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Home > wireless technology > Mobile Technology > 2 GSM > 2.4 Design
2.4 Construction of a GSM network 2.4 Construction of a GSM
network
2.4.1 BTS Base Tranceiver Station Mobile radio technology
Original text 1 history
A socalled "base transceiver station" (BTS) is a socalled "base station" 2 GSM
2.4 Aufbau eines GSMNetz
called "Sendemast". The name Transceiver is an English art word and 2.1 Development
refers to an assembly with a receiver and a transmitter. A BTS is
Contribute a better translation 2.2 Frequencies
basically a mobile radio transmitting and receiving station in the GSM 2.3 Structure
network (see Figure 2.4.11). Depending on the topographical situation, 2.4 Construction
up to typically three GSM mobile radio cells can be installed on a BTS. 2.5 Components
Once there are more antennas, this location has a high probability of 2.6 Designations
installing either a further technology, such as the DCS band (GSM 1800), 2.7 Technology
or a combination of GSM technology and UMTS technology. In addition, 3 UMTS
4 Communication
it is not entirely excluded that several mobile telephony providers use
5 Attention
such a location together. Depending on the directional beam
6 Coding
characteristics, different antenna types are used, which can hardly be
BOS wireless technology
distinguished externally between BTS and NodeB.
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Figure 2.4.12
Figure 2.4.11 If possible, the geometrical orientation is always carried out with the
same concept, even for topographical reasons. The horizontal opening
angle of a cell is a maximum of 120 °. Thus, in most cases, 3 cells are required to ensure a complete supply. The cells supply
areas divided into sectors. Sector 1 is the range from 0 ° (north) to 120 ° (southwestwest), sector 2 has the main opening
angle in 180 ° (south), ie from 120 ° (southwestwest) to 240 ° (south Easteast) and sector 3 supplies the opposite side of
sector 1, from 240 ° (southeasteast) to 360 ° (north) (see Figure 2.4.12). Each GSM cell has a unique identification number,
the Cell Identifier (CellID). In the GSM network, the Cell ID is unique and meaningful enough to clearly describe a location with
a sector. However, there is a Local Area Code (LAC) in addition to the Cell ID. The reason is the UMTS system architecture.
With the CellID one finds mostly a GSM cell and a UMTS cell, however, differ in the LAC. That is, with the information of the
Cel ID and the LAC, one can determine whether it is a GSM or UMTS cell and where it is located. The GSM Cell ID and the
UMTS Cell ID are always far enough apart so that different LACs are guaranteed. The Hardwar interfaces are also located on
each BTS antenna. These are mostly housed in small cabinets or minirooms. As an example, we see in figure 2.4.13 a BS
241 from Siemens. A BTS antenna has a transmission power of 10 watts and can reach up to 32 km (weatherdependent).
The mobile station (MS) sends in GSM mode with 2 watts. The BTS (antenna and control unit) are connected to a BSC via the
socalled AtoInterfaces. It splits several 64kBit / s channels into 16kBit / s channels. According to the Federal Network
Agency (BNetzA), in 2007 there were 62,843 mobile phone sites with mobile communications. This included GSM900,
GSM1800 and the UMTS band. 44% of the sites were used for a technology (GSM900, GSM1800 or UMTS of a network
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operator), 2 network technologies or 2 network operators were installed together, 3
network operators (or 3 network technologies) took up 11% of the sites and 7% Sites
found 4 grid sites. 3% of the sites had 5 network technologies, 2% had 6 network
technologies, and the remaining 2% had more than 6 network technologies. In total,
there were more than 133,227 network operators in Germany. A decline in the numbers
is hardly to be expected. In the end: the new BOS radio technology (TETRABOS, also
known as "digital radio"), which operates with the same physical and technical
characteristics as GSM, can almost double the transmitters.
2.4.2 BSC Base Station Controller
The Base Station Controller (BSC) monitors the
radio connections in the GSM network and causes
optionally power control (Power Control) and cell
changes, socalled handover (HO). If the old and
new base station are connected to the same BSC
in an HO, the BSC carries out the HO
independently, otherwise the higherlevel mobile
switching center (MSC) is involved. In order to
obtain decisionmaking bases for PowerControl
and HO, the mobile station (MS) and the BTS are
carried out during a call, or connection levels and
quality measurements, and the measurement
results are communicated to the BSC.
The Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
is designed for compression of the GSM voice
Figure 2.4.13
services from 64 kbit / s to 13 kbit / s for full rate
mode (FR), to 12.2 kbit / s for extended fullrate
mode (Enhanced Full Rate mode, EFR) or 5.6 kbit
Figure 2.4.21
/ s for halftime mode (halfe rate mode, HR). The
language is split into 20 ms language packets. In this TRAU framework, the packet control unit (PCU) is also equipped with
radiospecific control data so that the packetoriented data traffic can be coordinated on the air interface and can be performed
without interferences. The BSC therefore requests the encoding of a 64 kbit / s channel by a codec via the Ater interface (see
Figure 2.4.21) from the transcoder. The codecs for fullrate phase 1 (FR), fullrate phase 2 (Enhanced Full Rate (EFR), fullrate
phase 3 (Adaptive MultiRate Full Rate, AMRFR) HR) and Half Rate Phase 3 (Adaptive Multi Rate Half Rate, AMRHR). In
the event that the preferred codec is not available in the transcoder, the BSC specifies a list of possible codecs. The Ater
interface is usually proprietary. This means, it is usually not possible to connect BSC and TRAU from different manufacturers.
Figure 2.4.22 shows a BSC (left) and a TRAU (right) from Siemens. The A interface to the
MSC corresponds to a 2 Mbit / s transmission system PCM30 with 30 user channels and
a signaling channel. However, in order to reduce the need for multiplexers, SDH (155 Mbit
/ s STM1) is also used. The signaling protocol is part of the signaling system 7 (SS7).
The AS interface is very well standardized, so that MSC and BSC of different
manufacturers can work together. The Ater interface is the logical connection to the MSC,
but it is usually run physically via the TRAU, which in turn has no logical connection to the
MSC. The Gb interface connects the BSC to the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
and is used for IPbased services. The Packet Control Unit (PCU) is used in the BSC.
Either Ethernet or Frame Relay is used for transmission technology over 2 Mbit / s PCM
lines.
Figure 2.4.22
2.4.3 BSS Base Station Subsystem
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is, so to speak, a group name for the cooperation of BTS, BSC and TRAU. In summary,
the BSS has the main task of managing the data stream of an MS. Radio connections are set up and broken down, handover
and power control are coordinated and executed, and data rates are regulated according to the current load (performance
reasons). The BSS Connects, so to speak, the MS with the MSC.
2.4.4 MSC Mobile Switching Center
The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is a fully digital exchange in the mobile network. It is
the interface between the base station subsystem (BSS) and the fixed telephone network.
Each MSC (Figure 2.4.41) is a specific portion of the mobile network with all base station
controllers (BSC) and downstream base transceiver stations (BTS), which process and
control radio traffic. The MSCs are largely interconnected and thus connect to other
MSCs. In addition, an MSC has interfaces to other mobile network components, such as
Figure 2.4.41 Home Location Register (HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR), Authentication Center
(AuC), the Equipment Identity Register (EIR), Signaling Transfer Point (STP) Service Control Point (SCP), Service Execution
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Point (SEP), Short Message Service Center (SMSC), Multimedia Messaging Service Center (MMSC) and Voice Mail Switching
Center (VMSC, Mailbox). The MSC accepts the complete call management, location monitoring and also the authorization
check (authentication) of the mobile station (MS) for all connections that come from the mobile network or go there. In addition,
call data is recorded for each call for Charging.
The internal life of a fully digital exchange consists of control cabinets (Fig. 2.4.42) and data lines
of various kinds. MSCs thus have a kind of interaction with other MSCs. They perform tasks or
transfer certain tasks and data. Certain MSCs must also be able to communicate with other
telephone networks. These are, for example, connections to the outside to fixed network switching
points, mobile switching centers (also MSC) from other mobile radio operators and exchanges
abroad. This particular type of MSC is called Gateway MSC (GMSC) and additionally (with BSS) or
exclusively (without BSS) have these interfaces mentioned to other telephone networks. Thus,
Figure 2.4.42
basically each MSC can also be GMSC at the same time. The MSCs in the network TMobile are
largely all GMSCs. With one of the most important connections, since there is the possibility to port mobile phone numbers,
the STP. More about this in the next chapter 2.4.5.
2.4.5 STP Signaling Transfer Point
A signaling transfer point (STP) is a central switching node for signaling traffic based on the signaling system number 7 (SS7).
The STPs are available both in the mobile network as well as in the fixed network. Each switching point in the mobile radio
(mobile switching center, see MSC) and in the fixed network (network switching unit, VE: N) is connected to an STP. The
signaling network is starshaped with the STP in the center. Thus, the STP is also nearly connected to all home location
registers (HLR) and serving GPRS support nodes (SGSN, GPRS traffic management). In addition, there are connections to
other networks, such as foreign or foreign providers, and other service nodes, such as Service Control Point (SCP), and Short
Message Service Center (SMSC). Comment on the IN: All statements and functions of the IN describe the switching
technology and structure of TMobile Deutschland GmbH! The Intelligent Network (IN) is not a separate physical network, but a
purely serviceoriented central system that is based on an existing telephone network (such as ISDN). In the IN, socalled
valueadded services are provided. These are:
Service or special call numbers (0800 ..., 0900 ...., 0180 ...., 0190 ...., 0700 ...., etc.),
VPN services for closed user groups,
Special profiles with your services like:
Family @ Home (based on VPN),
MultiSIM (multiple phone numbers and IMSI, for only one phone number),
MyFaves product, Prepaid,
Etc. *** "
Speed dials such as
Mailbox,
Support,
Mailbox menu,
Etc. *** "
MABEZ service 0137 (Mass transport to certain destinations, better known as Televotum from radio broadcasts) and
Very important: MNP query (query of a mobile phone number to which network it belongs)
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