Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1
Learning Units of Module 3
M3.1 Stress-Strain Concepts in Three-
Dimension
2
Action of force (F) on a body
10
Lamina
Stress-Strain
Relationships
11
Stress Components
9 components of stress:
σ ij i , j = 1, 2 , 3
12
Types of Stress
13
Subscripts
14
Stress Cube
σ 22
σ 23 σ 21
σ 12
σ 32 1
σ 31 σ 13 σ 11
σ 33
3
15
Stress Cube
2
σ2
τ 21
τ 23 τ12
τ 23
σ1
1
τ 31 τ13
σ3
3
16
Strain
17
STRESSES STRAINS
Tensor Contracted Tensor Contracted
Notation Notation Notation Notation
σ11 (σ1) σ1 ε11 (ε1) ε1
18
General Formula
σ ij = f ij ( ε 11 , ε 12 , ε 13 , ε 21 , ε 22 , ε 23 , ε 31 , ε 32 , ε 33 )
19
Linear Elastic Material
⎧σ11 ⎫ ⎡C1111 C1122 C1133 C1123 C1131 C1112 C1132 C1113 C1121⎤⎧ε11 ⎫
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢C C2222 C2233 C2223 C2231 C2212 C2232 C2213 C2221⎥⎪ε22 ⎪
⎪ 22 ⎪ ⎢ 2211 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ33 ⎪ ⎢C3311 C3322 C3333 C3323 C3331 C3312 C3332 C3313 C3321⎥⎪ε33 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢C ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎪σ23 ⎪⎪ ⎢ 2311 C2322 C2333 C2323 C2331 C2312 C2332 C2313 C2321⎥⎪ε23 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎨σ31 ⎬ = ⎢C3111 C3122 C3133 C3123 C3131 C3112 C3132 C3113 C3121⎥⎨ε31 ⎬
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢C C1222 C1233 C1223 C1231 C1212 C1232 C1213
⎥
C1221⎥⎪ε12 ⎪
⎪ 12 ⎪ ⎢ 1211 ⎪ ⎪
⎪σ32 ⎪ ⎢C3211 C3222 C3233 C3223 C3231 C3212 C3232 C3213 C3221⎥⎪ε32 ⎪
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢C C1322 C1333 C1323 C1331 C1312 C1332 C1313
⎥⎪ ⎪
C1321⎥ ε13
⎪ 13 ⎪ ⎢ 1311 ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩σ21 ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣C2111 C2122 C2133 C2123 C2131 C2112 C2132 C2113 C2121⎥⎦⎪⎩ε21 ⎪⎭
20
9 Stresses x 9 Strains =
81 Components in relationship
21
Symmetry
σ ij = σ ji i≠j
and
ε ij = ε ji i ≠ j
22
Symmetry
C ijkl = C jikl
and
C ijkl = C ijlk
6 Stresses x 6 Strains =
36 Components in relationship
23
Contracted Notation: Stresses
σ11 = σ1
σ22 = σ2
σ33 = σ3
σ23 = σ32 = σ4
σ31 = σ13 = σ5
σ12 = σ21 = σ6
24
Contracted Notation : Strains
ε11 = ε1
ε22 = ε2
ε33 = ε3
2ε23 = 2ε32 = γ 23 = γ 32 = ε4
2ε13 = 2ε31 = γ13 = γ 31 = ε5
2ε12 = 2ε21 = γ12 = γ 21 = ε6
25
Hooke’s Law (Stiffness)
26
Hooke’s Law (Stiffness)
σ i = C ij ε j i , j = 1, 2 ,Κ , 6
or
{σ } = [C ]{ε }
27
Hooke’s Law
ε i = S ij σ j i , j = 1, 2 ,Κ , 6
or
{ε } = [S ]{σ }
29
Inverse Relationship
−1
S = C
[S] and [C] are symmetric matrices!
30
Heterogeneous Composite
σ2 σ2
σ2 σ2
31
σ2 ε2
σ2 ε2
σ2 = C22 ε22
C22 → effective modulus .
stress strain
32
Average Stresses and Strains
∫ σ i dV ∫ σ i dV
V V
σi = =
∫ dV V
V
i = 1, 2 ,Κ , 6
∫ ε i dV ∫ ε i dV
V V
εi = =
∫ dV V
V
33
Average Values
{ε} = [S]{σ}
behavior.
34
Strain Energy Density
1
W = C ij ε i ε j
2
and
∂W
σi = = C ij ε j
∂ε i
35
Second Derivatives
2
∂ W
= C ij
∂ε i ∂ε j
and
2
∂ W
= C ji
∂ε j ∂ε i
36
Symmetry
Cij = C ji
and
Sij = S ji
37
Symmetry: 21 Components
38
Monoclinic Material; 13 Components
39
Orthotropic Material: 9 Constants
Three planes of symmetry 3
y
θ
2
1
x
40
Specially Orthotropic Material
41
Orthotropic Stiffness Matrix
9 Components
y
θ
2
1
x
43
Stiffness Matrix
5 Components
45
Stiffness Matrix
2 Components
⎡C11 C12 C12 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢ Μ C11 C12 0 0 0 ⎥
⎧σ1 ⎫ ⎢ ⎥⎧ε1 ⎫
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ Μ Λ C11 0 0 0 ⎥⎪ε2 ⎪
⎪ 2⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ3 ⎪ ⎢ Μ (C11 −C12) ⎥⎪ε3 ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ Λ Λ 0 0
2 ⎥⎨ε4 ⎬
⎪σ4 ⎪ ⎢ (C11 −C12) ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪σ5 ⎪ ⎢ Μ SYM Λ Λ 0 ⎥⎪ε5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 2
⎥⎪⎩ε6 ⎪⎭
⎩σ6 ⎭ (C11 −C12) ⎥
⎢ Μ Λ Λ Λ Λ
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
46
Anisotropic Material
47
Anisotropic Material
Extension
2D
Anisotropic 9 6
Generally Orthotropic 9 4
Specially Orthotropic 5 4
Balanced Orthotropic 5 3
Isotropic 5 2
53
Uniaxial Load in Fiber Direction
σ1
σ1
54
Resulting Strains
σ1
ε1 =
E1
σ1
ε2 = − ν12ε1 = − ν12
E1
σ1
ε3 = − ν13ε1 = − ν13
E1
γ12 = γ 23 = γ13 = 0 or ε6 = ε4 = ε5 = 0
55
Transverse Load
σ2
σ2
56
Resulting Strains
σ2
ε2 =
E2
σ2
ε1 = −ν 21ε 2 = −ν 21
E2
σ2
ε 3 = −ν 31ε 2 = −ν 31
E2
γ 12 = γ 23 = γ 13 = 0 or ε 6 = ε 4 = ε 5 = 0
57
Shear Load
σ 12 = σ 6
σ 12 = σ 6
58
Resulting Strains
σ6
γ 12 = ε6 =
G 12
ε 1 = ε 2 = ε 3 = γ 23 = γ 13 = 0
or
ε4 = ε5 = 0
59
Engineering Material Properties
⎡ 1 ν21 ν31 ⎤
⎢ E − − 0 0 0 ⎥
E E
⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎢ 1 2 3
⎥⎧ σ1 ⎫
ν 1 ν
⎪ ⎪ ⎢− 12 − 32 0 0 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪ ε2 ⎪ ⎢ E1 E2 E3 ⎥⎪σ2 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ν13 ν23 1 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎪ ε3 ⎪⎪ ⎢− E − E E3
0 0 0 ⎥⎪ σ ⎪
⎪ 3⎪
⎨ ⎬= ⎢ 1 2 ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪γ23⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0
1
0 0 ⎥ ⎪τ23⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ G23 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪γ31⎪ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎪τ31⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩γ12 ⎪⎭ ⎢ G31 ⎥⎪τ ⎪
⎢ 1 ⎥⎩ 12 ⎭
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎣ G12 ⎦
60
Engineering Material Properties
⎡ 1 ν21 ν31 ⎤
⎢ E − − 0 0 0 ⎥
E2 E3
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ ν12 1 ν32 ⎥
⎢− − 0 0 0 ⎥
⎧ε1 ⎫ ⎢ E1 E2 E3 ⎥ ⎧σ1 ⎫
⎪ε ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪σ2 ⎪
⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎢− ν13 − ν23 1
0 0 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎪ε3 ⎪⎪ ⎢ E1 E2 E3 ⎥ ⎪⎪σ3 ⎪⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥ ⎨σ4 ⎬
⎪ε4 ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0
1
0 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪ε5 ⎪ ⎢ G23 ⎥ ⎪σ5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎪σ ⎪⎪
⎪⎩ε6 ⎪⎭ ⎢ 1
0 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎩ 6⎭
⎢ G31 ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0
⎢⎣ G12 ⎥⎦
61
Engineering Material Properties
62
Symmetry
[S] = [C] −1
Due to Symmetry :
ν ij ν ji
=
Ei Ej
63
1
∆2
2
σ L
σ
1
L
1
∆1
64
σ
2
∆1
2
∆2
L 1
σ
L
65
1 σ 1 ν12 σ
ε1 = ε2 = −
E1 E1
1 σL 1 ν12 σL
∆1 = ∆2 = −
E1 E1
2 ν 21σ 2 σ
ε1 = − ε2 =
E2 E2
2 ν 21σL 2 σL
∆1 = − ∆2 =
E2 E2
66
1 2
∆ 2 = ∆1
ν12 σL ν 21σL
− =−
E1 E2
ν 12 ν 21
=
E1 E2
67
Inverse Relationship
[S ] = [C ] −1
68
Inverse Relationship
2
S 22S 33 − S 23 S13S 23 − S12S 33 S12S 23 − S13S 22
C11 = C12 = C13 =
S S S
2 2
S11S 33 − S13 S12S13 − S 23S11 S11S 22 − S12
C22 = C23 = C33 =
S S S
1 1 1
C44 = C55 = C66 =
S 44 S 55 S 66
2 2 2
S = S11S 22S 33 − S11S 23 − S 22S13 − S 33S12 + 2S12S 23S13
69
Inverse Relationship
1 − ν 23 ν 32 1 − ν13 ν 31 1 − ν12 ν 21
C11 = C22 = C33 =
E2E3 ∆ E1E3 ∆ E1E2 ∆
C44 = G 23 C55 = G 31 C66 = G 12
ν 21 + ν 31ν 23 ν 12 + ν 32 ν13
C12 = =
E2E3 ∆ E1E3 ∆
ν 31 + ν 21ν 32 ν 13 + ν 12 ν 23
C13 = =
E2E3 ∆ E1E2 ∆
ν 32 + ν 12 ν 31 ν 23 + ν 21ν13
C23 = =
E1E3 ∆ E1E2 ∆
1 − ν12 ν 21 − ν13 ν 31 − ν 23 ν 32 − 2ν 21ν 32 ν13
∆=
E1E2 E3
70
Isotropic Material
E1 = E2 = E3 = E
E
G=
2 (1 + ν )
−1 < ν < 0.5
71
Orthotropic Material Constraints
S11 ,S 22 ,S 33 ,S 44 ,S 55 ,S 66 > 0
⇓
E1 , E2 , E3 ,G 23 ,G 31 ,G 12 > 0
72
Orthotropic Material Constraints
73
Orthotropic Material Constraints
S 23 < S 22S 33
S13 < S11S 33
S12 < S11S 22
74
Orthotropic Material Constraints
(1 − ν 23ν 32 ) , (1 − ν13ν 31 ) , (1 − ν12ν 21 ) > 0
ν ij ν ji
= i, j = 1, 2, 3
Ei Ej
E2 E3 E1
ν 21 < ν 32 < ν13 <
E1 E2 E3
E1 E2 E3
ν12 < ν 23 < ν13 <
E2 E3 E1
75
Plane Stress
Orthotropic Material
σ 3 = σ4 = σ5 = 0
or
σ 3 = τ 23 = τ 31 = 0
⎧ ε 1 ⎫ ⎡ S 11 S 12 0 ⎤ ⎧ σ1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ ε 2 ⎬ = ⎢ S 21 S 22 0 ⎨ σ2 ⎬
⎥
⎪γ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 S 66 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ σ 12 ⎪⎭
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎣
76
Plane Stress
Orthotropic Material
⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎡ S11 S12 0 ⎤ ⎧ σ1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪σ ⎪
⎨ε 2 ⎬ = ⎨ ε 2 ⎬ = ⎢S 21 S 22 0 ⎥⎨ 2⎬
⎪ε ⎪ ⎪ γ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
S 66 ⎦ ⎩ τ12 ⎭
⎩ 6 ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎣
77
Plane Stress
Orthotropic Material
⎧ε 3 ⎫ ⎧ ε 3 ⎫ ⎧S13 σ1 + S 23 σ 2 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ ε 4 ⎬ = ⎨ γ 23 ⎬ = ⎨ 0 ⎬
⎪ε ⎪ ⎪ γ ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎩ 5 ⎭ ⎩ 31 ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
78
Compliances :
1
S 11 =
E1
1
S 22 =
Compliance E2
ν 21 ν 12
S 12 = S 21 =− =−
E2 E1
1
S 66 =
G 12
79
Compliance
⎡ 1 ν12 ⎤
⎢ − 0 ⎥
⎢ E E1 ⎥ ⎧σ ⎫
⎧ ε1 ⎫ 1
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ν12 ⎥⎪ ⎪ 1
1
⎨ε 2 ⎬ = ⎢ − 0 ⎥ ⎨σ 2 ⎬
⎪ε ⎪ ⎢ E 1 E2 ⎥ ⎪σ ⎪
⎩ 6⎭ ⎢ ⎥ ⎩ 6⎭
1
⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ G 12 ⎥⎦
80
Compliance
S11 =
1
E1
1 * 1
S 22 = S =
44
E2 G 23
ν12 * 1
S12 = S 21 = − S =
55
E1 G 13
1
S 66 =
G 12
81
Stiffness
{σ} = [Q]{ε}
82
Lamina Stiffness Matrix
⎧ σ1 ⎫ ⎡ Q11 Q12 0 ⎤ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ 2 ⎬ = ⎢Q 21 Q 22 0 ⎥ ⎨ ε2 ⎬
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 ⎪ ⎪
Q 66 ⎦⎥ ⎩ γ 12 ⎭
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎣
83
Stiffness Terms
S 22 E1
Q11 = =
(S 11S 22 − S 2
12 ) (1 − ν12ν 21 )
S11 E2
Q 22 = =
( 2
S11S 22 − S12 ) (1 − ν12ν 21 )
S12 ν12 E2
Q12 = Q 21 = − =
( 2
S11S 22 − S12 ) (1 − ν12ν 21 )
1
Q 66 = = G 12
S 66
84
Some Typical Properties
85
E1 E2 G12
Material n12
(Msi) (Msi) (Msi)
T300/934
19.0 1.5 1.0 0.22
Graphite /Epoxy
AS/3501
20.0 1.3 1.0 0.3
Graphite /Epoxy
p-100/ERL 1962
68.0 0.9 0.81 0.31
Pitch Graphite /Epoxy
Kevlar® 49 /934
11.0 0.8 0.33 0.34
Aramid/Epoxy
Scotchply® 1002
5.6 1.2 0.6 0.26
E-glass/Epoxy
Boron/5505
29.6 2.678 0.81 0.23
Boron/Epoxy
Spectra® 900/826
4.45 0.51 0.21 0.32
Polyethylene/Epoxy
E-glass/470-36
3.54 1.0 0.42 0.32
E-glass/Vinylester
86
Generally Orthotropic Lamina
y
2
1
+θ
x
Positive Angle
87
Generally Orthotropic Lamina
y
2
x
−θ
1
Negative Angle
88
Stress Element
σ 2 dA sin θ
y σ 12 dA sin θ
2
σ xy dA
1
σ 12 dAcosθ σ x dA
θ
θ
x
σ 1 dA cos θ
89
Equilibrium
90
Stress Transformation
2 2
σ x = σ1 cos θ + σ 2 sin θ − 2σ12 sin θ cos θ
(
σ xy = σ1 sin θ cos θ − σ 2 sin θ cos θ + σ12 cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
Similar derivation for σy
91
Transformation in Matrix Form
⎧ σx ⎫ ⎡ cos 2 θ 2
sin θ − 2 cos θ sin θ ⎤ ⎧ σ 1 ⎫
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎨ σy ⎢
⎬ = sin θ
2 2
cos θ ⎥
2 cos θ sin θ ⎨ σ 2 ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ cos θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ cos θ − sin θ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ σ 12 ⎪⎭
2 2
⎪⎩ σ xy
92
Condensed Matrix Form
⎧ σ x ⎫ ⎡c2 s 2 −2cs ⎤ ⎧ σ1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎨ σy ⎬ = ⎢s c 2cs ⎥ ⎨σ 2 ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ cs −cs c 2 − s 2 ⎥ ⎪σ ⎪
σ
⎩ xy ⎭ ⎣ ⎦⎩ 6⎭
93
Transformation Matrix: [T]
⎧ σx ⎫ ⎧ σ1 ⎫ ⎧ σ1 ⎫ ⎧ σx ⎫
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
−1 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σy ⎬ = [T] ⎨ σ2 ⎬ or ⎨ σ2 ⎬ = [T]⎨ σy ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩σxy ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩σ12 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩σ12 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩σxy ⎪⎭
94
⎡c 2
s − 2cs ⎤
2
⎢ ⎥
[T] = ⎢ s c
−1 2 2
2cs ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢cs − cs c 2 − s2 ⎥
Matrices ⎣ ⎦
⎡c 2
s 2cs ⎤
2
⎢ ⎥
[T] = ⎢ s c − 2cs ⎥
2 2
⎢ ⎥
⎢ − cs cs c 2 − s2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
95
⎧ ε ⎫ ⎡c 2 s2 − 2 cs ⎤ ⎧ ε 1 ⎫
Strain ⎪ x
⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢s2 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ εy ⎬= c 2
2 cs ⎥ ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪γ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎢ cs 2 2 ⎥ γ 12
− cs c − s ⎦ ⎪
⎪⎩ xy 2 ⎪⎭ ⎣ ⎩ 2 ⎪⎭
or
⎧ ε ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ x ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ −1 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ εy ⎬ = [T ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪γ ⎪ ⎪γ ⎪
⎪⎩ xy 2 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 12 2 ⎪⎭
96
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ σ1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ x
−1 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T] ⎨ σ 2 ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪τ ⎪
Stress τ
⎩ xy ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
and and
Strain ⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
⎪ εx ⎪ ⎪ ε1 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ −1 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ εy ⎬ = [ T] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪γ ⎪
⎪ γ xy ⎪ ⎪⎩ 12 2 ⎪⎭
⎩ 2 ⎭
97
⎧ ⎫
⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎡ 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎪ ε1 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ε ⎪
ε
⎨ 2⎬ ⎢= 0 1 0 ⎥⎨ 2 ⎬
⎪ γ ⎪ ⎢0 0 2⎥ ⎪ γ ⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪ 12 ⎪
⎩ 2⎭
Stress ⎧ ⎫
⎧ ε ⎫ ⎡1 0 0⎤ ⎪ ε ⎪
and ⎪ x⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪
x
⎪
Strain ⎨ εy ⎬ = ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⎨ εy ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢0 0 2⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ γ xy ⎭ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪ γ xy ⎪
⎩ 2 ⎭
Reuter's Matrix:
⎡1 0 0⎤
[ R ] = ⎢⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 2 ⎥⎦
98
Lamina Stiffness Matrix
⎧ σ1 ⎫ ⎡ Q11 Q12 0 ⎤ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ 2 ⎬ = ⎢Q 21 Q 22 0 ⎥ ⎨ ε2 ⎬
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 Q 66 ⎦⎥ ⎩⎪ γ 12 ⎭⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎣
99
Stiffness Terms
S 22 E1
Q11 = =
(S S
11 22 − S 2
12 ) (1 − ν12ν 21 )
S11 E2
Q 22 = =
(S S
11 22 − S 2
12 ) (1 − ν12ν 21 )
S12 ν12 E2
Q12 = Q 21 = − =
(S S
11 22 − S 2
12 ) (1 − ν12ν 21 )
1
Q 66 = = G 12
S 66
100
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ σ1 ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ −1 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [T ] ⎨ σ 2 ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪σ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
⎧ σ1 ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ 2 ⎬ = [Q ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪σ ⎪ ⎪γ ⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [Q ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
−1
⎪ ⎪ ⎪γ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
101
⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ ε 2 ⎬ = [R ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪γ ⎪ ⎪γ 2⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ −1 ⎪ ⎪
⎨ ε 2 ⎬ = [R ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪γ 2⎪ ⎪γ ⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
102
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [Q ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
−1
⎪ ⎪ ⎪γ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ ε 2 ⎬ = [R ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
⎪γ ⎪ ⎪γ 2⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [ Q ][ R ] ⎨ ε 2
−1
⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪γ 2 ⎪⎭
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ 12
103
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ ε1 ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [ Q ][ R ] ⎨ ε 2 ⎬
−1
⎪ ⎪ ⎪γ 2⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭
⎧ ε1 ⎫ ⎧ ε ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ x
⎪
⎨ ε 2 ⎬ = [T ] ⎨ ε y ⎬
⎪γ 2⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎩ γ xy 2 ⎭
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ ε ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ x
⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [ Q ][ R ][ T ] ⎨ ε y ⎬
−1
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ γ xy 2 ⎭
104
⎧ ε ⎫ ⎧ε ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ −1 ⎪
x
⎪
⎨ ε y ⎬ = [R ] ⎨ ε y ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ γ xy 2 ⎭ ⎩ γ xy ⎭
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ ε ⎫
⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ x
⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [ Q ][ R ][ T ] ⎨ ε y ⎬
−1
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ γ xy 2 ⎭
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ε ⎫
⎪ x ⎪ ⎪ x ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [ Q ][ R ][ T ][ R ]
−1 −1
⎨ εy ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ γ xy ⎭
105
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ε ⎫
⎪ x ⎪ ⎪ x ⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T ] [ Q ][ R ][ T ][ R ]
−1 −1
⎨ εy ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ σ xy ⎭ ⎩ γ xy ⎭
[ R ][ T ][ R ] = [T ]
−1 −T
106
General Stress-Strain Behavior
⎧σ ⎫ ⎧ε ⎫
⎪ ⎪ x
−T ⎪
x
⎪
⎨ σ y ⎬ = [ T] [ Q ][ T] ⎨ ε y ⎬
−1
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
σ
⎩ ⎭xy γ
⎩ xy ⎭
[Q ] = [T] [Q][T]
−1
107
Stress-Strain Behavior
⎧ σx ⎫ ⎡ Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 ⎤ ⎧ ε x ⎫
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪
⎨ σy ⎬ = ⎢ Q 12 Q 22 Q 26 ⎥ ⎨ ε y ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ σ xy ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ γ xy ⎪⎭
108
Explicit Relationships
109
Explicit Relationships
110
Stress-Strain Behavior
⎧ εx ⎫ ⎡ S 11 S 12 S 16 ⎤ ⎧ σ x ⎫
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪
⎨ εy ⎬ = ⎢ S 12 S 22 S 26 ⎥ ⎨ σ y ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ γ xy ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ S 16 S 26 S 66 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ σ xy ⎪⎭
111
Stress-Strain Behavior
⎡⎣ S ⎤⎦ = [ T] [ S ][ T]
T
⎧ε ⎫ ⎧σ ⎫
⎪ ⎪ x
⎪ ⎪ x
⎨ ε y ⎬ = ⎡⎣ S ⎤⎦ ⎨ σ y ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭γ xy σ
⎩ xy ⎭
112
Inverse Relationship
[ Q ] = [S ] −1
[S ] = [ Q ] −1
Symmetric matrices!
113
Explicit Relationships
114
Explicit Relationships
( )
+ 2S 22 − 2S12 − S66 cos θ sin θ
3
115
Engineering Constants
1 1 1
S11 = S22 = S66 =
Ex Ey G xy
ν xy ν yx
S12 = − =−
Ex Ey
ηxy ,x ηx ,xy ηxy ,y ηy ,xy
S16 = = S26 = =
Ex G xy Ey G xy
116
Engineering Constants
S16
= ηxy ,x
S11
S26
= ηy ,xy
S66
117
Coefficients of Mutual Influence
η x , xy and η y , xy
Coefficients of mutual influence of the first kind
Characterize stretching in the x or y direction
caused by shear stress in the xy plane.
εx
η x , xy = for σ xy = τ all other stresses = 0
γ xy
118
Coefficients of Mutual Influence
η xy , x and η xy , y
Coefficients of mutual influence of the second kind.
Characterizes shearing in the xy plane caused by
normal stress in the xy plane.
γ xy
η xy , x = for σ x = σ all other stresses = 0
εx
119
Engineering Constants
1 1 4 ⎡ 1 2ν12 ⎤ 2 2 1 4
= c +⎢ − ⎥ sc + s
Ex E1 ⎣ G12 E1 ⎦ E2
1 1 4 ⎡ 1 2ν12 ⎤ 2 2 1 4
= s +⎢ − ⎥ sc + c
Ey E1 ⎣ G12 E1 ⎦ E2
120
Engineering Constants
⎡ ν12 4 4 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 2 2⎤
= Ex ⎢ (c + s ) − ⎢ +
1 1
− ⎥ sc ⎥
νxy ⎣ E1 ⎣ E1 E2 G12 ⎦ ⎦
⎡2 2 4ν12 1 ⎤2 2 1 4 4
1
Gxy
= 2⎢ + + − ⎥ sc + (c +s )
⎣ E1 E2 E1 G12 ⎦ G12
121
Engineering Constants
⎡ ⎡ 2 2 ν 12 1 ⎤ 3 ⎡ 2 2 ν 12 1 ⎤ 3 ⎤
η xy , x = Ex ⎢ ⎢ + − ⎥ sc − ⎢E + − ⎥s c⎥
⎣ ⎣ E1 E1 G 12 ⎦ ⎣ 2 E1 G 12 ⎦ ⎦
⎡ ⎡ 2 2 ν 12 1 ⎤ 3 ⎡ 2 2 ν 12 1 ⎤ 3⎤
η xy , y = Ey ⎢⎢ + − ⎥ s c−⎢ + − ⎥ sc ⎥
⎣ ⎣ E1 E1 G 12 ⎦ ⎣ E2 E1 G 12 ⎦ ⎦
G xy G xy
η x , xy = η xy , x η y , xy = η xy , y
Ex Ey
122
T300/934 Graphite/Epoxy
140
120
100
80 Ex
Ey
60 Gxy
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
123
Trig Identities
1
cos θ = ( 3 + 4 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ )
4
8
1
sin θ = ( 3 − 4 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ )
4
8
1
cos θ sin θ = ( 2 sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ )
3
8
1
cos θ sin θ = ( 2 sin 2 θ − sin 4 θ )
3
8
1
cos θ sin θ = (1 − cos 4 θ )
2 2
8
124
Alternate Form for Stiffness
Q 11 = U 1 + U 2 cos 2 θ + U 3 cos 4 θ
Q 12 = U 4 − U 3 cos 4 θ
Q 22 = U 1 − U 2 cos 2 θ + U 3 cos 4 θ
U2
Q 16 = sin 2 θ + U 3 sin 4 θ
2
U2
Q 26 = sin 2 θ − U 3 sin 4 θ
2
1
Q 66 = ( U 1 − U 4 ) − U 3 cos 4 θ
2
125
Invariants
1
U1 = ( 3 Q 11 + 3 Q 22 + 2 Q 12 + 4 Q 66 )
8
1
U2 = (Q 11 − Q 22 )
2
1
U3 = (Q 11 + Q 22 − 2 Q 12 − 4 Q 66 )
8
1
U4 = (Q 11 + Q 22 + 6 Q 12 − 4 Q 66 )
8
126
Alternate Form for Compliances
127
Invariants
1
V1 = ( 3 S 11 + 3 S 22 + 2 S 12 + S 66 )
8
1
V2 = (S 11 − S 22 )
2
1
V3 = (S 11 + S 22 − 2 S 12 − S 66 )
8
1
V4 = (S 11 + S 22 + 6 S 12 − S 66 )
8
128
Q 11
U4
2θ p
4θ p
U3 U1 U2
Q 11
129
Transversely Isotropic Material
E2 = E3
G 12 = G 13
ν 21 = ν 31
ν 23 = ν 32
E2
G 23 =
2 (1 + ν 32 )
130
Balanced Orthotropic Material
131
Balanced Orthotropic Lamina
132