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Industrial Process
Sensors (Transducers) and Actuators
Resistance temperature
detectors (RTDs):
RTDs are sensors used to measure
temperature by correlating the
resistance of the RTD element
with temperature
Industrial Process
http://www.smartsensors.biz/intl/en/analogue-temp-compare.php
Sensor Output: Voltage, Current, Resistance
Vout = ±10V, 10V, ±5V, 5V, 1V, 05V
Microcontroller Input:
Vin= 3.3V, 5V or 0-to-5V)
Physical
Variable:
Temp
Humidity
Load:
Motor
Lights
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier
A component level diagram of the common 741 op-amp. Dotted lines outline: current mirrors(red);
differential amplifier (blue); class A gain stage (magenta); voltage level shifter (green); output stage (cyan).
Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
Operational Amplifier Real Value
Ideal Features:
Input Impedance = ∞ 10MΩ
Output Impedance = 0 Few Ωs
Voltage Gain = ∞ 500,000
Bandwidth = ∞ 10MHz
http://www.mccdaq.com/PDFs/specs/Signal-Conditioning.pdf
The gain equals the ratio between the feedback and input resistor values.
Gain= Vo/Vin
Gain= Vo/Vin + 1
Av = (Rf /Ri) +1 = 11.
Voltage Comparator
http://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/70329/LINER/LT1167C.html
Rectifiers, how do they work.
A rectifier consists of 1 or more diodes and a reservoir capacitor,
a.k.a. smoothing capacitor. It is used to change A.C. (Alternating
Current) voltages into D.C. (Direct Current) voltages.
• The upper picture shows a half-wave rectifier,
• The bottom picture a full-wave (bridge) rectifier.
The full-wave rectifier has a higher efficiency and lower
ripple voltage as the reservoir capacitor is charged more
often as both halves of the sine wave are used.
https://diyaudioheaven.wordpress.com/tutorials/power-supplies/rectifiers/
Before Regulation After Regulation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSzVs7_aW-Y
Active Band Pass Filter
Dropout Voltage
Need
heat
sink
No
Need
heat
sink