibres from neutral axis, yb = yt = 125 mm
Section modulus, Zb = Zt = 9.11 x 109/125 = 72.9 x 106
Strand diameter = 12.9 mm 60
125
Minimum cover = 20 mm
a
Distance to centre of strand = 60 mm 125
Tendon profile for end span (most critical):
60
Idealised tendon
shape for initial a = 250 – 60– 60 – 65 = 98
2
design only
Number of Characteristic value of maximum force, 186 kN Table 3.29
strands required Initial prestress = 0.8 x 186 = 149 kN (allow for 80% of characteristic force)
Prestress in service condition = 0.7 x 149 = 104 kN (allow for 10% loss
at transfer and 20% loss at service, check in detailed design)
Balance dead loads with prestressing
P = ws2/(8a) = 7 x 6 x 92/(8 x 0.098) = 4339 kN Section 3.16.2
=No. of tendons required = 4339/104 = 41.7, try 9 x 5 strands per duct
Total force = 4680 kN
Moments (SLS) Applied loads wa = 7 x (6.25 + 1.25 + 5) = 87.5 kN/m
Balancing load wb = 8aP/s2 = 8 x 0.098 x 4160 / 92 = 40.2 kN/m
Balanced moment M ≈ (wa – wb) l2/10 = (87.5 – 40.2) x 92/10 = 383.1 kNm
Mid-span stresses P + M = 4680 x 103 + 383.1 x 106 = 2.7 + 5.3 = 8.0 N/mm2
st = Section 3.16.3
Act Zt 1750 x 103 72.9 x 106
For class C32/40 allowable compressive stress is 12.8 N/mm2 = OK Table 3.30
P – M = 4680 x 103 – 383.1 x 106 = 2.7 – 5.3 = – 2.6 N/mm2
sb = Section 3.16.3
Act Zb 1750 x 103 72.9 x 106
For class C32/40 allowable tensile stress is 2.7 N/mm2 = OK Table 3.30
Comments Stresses at the support and punching shear should also be checked
at this stage for a flat slab (see 3.12.3)
It is assumed that deflection, the ULS requirements and transfer
requirements can be met with passive reinforcement in detailed design,
as is usually the case.
72
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walls are rectangular and the same thickness we can use the depth only)
W1 = 103 = 1000 m3
W2 = 83 = 512 m3
Total = 1512 m3
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300
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Medium dense
200
N = 20
100
Loose N = 10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Foundation width (m)
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B
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0
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2
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1.00
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Soft clay
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0
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2
Find safe working load of a 450 mm diameter bored pile in clay
0m c u = 70 kN/m
Qf = ac As + cu Nc Ab
gs gb
Qf = 0.45 (70 + 170)/2 p x 0.45 x 10 + 170 x 9 x p x 0.2252
3.0 2.5
= 254 + 97.3
2
= 351 kN
10 m c u = 170 kN/m
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91
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A B C
600 dp x 300
1
250
500
150
200
400 dp x 300
600 dp x 300
150
7000
300 dp x 250
3450
200 1650
150
wall
600 dp x 300
SFL = 112.150
Up Down
1100
150
X X
2
400 dp x 300 Column
500 x 300
600 dp x 300
3000
150
150
600 dp x 300
3
150
FLOOR LAYOUT
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SECTION X - X
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-'+'* Foundations
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B L
B
Z
X
L
L L
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Damp-proof
membrane
75 mm Blinding 75 mm
Pile reinforcement
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93
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
Internal wall
In-situ concrete
Screed
Mesh reinforcement Damp-proof
FFL course Insulation
In-situ RC
slab Damp-proof
Insulation membrane
Blinding Blinding
Façade Facade
In-situ screed
In-situ RC slab on sub-base
Damp-proof Reinforcement
course TOC
Insulation
Damp-proof
Top of pilecap course
Damp-proof 100 mm
membrane Precast hollowcore unit
Blinding
Well compacted
Blinding Concrete strip foundation
sub-base
Blinding
c) Typical perimeter pile cap and ground bearing d) Strip foundation supporting pre-cast unit
slab interface
Damp-proof
membrane
Blinding 450
Sub-base min 75
Existing New concrete Resin-anchored dowel
concrete foundation bars
foundation
?b`nk^-'-
LaZeehp_hng]Zmbhgl*
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94
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel
Longitudinal joint
Reinforced Reinforced concrete
concrete column Outline of column Proprietary joint sealant 20 mm wide
base below slab
RC wall
Existing
masonry Concrete foundation
Longitudinal joint
wall
Outline of base
below slab
Damp-proof
membrane
A A
Transverse joint
Blinding
Isolation joint (where provided)
b) Isolation joint at steel stanchion: plan e) New structure allowed to load existing building
foundations
Existing
Concrete surround to 20 mm soft joint masonry wall
Compressible filler board stanchion baseplate
Foundation
20 mm wide, joint sealed constructed to finished
with proprietary sealant floor level Compressible
Damp-proof material
membrane
Mass concrete
Blinding
Mass concrete
Sub-base Damp-proof
membrane 50 mm soft joint
filled with
Blinding compressible
material Assumed foundation
to existing wall
c) Section A A f) New structure isolated from existing building
foundations
?b`nk^-'.
LaZeehp_hng]Zmbhgl+
:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
95
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
300 mm wide
granular backfill
Water-bar
Weep hole
Drainage pipe
y x
Precast concrete
Mass concrete
In-situ concrete
base d
?b`nk^-'/
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96
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel
Reinforced
concrete King post
ground beam Ground floor slab
Reinforced concrete
column
X X
Pile
a) Secant pile wall used as part of permanent structure c) Temporary king post wall
In-situ concrete
Superstructure Secant pile
wall
Reinforced
concrete Ground floor slab
capping beam
Section X X
Reinforced concrete
column
Z Z
Reinforced Waterproofing to internal
concrete or external surface of
basement wall basement wall as
required
Contiguous Section Y Y
pile wall
Basement slab
In-situ
concrete
infill
Pile
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97
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
-'+'- Waterproofing
External In-situ
concrete concrete Bitumen sheeting
wall wall
Masonry wall or protective Fillet
board
DPM applied to inner
face of external wall Structural wall
and floor
600 mm zone
50 protective
of selected screed
Concrete floor
backfill
300 mm
zone of
selected 150 min sealed
backfill overlap
Horizontal DPM protected
with 50 screed Concrete
base
Graded
drainage 225 min Sub-base
Fillet material
Drainage pipe
Drainage
pipe
c) Externally applied bitumen sheet tanking
Blinding
DPM concrete
Sub-base
Graded drainage
material
Blinding concrete
Graded
drainage
material
Fillet
Sub-base
?b`nk^-'1
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98
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel
Protection
Tanking
Fillet
Fillet
150
Stabilising beam
Pile cap
Isolated pile groups
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Slab reinforcement
Column Cavity drain former
50 Blockwork wall
Cavity former cut Screed Cavity drainage former
around columns
TOC Screed
SSL
Reinforced 100 mm min.
Laid to falls concrete wall
Foundation
Pile
Drainage gulley
a)Cavity system at column position b)Junction of floor and wall cavitiy systems
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Drainage channel
Floor finishes
Reinforced in-situ
concrete
Blinding
Waterproof
render Chamfer at internal
and external corners
Selected backfill
Tanked waterproofing
system
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99
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
-'+'. Cladding
Horizontal restraint
brackets
Cladding
panel
Shims
RC frame
Fixing between bracket
and RC frame
Precast
concrete
panel
Shims for vertical
tolerance
Horizontal restraint
bracket
Steel angle supporting cladding
panel fixed to RC frame
a) Cladding panel fixed to reinforced concrete upstand b) Precast concrete cladding supported by concrete beam
Precast concrete
cladding panels
RC concrete
Cast-in socket
with cross pin Expansion anchor or cast-in
(or vertical cast-in channel) Soft joint channel and serrated cleat,
and plate washer for lateral
adjustment
c) Horizontal fixing for precast concrete cladding d) Load bearing and horizontal restraint fixing
panel for precast cladding panels
Adjustment
Cladding
Cladding bracket panel
Range of
Precast concrete movement
cladding panel
e) Cladding bracket with three degrees of adjustment f) Fixing detail to allow movement
Note: any steel connected to external elements should be galvanised or, more durably, stainless steel.
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100
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel
In-situ concrete
Insulation Insulation
In-situ concrete
Tie
Retained
façade
Fixing to
RC frame
Cavity tray
Lateral Soft joint
restraint Lateral
fixing Continuous formed
angle brickwork restraint fixing
Soft joint support system
(stainless steel) Fixing to frame allows
vertical movement
Tie into
brickwork
?b`nk^-'*,
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-'+'/ Waterstops
Outside Inside
Blinding
Recess cast in
concrete
Hydrophilic
strip
?b`nk^-'*-
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:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
101
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
No steel
continuity
Shear connector
Expansion type Initial gap for
waterstop expansion
No steel
continuity
Soft joint
Waterstop
Sealant
Steel
continuity Sealant
50% Soft joint
Waterstop
Waterstop
?b`nk^-'*.
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:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
102
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel
-'+'1 Superstructure
Screed
New RC slab
X X
Existing column
15 mm soft joint
New reinforced
10 mm steel plate concrete slab
Plan Section X X
Structural topping
Reinforcement projecting from
Hollowcore unit in-situ beam bent down into
structural topping
In-situ beam
?b`nk^-'*/
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:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGÃMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
103
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
Ik^ebfbgZkb^l
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104
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
F^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^
.'+ Programme
:lpbmaf^mah]lmZm^f^gml%ma^\Zg]b]Zm^blnlnZeerng]^kmbf^ik^llnk^ZmmabllmZ`^h_ma^
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MZ[e^.'*
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Start
on site
Lead-in time (weeks) Speed on site (weeks/1000 m2/crane)
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
Column/slab construction
Flat slab
Ribbed slab
Waffle slab
Precast crosswall
Tunnel form
?b`nk^.'*
E^Z]&bgmbf^lZg]li^^]h_\hglmkn\mbhg
105
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
Ma^[nbe]bg`blmak^^lmhk^rlab`aZg]eh\Zm^]hgZ`k^^g&Ë^e]lbm^%bmaZl[^^gZllnf^]maZmhg^
\kZg^aZl[^^gnl^]_hkmabl\hglmkn\mbhg'
A B C D
1
7500
2 E F G H I
7500
3
7500
4
7500
5
7500
?b`nk^.'+
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Activity Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Substructure 8 weeks
Superstructure 10 weeks
?b`nk^.',
<hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^_hkZÌZmleZ[lhenmbhg
106
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
F^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^
Activity Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Substructure 8 weeks
Superstructure 13 weeks
?b`nk^.'-
<hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^_hkZar[kb]\hg\k^m^lhenmbhg
107
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
Continuous
peripheral
Internal ties gable tie
Continuity tie
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108
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
:ii^g]bq:3Kh[nlmg^ll
Concrete topping
Note
Not suitable for Class 2B and Class 3 buildings in accordance ?b`nk^:'+
with Approved Document A [36] Bgm^kgZeÌhhkmb^lpbmabg
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In-situ concrete
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In-situ
concrete
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109
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
Floor
Gable
beam
slab
Tie bar In-situ
concrete
Reinforcement anchored
into precast column
Edge beam
using alternatives shown
in Figure A.9 ?b`nk^:'.
=^mZbebg`Zm\hkg^k\henfglT,*V
?b`nk^:'/
Tie bar diameter
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ehg`bmn]bgZechbgmlh_
aheehp\hk^ngbml
In-situ
infill
?b`nk^:'0
I^kbf^m^kmb^lpa^k^aheehp\hk^ngbmlliZgiZkZee^emh^]`^[^ZfT,*V
110
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
:ii^g]bq:3Kh[nlmg^ll
?b`nk^:'1
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Anchor plate
Fully anchored
cast-in-socket
Grouted sleeve
?b`nk^:'2
:em^kgZmbo^ZkkZg`^f^gml_hk
bgm^kgZemb^lZmik^\Zlm\henfg
ihlbmbhg
111
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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112
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
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113
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)'0. )'/- )'/+ )'/) )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.- )'., )'.+ )'.) )'-1
)'1) )'/. )'/, )'/+ )'/) )'.2 )'.0 )'./ )'.- )'., )'.* )'-2
)'1. )'// )'/. )'/, )'/+ )'/) )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.)
)'2) )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/+ )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.. )'., )'.*
)'2. )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/- )'/, )'/* )'.2 )'.0 )'./ )'.- )'.+
*')) )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/) )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.,
*'). )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/* )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.-
*'*) )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/- )'/+ )'/) )'.2 )'.0 )'..
*'*. )'0- )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'/0 )'/. )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.1 )'./
*'+) )'0. )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.0
*'+. )'0/ )'0, )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/+ )'/) )'.0
*',) )'00 )'0- )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/0 )'/. )'/- )'/, )'/) )'.1
*',. )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/* )'.2
*'-) )'02 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/)
*'-. )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/)
*'.) )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/, )'/*
*'.. )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0- )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/+
*'/) )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0. )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'/0 )'/. )'/+
*'/. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/,
*'0) )'1- )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/-
*'0. )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/-
*'1) )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/0 )'/.
*'1. )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'/.
*'2) )'10 )'1- )'1+ )'1* )'02 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'//
*'2. )'11 )'1. )'1, )'1* )'1) )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0+ )'/2 )'//
+')) )'11 )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0. )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/0
114
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
MZ[e^;'1
OZen^lh_oK]%\la^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_f^f[^klpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm%FIZ%_hk_\d6,)FIZ
re6 >__^\mbo^]^ima%]!ff"
:l(![]"
+)) ++. +.) +0. ,)) ,.) -)) -.) .)) /)) 0.)
)'+. )'.- )'.+ )'.) )'-1 )'-0 )'-. )'-, )'-* )'-) )',1 )',/
)',) )'.- )'.+ )'.) )'-1 )'-0 )'-. )'-, )'-+ )'-* )',2 )',1
)',. )'.- )'.+ )'.) )'-2 )'-1 )'-/ )'-. )'-- )'-, )'-* )'-)
)'-) )'.. )'., )'.+ )'.* )'.) )'-1 )'-0 )'-/ )'-. )'-, )'-+
)'-. )'.0 )'./ )'.- )'., )'.+ )'.) )'-2 )'-1 )'-0 )'-. )'-,
)'.) )'.2 )'.0 )'./ )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-2 )'-1 )'-0 )'-.
)'.. )'/* )'.2 )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'.) )'-1 )'-/
)'/) )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'.) )'-1
)'/. )'/. )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.2 )'.0 )'.. )'.- )'., )'.* )'-2
)'0) )'// )'/- )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.)
)'0. )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/+ )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.. )'., )'.*
)'1) )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/* )'.2 )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.+
)'1. )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/) )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.-
)'2) )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'/0 )'/. )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.2 )'.0 )'..
)'2. )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/0 )'/- )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.1 )'./
*')) )'0. )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.0
*'). )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/, )'/+ )'/) )'.0
*'*) )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/* )'.1
*'*. )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'.2
*'+) )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/+ )'/)
*'+. )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/, )'/*
*',) )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0- )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/+
*',. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0. )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/+
*'-) )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0/ )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/,
*'-. )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/-
*'.) )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/0 )'/.
*'.. )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'/.
*'/) )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'//
*'/. )'11 )'1/ )'1, )'1+ )'1) )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0+ )'/2 )'/0
*'0) )'12 )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1* )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0) )'/0
*'0. )'2) )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1+ )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'/1
*'1) )'2* )'11 )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'00 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'/2
*'1. )'2+ )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0. )'0+ )'/2
*'2) )'2+ )'2) )'10 )'1/ )'1- )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0)
*'2. )'2, )'2* )'11 )'1/ )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0, )'0*
+')) )'2- )'2* )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0*
115
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
MZ[e^;'2
OZen^lh_oK]%\la^Zkk^lblmZg\^h_f^f[^klpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm%FIZ%_hk_\d6,.FIZ
re6 >__^\mbo^]^ima%]!ff"
:l(![]"
+)) ++. +.) +0. ,)) ,.) -)) -.) .)) /)) 0.)
)'+. )'.2 )'./ )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-1 )'-/ )'-. )'-, )'-* )',2
)',) )'.2 )'./ )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-1 )'-/ )'-. )'-, )'-* )'-)
)',. )'.2 )'./ )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-2 )'-0 )'-/ )'-. )'-- )'-+
)'-) )'.2 )'./ )'.. )'.- )'., )'.* )'-2 )'-1 )'-0 )'-/ )'--
)'-. )'/) )'.1 )'.0 )'./ )'.. )'., )'.* )'.) )'-2 )'-0 )'-/
)'.) )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'., )'.+ )'.* )'-2 )'-0
)'.. )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'/) )'.1 )'./ )'.. )'.- )'., )'.* )'-2
)'/) )'// )'/- )'/, )'/* )'/) )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.)
)'/. )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/+ )'/) )'.1 )'.0 )'./ )'.- )'.+
)'0) )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/* )'.2 )'.1 )'.0 )'.. )'.,
)'0. )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/* )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.-
)'1) )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.0 )'..
)'1. )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/, )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'./
)'2) )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/, )'/+ )'/) )'.0
)'2. )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/* )'.2
*')) )'02 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/)
*'). )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/. )'/, )'/)
*'*) )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0- )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/*
*'*. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0. )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/. )'/+
*'+) )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0/ )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'// )'/,
*'+. )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0+ )'0) )'/2 )'/0 )'/-
*',) )'1/ )'1, )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/1 )'/.
*',. )'10 )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'02 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'0* )'/1 )'//
*'-) )'11 )'1. )'1, )'1* )'1) )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0+ )'/2 )'/0
*'-. )'12 )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1* )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0) )'/0
*'.) )'2) )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1+ )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'/1
*'.. )'2* )'11 )'1/ )'1- )'1, )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0+ )'/2
*'/) )'2+ )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1* )'01 )'00 )'0. )'0+ )'0)
*'/. )'2, )'2) )'11 )'1/ )'1- )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0/ )'0, )'0)
*'0) )'2- )'2* )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0*
*'0. )'2. )'2+ )'2) )'11 )'1/ )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0+
*'1) )'2. )'2, )'2) )'11 )'10 )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'0. )'0+
*'1. )'2/ )'2- )'2* )'12 )'11 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'02 )'0/ )'0,
*'2) )'20 )'2- )'2+ )'2) )'11 )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'00 )'0-
*'2. )'21 )'2. )'2, )'2* )'12 )'1/ )'1- )'1+ )'1) )'00 )'0-
+')) )'22 )'2/ )'2- )'2+ )'2) )'10 )'1- )'1+ )'1* )'01 )'0.
116
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
MZ[e^;'*)
=^lb`gfhf^gm_Z\mhkl_hk\hgmbgnhnl[^ZflpbmaZiikhqbfZm^er^jnZeliZgl
0.156 0.156
0.095 0.095 0.129 0.129
0.5l
0.188 0.188
Concentrated at mid span
0.167 0.167
0.111 0.111 0.139 0.139
Ghm^l
*;^g]bg`fhf^gm6!\h^_Ë\b^gm"q!mhmZeehZ]hgliZg"q!liZg"' ,<h^_Ë\b^gmlZiierpa^gZeeliZglZk^^jnZe!oZkbZmbhglbgma^liZg
+;^g]bg`fhf^gm\h^_Ë\b^gm3 e^g`mafnlmghm^q\^^]*.h_ma^ehg`^lm"'
:Z[ho^ebg^Ziiermhg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmZmlniihkml' -EhZ]lhg^Z\aehZ]^]liZgZk^^jnZe'
;[^ehpebg^Ziiermhihlbmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgliZg' .Fhf^gmh_bg^kmbZlZf^makhn`ahnmZeeliZgl'
117
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
MZ[e^;'**
=^lb`gla^Zk_hk\^_Z\mhkl_hk\hgmbgnhnl[^ZflpbmaZiikhqbfZm^er^jnZeliZgl
EhZ] =^Z]ehZ]!ZeeliZglehZ]^]" Bfihl^]ehZ]!fZqbfnfh_Zem^kgZm^liZglehZ]^]hk
ZeeliZglehZ]^]"
0.395 0.526 0.500 0.474 0.605 0.447 0.598 0.591 0.576 0.620
0.605 0.474 0.500 0.526 0.395 0.620 0.576 0.591 0.598 0.447
0.369 0.532 0.500 0.468 0.631 0.434 0.622 0.614 0.595 0.649
0.631 0.468 0.500 0.532 0.369 0.649 0.595 0.614 0.622 0.434
0.342 0.540 0.500 0.460 0.658 0.421 0.647 0.636 0.615 0.679
0.658 0.460 0.500 0.540 0.342 0.679 0.615 0.636 0.647 0.421
0.360 0.535 0.500 0.465 0.640 0.430 0.631 0.621 0.602 0.659
0.640 0.465 0.500 0.535 0.360 0.659 0.602 0.621 0.631 0.480
Ghm^
La^Zk_hk\^6!\h^_Ë\b^gm"q!mhmZeehZ]hghg^liZg"'
118
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
MZ[e^;'*+
=^lb`gfhf^gmZg]la^Zk_hk\^_Z\mhkl_hkliZglh_ng^jnZee^g`ma
EhZ] =^Z]ehZ]!ZeeliZglehZ]^]" Bfihl^]ehZ]!fZqbfnfh_Zem^kgZm^liZglehZ]^]hk
ZeeliZglehZ]^]"
Moment
Uniformly distributed
Shear
Moment
0.311
Uniformly distributed
2l l 2l 2l l 2l
Shear
0.845 0.500 1.155 0.864 0.500 1.136
1.155 0.500 0.845 1.136 0.500 0.864
Ghm^l
*;^g]bg`fhf^gm6!\h^_Ë\b^gm"q!ehZ]i^kngbme^g`ma"q!e+"'
+La^Zk_hk\^6!\h^_Ë\b^gm"q!ehZ]i^kngbme^g`ma"q!e"'
,;^g]bg`fhf^gm\h^_Ë\b^gm3
:Z[ho^ebg^Ziiermhg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmZmlniihkml'
;[^ehpebg^Ziiermhihlbmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgliZg!g^`Zmbo^oZen^bg]b\Zm^lg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gm"'
119
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
l a w 2 2
RA = V A = (l a )
2l
2
RB = V B 1 + V B2 = w (l + a)
2l
A Loading B C V B1 = w a
V B2 = w (l + a )
2 2
V B2 2l
w 2 2
V1 Msag, max = 2 (l + a) (l a)
8l
Shear V B1
2
wa
Mhog, max=
2
wa 2 3 3
Moment
Mhog,max dC = (4a l l3 + 3a3)
24EI
Msag, max
l a 2
wa
RA = VA =
2l
wa
C R B= VA + V B = (2l + a )
A Loading B 2l
V B = wa
VB 2
wa
VA Mmax =
2
Shear 3
wa
dC = (4 l + 3 a)
Mmax 24EI
Moment
l a
P Pa
RA = VA =
l
A C P (l + a)
Loading B RB = VA + V B =
l
VB = P
VB
VA Mmax = Pa
2
Shear
dC = Pa (l + a)
3EI
Mmax
Moment
?b`nk^;'*
;^g]bg`fhf^gml%la^Zk_hk\^lZg]]^Ì^\mbhgl_hk\Zgmbe^o^kl
120
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
Deflected
h shape
Assumed pin
connection
b b
F1
F1 F1 F1
F1 4 F1 2 F1 4
4 2 4
F2
F1 + F2 F1 + F2 F1 + F2
F1 + F2 4 F1 + F2 2 F1 + F2 4
4 2 4
F3
F1 + F2 + F3 F1 + F2 + F3 F1 + F2 + F3
/F 4 /F 2 /F 4
4 2 4
/F /F /F
4 2 4
(3F 1 +2 F 2 + F 3 )h 0 (3F 1 + 2 F 2 + F 3 )h
2b 2b
b) Forces
MA MA
MA MB
MA M A = F1 h / 8
MA M B = F1 h /4
MC MD MD M C = ( F1 + F2 ) h /4
2 MC MC M D = (2 F1 + F2) h /8
MA MB MA 2 M E = (F + F + F )h /4
1 2 3
MD M F = (2 F1+ 2 F 2 + F3 )h / 8
MD MF
ME MF
2 ME ME
MC MC MC 2
2 2
MF MF
c) Moments
Note
Columns and beams have equal stiffness
?b`nk^;'+
:iikhqbfZm^fhf^gml_hkZfnemb&lmhk^r_kZf^
121
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
0.25
0.20
Compression reinforcement often advised (x/d > 0.45)
0.15
MEd /bd2fck
Key
–– 25 fck
–– 30 fck
0.10 –– 35 fck
–– 40 fck b
–– 50 fck
x
0.05 d
z < 0.95d
As
0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
100 As/bd
?b`nk^;',
=^lb`g\aZkm_hklbg`erk^bg_hk\^][^Zf
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F>]([a+_\d
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K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl! _\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)').
122
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
:ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l
*',
D k 6)'+
KZmbh] + (a 6)'*)
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F>] ([a+_\d
?b`nk^;'-\
K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)'*.
123
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
*',
D k 6)'+
KZmbh] + (a 6)'+)
*'+
\d
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F>] ([a+_\d
?b`nk^;'-]
K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl!_\d©.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)'+)
*',
D k 6)'+ KZmbh] + (a 6)'+.
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\d
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a_
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a
d
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<^gmkhb]h_[Zklbg
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127
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References
* ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾*3=^lb`gh_<hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l¾IZkm
*¾*3@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))/'
+ ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾+3=^lb`gh_<hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l¾IZkm
*¾+3Lmkn\mnkZeËk^]^lb`g';LB%+))/'
, ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)3Ma^lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^';LB*220'
- MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`ll\a^f^]^lb`gfZgnZe'<<BI&)*1'M<<%+))/'
. @HH=<ABE=%<A'P>;LM>K%KF>EEBHMM%DL'>\hghfb\\hg\k^m^_kZf^^e^f^gml'
Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
/ BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'P^[iZ`^
ammi3((ppp'blmkn\m^'hk`'nd(^qZfl(bg]^q'Zli
0 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22)>nkh\h]^¾;Zlblh_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`g'
;LB%+))+'
1 <BKB:'K^ihkm*)+'=^lb`gh_la^ZkpZeelbg[nbe]bg`l'<BKB:%*21-'
2 GA;<LmZg]Zk]l'<aZim^k-'+3;nbe]bg`g^Zkmk^^l'GA;<%+)),!bg\e':ikbe+)).
Zf^g]f^gm"'
*) <A:KE>L%C:'@^hm^\agb\l_hk[nbe]bg`ikh_^llbhgZel';K>%+)).'
** <BKB:'Li^\bZein[eb\Zmbhg*)03K^f^]bZemk^Zmf^gm_hk\hgmZfbgZm^]eZg]'<BKB:%*22.'
*+ ;KBMBLA<>F>GM:LLH<B:MBHG'K^f^]bZmbhgh_[khpgË^e]eZg]';<:%+))-'
*, MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]^elmn]r¾<hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI¾)*)'M<<%+))0'
*- MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]^elmn]r¾L\ahhe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI¾)**'M<<%+))1'
*. MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]^elmn]r¾AhlibmZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI¾)*+'M<<%+))1'
*/ MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]^elmn]r¾Ab`akbl^k^lb]^gmbZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI¾)*,'M<<%
bgik^iZkZmbhg'
*0 <HFFNGBMB>L:G=EH<:E@HO>KGF>GM';nbe]bg`k^`neZmbhgl!>g`eZg]Zg]PZe^l"
:iikho^]]h\nf^gmE'<E@%+))/'
*1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=BGLMBMNMBHG';L1.))%<hg\k^m^¾<hfie^f^gmZkr;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]mh
;L>G+)/¾*';LB%+))/'
*2 <FIBGM>KG:MBHG:EEM=';nbe]bg`fZ`Zsbg^%p^^der'
+) :KNI'AhlibmZeÌhhkob[kZmbhglmn]r'<hfiZkblhgh_ihllb[e^Ìhhklmkn\mnk^lpbmak^li^\mmh
GALob[kZmbhg\kbm^kbZ'K^l^Zk\ak^ihkm%:kni%+))-':oZbeZ[e^_hk]hpgehZ]_khfppp'
\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf
+* A:<D>K%CG%=>L:NEE>L%MI%FBGLHG%:FZg]AHEF>L%FC'>f[h]b^]Zg]hi^kZmbhgZe
\Zk[hg]bhqb]^^fbllbhgl_khfahnlbg`3Z\Zl^lmn]rhgma^^__^\mlh_ma^kfZefZllZg]
\ebfZm^\aZg`^':oZbeZ[e^_hk]hpgehZ]_khfppp'\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf'Ln[fbmm^]mh
>g^k`rZg];nbe]bg`%+))/'
++ <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\ZeK^ihkm/0'Fho^f^gm%k^lmkZbgmZg]\kZ\dbg`bg\hg\k^m^
lmkn\mnk^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+))1'
+, <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\Zek^ihkm-,3Ihlm&m^glbhg^]\hg\k^m^Ìhhkl]^lb`gaZg][hhd
!l^\hg]^]bmbhg"'<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)).'
+- MA>BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'=^lb`gk^\hff^g]Zmbhg_hkfnemb&lmhk^r
Zg]ng]^k`khng]\ZkiZkdl!,k]^]bmbhg"'BLmkn\m>%+))+'
+. ;NBE=BG@K>L>:K<A>LM:;EBLAF>GM%!;K>"%Li^\bZe]b`^lm*3+)).&<hg\k^m^bg
Z``k^llbo^`khng]!,k]^]bmbhg"';K>%+)).'
+/ BLmkn\m>(B<>'FZgnZe_hkma^]^lb`gh_k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l'BLmkn\m>%*21.'
128
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
K^_^k^g\^l
+0 ;KHHD>K%H^mZe'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+%<<BI&))/'
Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
+1 <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\ZeK^ihkm,-3<hg\k^m^bg]nlmkbZe`khng]Ìhhkl!,k]^]bmbhg"'
<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)),'
+2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1))-3<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk_hng]Zmbhgl';LB%*21/'
,) P:K=%PA%;NKE:G=%C;Zg]@:EEHBL%KP'@^hm^\agb\ZeZll^llf^gmh_Zlbm^Zm
Fng]_hk]%Ghk_hed_hkZeZk`^ikhmhgZ\\^e^kZmhk'@^hm^\agbjn^%*1%ii',22¾-,*%*2/1'
,* <A:G=E>K%KC'Ma^^__^\mh_p^Zma^kbg`hgma^la^Zklmk^g`maikhi^kmb^lh_D^ni^kFZke'
@^hm^\agbjn^%+*%ii',+*¾,,-%*2/2'
,+ ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1*)+%Ikhm^\mbhgh_lmkn\mnk^lZ`ZbglmpZm^k_khf
ma^`khng]';LB%*22)'
,, <BKB:'K^ihkm*,23PZm^k&k^lblmbg`[Zl^f^gml'<BKB:%*22.'
,- ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾,3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lIZkm,
Ebjnb]k^mZbgbg`Zg]\hgmZbgf^gmlmkn\mnk^l';LB+))/'
,. >EEBHMM%DL'Fnemb&lmhk^rik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^][nbe]bg`l';eZ\dp^eeL\b^g\^%*22/'
,/ <HFFNGBMB>L:G=EH<:E@HO>KGF>GM';nbe]bg`k^`neZmbhgl!>g`eZg]Zg]PZe^l"
:iikho^]]h\nf^gm:'<E@%+))/'
Further reading
■ :EE>G%:A'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)¾lbfier^qieZbg^]'Lihg%*211'
■ :F;KHL>%CZg]O>K@NG%='LbfiebË^][nbe]bg`]^lb`g_hkpbg]Zg]^ZkmajnZd^_hk\^l
!,k]^]bmbhg"'ChagPbe^rZg]Lhgl%*22.'
■ ;:MMR%BZg]P>LM;KHHD%K'Ma^]^lb`gh_pZm^kk^mZbgbg`lmkn\mnk^l'Ehg`fZg%*22*'
■ ?:;>K%CZg]F>:=%?'Hl\Zk?Z[^kÃlk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^'Lihg%*2/0'
■ C>:KR%:'=^lb`g^kÃl`nb]^mhma^]rgZfb\k^lihgl^h_lmkn\mnk^l'Lihg%*220'
■ F:<@BGE>R%MCZg]<AHH%;L'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gma^hkrZg]^qZfie^l'Lihg%*22)'
■ HKMHG%:'Ma^pZrp^[nbe]ghp¾_hkf%l\Ze^Zg]m^\agbjn^'Lihg%*22*'
■ I:KD%KZg]I:NE>R%M'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'ChagPbe^rZg]Lhgl%*20.'
■ K>RGHE=L%<AZg]LM>>=F:G%C<'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`g^klfZgnZe'Lihg%*211'
■ MHFEBGLHG%FC'?hng]Zmbhg]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg'IbmfZg%*20.'
■ P>LM;KHHD%KZg]P:ED>K%='Lmkn\mnkZe^g`bg^^kbg`]^lb`gbgikZ\mb\^!,k]^]bmbhg"'
Ehg`fZg%*22/'
129
Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
Index
:\hnlmb\l +) ?kZf^ 1%*)1%*+*
:^lma^mb\l +) ?kZfbg`¾_ng\mbhgZe ,¾-
:bkmb`amg^ll *1 @khng][^Zkbg` 1%1)
:gZerlbl .)%.+¾.,%./%/,%// @khng]\hg]bmbhgl -*¾-+
:qbl]blmZg\^ .)%.+%./%/*%/-%/0%0/%01¾02 @khng]bfikho^f^gm *+%*.
;Zl^f^gmpZeel 11¾2)%2/¾20 @khng]pZm^k 1%*+%1)%*)-
;^Zfl ,+%,-%-.%-2¾.*%**0¾**2 @khnm%`khnmbg` *.%*0
;^Zkbg`ik^llnk^ .%/%1)¾1+ A^Zo^ 1%*.%,2%1)
;^g]bg` .¾0%-,%-2¾./%.1%/*%/,%// Aheehp\hk^ngbml +/%,.%*)1¾**)
;nbe]Z[e^%[nbe]Z[bebmr *2 E^Z]&bgmbf^ +)%*).
;nhrZg\r 1%1)!Zelhl^^nieb_m" Eb`amp^b`am\hg\k^m^ +/
<Zgmbe^o^kl ,+%2/%*+) EhZ]l +.¾+2%**0¾**2
<Zk[hg]bhqb]^ +*%+, EhZ][ZeZg\bg` /1%0)
<ZkiZkd +-%,)%-)%2) EhZ]mkZgl_^k ,%.¾/%1
<aZed *+%+.%1)¾1*%10¾11 F^mah]lmZm^f^gm *)-
<eZ]]bg` *1%+)%+0¾+1%*)) Fhf^gml -,%.)%.+%.-¾..%.1%/)%
<henfgl ,/%0,¾0/%*++¾*+0 **0¾**2%*+)¾*+*
<henfgl¾le^g]^k -%,/%0, Fho^f^gmchbgml 0%+-%1)%*)+
<hfihlbm^ *)¾**%+*%,. Himbhgl 1%*)¾*-%*1%21
<hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma 0, IZkmbmbhgl *1%+/%-0
<hglmkn\mbhg%^\hghfrh_ *)%*1 Ibe^l .%*,¾*-%1+¾12
<hglmkn\mbhg%li^^]h_ *)%+)%*).¾*)0 Ibe^\Zi -¾.%1+¾1,%2,
<hgmZfbgZgml%\hgmZfbgZm^] *.¾*0 IeZgl 2*
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=Zfi&ikhh_f^f[kZg^ 2,¾2.%21 Ik^\Zlm +/%,.%/0¾/1%*))
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=^mZbebg` -1%0-%01%*), KZ_m -%*+%-1
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?ehhkl *)¾**%++%+.¾+/%+1¾+2%,.%/0 L^mme^f^gm 1%*+%+-%1)%1+
?hkfphkd *2%+1 La^Zk --¾-.%.)%.+%..%.1¾.2%
?hng]Zmbhgl 1%*+¾*,%*1%-+%1)¾2)%2,¾2. **,¾**/%**1¾**2
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Ln[&[Zl^ 1)%2-¾2.%21
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Mb^ -%/%*)*%*)1¾***
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16 +)* -)+ /), 1)- *)*) *+*) *-*) */*) *1*) +)*)
20 ,*- /+1 2-+ *+/) *.0) *11) ++)) +.*) +1,) ,*-)
25 -2* 21+ *-0) *2/) +-.) +2.) ,--) ,2,) --+) -2*)
32 1)- */*) +-*) ,++) -)+) -1,) ./,) /-,) 0+-) 1)-)
40 *+/) +.*) ,00) .),) /+1) 0.-) 11)) *)*)) **,)) *+/))
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32 *)0)) 1)-) /-,) .,/) -/)) -)+) ,.0) ,++) +2+) +/1)
40 */1)) *+/)) *)*)) 1,1) 0*1) /+1) ..2) .),) -.0) -*2)
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10 )'/*0 *'+,, *'1.) +'-// ,')1, ,'/22 -',*/ -'2,+ .'.-2 /'*/.
12 )'111 *'00/ +'//, ,'..* -'-,2 .',+0 /'+*. 0'*), 0'22) 1'101
16 *'.01 ,'*.0 -'0,. /',*, 0'12+ 2'-0) **')-1 *+'/+0 *-'+). *.'01,
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Licensed copy from CIS: heriotwatt, Heriot Watt University, 30/01/2017, Uncontrolled Copy.
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