Recoverability For Holevo's Just-As-Good Fidelity

Recoverability for Holevo’s just-as-good fidelity
Mark M. Wilde
Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics,

Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Center for Computation and Technology,
Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
mwilde@lsu.edu
Available at arXiv:1801.02800
2018 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory

Vail, Colorado, USA
Friday, June 22, 2018
Mark M. Wilde (LSU) 1 / 18

Main message
Holevo’s just-as-good fidelity: similarity measure for quantum states

with several applications.
Obeys a data processing inequality: it does not decrease under the

action of a quantum channel on the underlying states.
This work: a refinement of this data processing inequality that

includes an additional term related to recoverability.
If the increase in the measure is small after the action of a partial

trace, then one of the states can be nearly recovered by the Petz
recovery channel, while the other state is perfectly recovered
Refinement is universal (recovery channel depends only on one of the

states) and explicit, given by the Petz recovery channel.

Holevo’s just-as-good fidelity
Holevo’s just-as-good fidelity [Hol72]

Similarity measure for two quantum states ρ and σ:
√ √ 2
FH (ρ, σ) ≡ Tr{ ρ σ} .
Properties
Data processing: For states ρ and σ and a quantum channel N :
FH (N (ρ), N (σ)) ≥ FH (ρ, σ)
Related to trace distance as [Hol72]

p 1 p
1− FH (ρ, σ) ≤ kρ − σk1 ≤ 1 − FH (ρ, σ)
2

Holevo’s just-as-good fidelity (ctd.)
Holevo wrote the following in the 2nd paragraph of his 1972 paper:
Plugging into Google Translate:
Indeed, the official English translation:

Holevo’s just-as-good fidelity (ctd.)
Standard (Uhlmann) fidelity is defined as [Uhl76]

√ √ 2
F (ρ, σ) ≡ ρ σ 1
Due to kX k1 = maxU |Tr{XU}| , we have that
FH (ρ, σ) ≤ F (ρ, σ)
Rediscoveries
FH has been rediscovered a number of times:
Particular case of Petz’s quasi-entropies [Pet85, Pet86a].
Studied under the name “quantum affinity” in [LZ04]
Equal to fidelity of canonical purifications of quantum states [Win04].

Main result

For ρAB a bipartite state and σAB a positive-definite bipartite operator:
p p π 2 λmin (σAB ) 3
FH (ρA , σA ) ≥ FH (ρAB , σAB ) + kRσA→AB (ρA ) − ρAB k1 ,
432 Tr{σA }
where λmin (σAB ) is the minimum eigenvalue of σAB and

h i
1/2 −1/2 −1/2 1/2
RσA→AB (·) ≡ σAB σA (·)A σA ⊗ IB σAB
is the Petz recovery channel [Pet86b, Pet88]
Remainder term is explicit and universal (depending only on the Petz

recovery channel and the minimum eigenvalue of σ)

Corollary of main result
By applying the Stinespring theorem:

Let ω be a density operator and τ a positive semi-definite operator such
that supp(ω) ⊆ supp(τ ). Let N be a quantum channel. Then
π 2 λmin (τ )
kP(N (ω)) − ωk31 ,
p p
FH (N (ω), N (τ )) ≥ FH (ω, τ ) +
432 Tr{τ }
where λmin (τ ) now denotes the minimum non-zero eigenvalue of τ and P

denotes the Petz recovery map for τ and N , defined as
P(·) = τ 1/2 N † [(N (τ ))−1/2 (·)(N (τ ))−1/2 ]τ 1/2 .

Proof approach
Proof is based on Petz’s approach for data processing for

quasi-entropies [Pet85, Pet86a], as well as a modification of a recent
approach from Carlen and Vershynina [CV17]
Key differences in proof lead to a statement for Holevo’s just-as-good

fidelity, rather than relative entropy, as well as a universal remainder
term, depending only on σ, in terms of its minimum eigenvalue

Background for proof
Integral representation for operator convex function

Let f be an operator convex function defined on [0, ∞). Examples include
f (x) = x ln x,
f (x) = −x α for α ∈ (0, 1),
f (x) = x α for α ∈ (1, 2].
According to [HMPB11, Section 8], f (x) has integral representation

Z ∞
2 x t
f (x) = f (0) + ax + bx + dµ(t) −1+ ,
0 1+t x +t
where a ∈ R, b ≥ 0, and µ is a non-negative measure on (0, ∞) satisfying

Z ∞
dµ(t)/ (1 + t)2 < ∞.
0

Background for proof (ctd.)
Define maximally entangled vector as

|S|−1
X
|ΓiS S̃ ≡ |iiS |iiS̃ ,
i=0
for orthonormal bases {|iiS }i and {|iiS̃ }i
For positive semi-definite σ, define canonical purification

1/2
|ϕσ iS S̃ ≡ σS ⊗ IS̃ |ΓiS S̃ .
Following Petz [Pet85, Pet86a], define the f -quasi-relative entropy

Qf (ρkσ) of a density operator ρ and a positive definite operator σ as
Qf (ρkσ) ≡ hϕσ |S S̃ f (σS−1 ⊗ ρT

S̃
) |ϕσ iS S̃ .

Now consider the bipartite case and define
|ΓiAÂB B̂ ≡ |ΓiAÂ ⊗ |ΓiB B̂ .
Can also write as |ΓiAB ÂB̂
Then, for a density operator ρAB and a positive definite operator σAB

−1
Qf (ρAB kσAB ) = hϕσAB |AB ÂB̂ f σAB ⊗ ρT
ÂB̂
|ϕσAB iAB ÂB̂ .
Now define the linear operator V by

1/2 −1/2
VAÂ→AB ÂB̂ ≡ σAB σA ⊗ IÂ |ΓiB B̂ .
V is an isometry and
VAÂ→AB ÂB̂ |ϕσA iAÂ = |ϕσAB iAB ÂB̂ ,

−1
V † σAB ⊗ ρT ÂB̂
V = σA−1 ⊗ ρT
Â
.

Recall Petz’s approach [Pet85, Pet86a] for establishing monotonicity of the

f -quasi-relative entropy under partial trace:

−1
Qf (ρAB kσAB ) = hϕσAB |AB ÂB̂ f σAB ⊗ ρT ÂB̂
|ϕσAB iAB ÂB̂

−1
= hϕσA |AÂ V † f σAB ⊗ ρT ÂB̂
V |ϕσA iAÂ
h i
−1
≥ hϕσA |AÂ f V † σAB ⊗ ρT ÂB̂
V |ϕσA iAÂ

= hϕσA |AÂ f σA−1 ⊗ ρT Â
|ϕσA iAÂ
= Qf (ρA kσA )
where we made use of the operator Jensen inequality [HP03].

Proof is a refinement of this approach

Key lemma for quasi-entropies
Let µ be a measure. For an operator X , define

Z ∞
1 1
ν(X ) = dµ(t) t − ,
0 t t +X
RT
and for T >R∞ 0, define µ([0, T ]) ≡ 0 dµ(t). For c > 0, define
1
g (c, T ) ≡ T dµ(t) 1+t/c . Let ρAB be a density operator and σAB a
positive definite operator. Then for all T > 0,
h i
1/2 −1/2 1/2 1/2
σ σ ν(∆ )σ − ν(∆ )σ |Γi

AB A AÂ A AB ÂB̂ AB AÂB B̂ 2
1/2
≤ µ([0, T ]) [Qf (ρAB kσAB ) − Qf (ρA kσA )]1/2

+ 2g ( ∆ , T ) Tr{σA }.
AB ÂB̂ ∞
−1 T and ∆ −1 T
where ∆AB ÂB̂ ≡ σAB ⊗ ρÂ B̂ AÂ ≡ σA ⊗ ρÂ .

Apply to Holevo’s just-as-good fidelity
Specialize to operator convex function −x α for α ∈ (0, 1)

Abbreviate corresponding quasi-entropy as Qα
From [HMPB11, Section 8], we have that
sin(απ) α−1
dµ(t) = t dt
π
Plugging into the quantities in key lemma, we find that
sin(απ) α
µ([0, T ]) = T
απ
sin(απ) ∆AB ÂB̂ ∞
g ( ∆AB ÂB̂ ∞ , T ) =
πT 1−α (1 − α)
α
ν(X ) = X .

Apply to Holevo’s just-as-good fidelity (ctd.)
Substituting, we find that
h i
1/2 −1/2 α 1/2 1/2
σAB σA ∆AÂ σA − ∆αAB ÂB̂ σAB |ΓiAÂB B̂ ≤

2
1/2
sin(απ) α
T [Qα (ρAB kσAB ) − Qα (ρA kσA )]1/2
απ

2 sin(απ) ∆AB ÂB̂ ∞
+ Tr{σA }.
πT 1−α (1 − α)
Physically relevant case occurs when α = 1/2. Substituting and

simplifying further, while applying [CV17, Lemma 2.2], then gives
π 2 /432
1/2 −1/2 −1/2 1/2
3
σ σ ρ σ σ − ρ

∆ Tr{σA } AB A
A A AB AB
1
AB ÂB̂ ∞
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2
≤ Tr{ρA σA } − Tr{ρAB σAB }.

Conclusion
Refinement of the data processing inequality for Holevo’s just-as-good

fidelity that includes an additional term related to recoverability.
If the increase in the measure is small after the action of a partial

trace, then one of the states can be nearly recovered by the Petz
recovery channel, while the other state is perfectly recovered
Refinement is universal (recovery channel depends only on one of the

states) and explicit, given by the Petz recovery channel.
Open question whether similar kind of statement applies for quantum

relative entropy or standard (Uhlmann) fidelity

References I
[CV17] Eric A. Carlen and Anna Vershynina. Recovery map stability for the data
processing inequality. October 2017. arXiv:1710.02409.
[HMPB11] Fumio Hiai, Milán Mosonyi, Dénes Petz, and Cedric Beny. Quantum
f -divergences and error correction. Rev. Math. Phys., 23:691–747, 2011.
[Hol72] Alexander S. Holevo. On quasiequivalence of locally normal states. Theor.

Math. Phys., 13(2):1071–1082, November 1972.
[HP03] Frank Hansen and Gert K. Pedersen. Jensen’s operator inequality. Bulletin
London Math. Soc., 35(4):553–564, July 2003.
[LZ04] Shunlong Luo and Qiang Zhang. Informational distance on quantum-state

space. Physical Review A, 69(3):032106, March 2004.
[Pet85] Dénes Petz. Quasi-entropies for states of a von Neumann algebra. Publ.
RIMS, Kyoto University, 21:787–800, 1985.
[Pet86a] Dénes Petz. Quasi-entropies for finite quantum systems. Reports in

Mathematical Physics, 23:57–65, 1986.

References II
[Pet86b] Dénes Petz. Sufficient subalgebras and the relative entropy of states of a
von Neumann algebra. Communications in Mathematical Physics,
105(1):123–131, March 1986.
[Pet88] Dénes Petz. Sufficiency of channels over von Neumann algebras. Quarterly
Journal of Mathematics, 39(1):97–108, 1988.
[Uhl76] Armin Uhlmann. The “transition probability” in the state space of a

*-algebra. Rep. Math. Phys., 9(2):273–279, 1976.
[Win04] Andreas Winter. “Extrinsic” and “intrinsic” data in quantum measurements:

asymptotic convex decomposition of positive operator valued measures.
Comm. Math. Phys., 244(1):157–185, January 2004.

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Recoverability for Holevo’s just-as-good fidelity

Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics,

2018 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory

Mark M. Wilde (LSU) 1 / 18

Holevo’s just-as-good fidelity: similarity measure for quantum states

Obeys a data processing inequality: it does not decrease under the

This work: a refinement of this data processing inequality that

If the increase in the measure is small after the action of a partial

Refinement is universal (recovery channel depends only on one of the

Mark M. Wilde (LSU) 2 / 18

Holevo’s just-as-good fidelity [Hol72]

FH (N (ρ), N (σ)) ≥ FH (ρ, σ)

Related to trace distance as [Hol72]

Mark M. Wilde (LSU) 3 / 18

Plugging into Google Translate:

Indeed, the official English translation:

Mark M. Wilde (LSU) 4 / 18

Standard (Uhlmann) fidelity is defined as [Uhl76]

Due to kX k1 = maxU |Tr{XU}| , we have that

Mark M. Wilde (LSU) 5 / 18