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DISCUSSION PROBLEMS
1. Property, plant and equipment are 6. Extra Corporation is installing a new plant at its
a. Identifiable non-monetary assets without physical production facility. It has incurred these costs:
substance. Purchase price of plant P2,500,000
b. Properties held to earn rentals or for capital Initial delivery and handling costs 200,000
appreciation or both. Cost of site preparation 600,000
c. Assets held for sale in the ordinary course of Consultants used for advice on the
business. acquisition of the plant 700,000
d. Tangible items that are held for use in the Estimated dismantling costs to be
production or supply of goods or services, for incurred after 7 years 300,000
rental to others, or for administrative purposes; Operating losses before commercial
and are expected to be used during more than one production 400,000
period.
The total costs that can be capitalized in accordance
2. The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment with PAS 16 is
comprises: a. P4,900,000 c. P4,300,000
I. Its purchase price, including import duties and b. P4,500,000 d. P3,600,000
non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting
trade discounts and rebates. 7. Cabiao Company purchased a new printing machine on
II. Any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset December 2, 2017 at an invoice price of P4,000,000
to the location and condition necessary for it to be with terms 2/10, n/30. On December 10, 2017,
capable of operating in the manner intended by Cabiao paid the required amount for the machine. The
management. installation costs were P50,000 and the employees
III. The initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and received training on how to use the machine, at a cost
removing the item and restoring the site on which of P20,000. Before using the machine to print
it is located, the obligation for which an entity customers’ orders, a test was undertaken and the
incurs either when the item is acquired or as a paper and ink cost P5,000. What amount should be
consequence of having used the item during a capitalized as cost of the machine?
particular period for purposes other than to a. P4,075,000 c. P3,975,000
produce inventories during that period. b. P3,995,000 d. P3,970,000
a. I, II, and III 8. Seller Co. sold a used asset to Buyer Co. for P800,000,
b. I and II only accepting a five-year 6% note for the entire amount.
c. I and III only Buyer's incremental borrowing rate was 14%. The
d. I only annual payment of principal and interest on the note
was to be P189,930. The asset could have been sold
3. Costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the at an established cash price of P651,460. The present
location and condition necessary for it to be capable of value of an ordinary annuity of P1 at 8% for five
operating in the manner intended by management periods is 3.99. The asset should be capitalized on
exclude buyer's books at
a. Costs of employee benefits arising directly from a. P949,650 c. P757,820
the construction or acquisition of the item of b. P800,000 d. P651,460
property, plant and equipment. P216 Kimwell/aicpa 11.82
b. Costs of site preparation.
c. Initial delivery and handling costs 9. The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment is
d. Administration and other general overhead costs. the cash price equivalent at the recognition date. If
payment is deferred beyond normal credit terms, the
4. Costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the difference between the cash price equivalent and the
location and condition necessary for it to be capable of total payment is recognized as
operating in the manner intended by management a. Interest over the period of credit unless such
exclude interest is capitalized in accordance with PAS 23.
a. Installation and assembly costs. b. Part of the carrying amount of the asset.
b. Costs of testing whether the asset is functioning c. Either as interest over the period of credit or as
properly. part of the carrying amount of the asset depending
c. Professional fees. on the entities accounting policy.
d. Costs of opening a new facility. d. Interest at the recognition date.
On December 30, 2017, Imus Company purchased Use the following information for the next two questions.
a machine in exchange for a noninterest bearing
Company A had a machine with a carrying amount of
note requiring three payments of P1,000,000. The
P450,000. Company B had a delivery vehicle with a
first payment was made on December 30, 2017,
carrying amount of P300,000. Companies A and B
and the others are due annually on December 30.
exchanged the machine and vehicle, and Company B paid
The prevailing rate of interest for this type of note
an additional P90,000 cash as part of the exchange.
at date of issuance was 12%. The present value of
Assume that the fair value of the delivery vehicle is
an ordinary annuity of 1 at 12% is 1.69 for two
P420,000. The exchange has commercial substance.
periods and 2.40 for three periods.
What is the total cost of the machinery? 13. How much gain or loss should be recorded by
a. P4,820,000 c. P5,690,000 Company A?
b. P5,400,000 d. P6,000,000 a. P30,000 loss c. P120,000 loss
b. P60,000 gain d. P120,000 gain
11. Cavite Company acquired land and building by issuing
60,000, P100 par value, ordinary shares. On the date 14. How much gain or loss should be recorded by
of acquisition, the shares had a fair value of P150 per Company B?
share and the land and building had fair value of a. P30,000 loss c. P120,000 loss
P2,000,000 and P6,000,000 respectively. b. P60,000 gain d. P120,000 gain
During the year, Cavite also received land from a
shareholder to facilitate the construction of a plant in
Use the following information for the next two questions.
the city. Cavite paid P100,000 for the land transfer.
The land’s fair value is P1,500,000. Payor Inc. and Recipient Co. have an exchange with no
commercial substance. The asset given up by Payor Inc.
As a result of these acquisitions, Cavite Company’s has a book value of P12,000 and a fair value of P15,000.
equity had a net increase of The asset given up by Recipient Co. has a book value of
a. P10,500,000 c. P9,400,000 P20,000 and a fair value of P19,000. Boot of P4,000 is
b. P 9,500,000 d. P7,400,000 received by Recipient Co.
12. Which statement is incorrect regarding acquisition of 15. Payor Inc. should record the asset received at
items of property, plant and equipment in exchange for a. P15,000 c. P19,000
a non-monetary asset, or a combination of monetary b. P16,000 d. P20,000
and non-monetary asset? 16. Recipient Co. should record the asset received at
a. An entity determines whether an exchange a. P15,000 c. P19,000
transaction has commercial substance by b. P16,000 d. P20,000
considering the extent to which its future cash P121-122 C10 Kieso IFRS TB
flows are expected to change as a result of the
transaction. 17. A used delivery truck was traded in for a new truck.
b. For the purpose of determining whether an Information relating to the trucks follows:
exchange transaction has commercial substance,
the entity-specific value of the portion of the Used truck:
entity’s operations affected by the transaction shall Cost P1,600,000
reflect pre-tax cash flows. Accumulated depreciation 1,200,000
c. The cost of such an item of property, plant and Estimated current fair value 320,000
equipment is measured at fair value. New truck:
d. If the acquired item is not measured at fair value, List price 2,000,000
its cost is measured at the carrying amount of the Cash price without trade-in 1,900,000
asset given up. Cash price with trade-in 1,560,000
The amount that should be capitalized as the cost of
LECTURE NOTES: the new truck is
Exchange – No Boot a. P1,560,000 c. P1,880,000
b. P1,900,000 d. P1,960,000
With commercial substance rpcpa 5/86 (P220 Kimwell)-AMP
1) FV of asset given up (AGU)
2) FV of asset received 18. To be consistent with the historical cost principle,
3) Carrying amount of asset given up overhead costs incurred by an entity constructing its
Gain (loss) = FV of asset given – CA of asset given own PPE should be
a. Allocated on the basis of lost production.
No commercial substance b. Eliminated completely from the cost of the asset.
Carrying amount of asset given up c. Allocated on an opportunity cost basis.
d. Allocated on a pro rata basis between the asset
No gain or loss on exchange
and normal operations.
Exchange – With Boot
19. The Royal Furniture Mfg. Co. fabricated furniture and
With commercial substance fixtures for its office use in the company’s plant during
2017. The following data were taken from the
Payor = FV of AGU + cash paid = FV of AR company’s records:
Recipient = FV of AGU - cash received = FV of AR Materials Direct Labor
Finished goods P100,800 P151,200
No commercial substance Office furniture & fixtures 67,200 50,500
Payor = CA of AGU + cash paid Factory overhead amounted to P134,000. Normal
Recipient = CA of AGU – cash received production of finished goods results to 420 units. Due
The building was completed and occupied on What amount of the above expenditures should be
September 1, 2017. capitalized in 2017?
A third tract of land (site number 104) was acquired a. P8,000,000 c. P5,400,000
for P2,400,000. The entity is undecided regarding its b. P7,400,000 d. P2,600,000
future use.
29. The financial statements shall disclose, for each class
QUESTIONS: of property, plant and equipment
I. The measurement bases used for determining the
Determine the balance of the following as of December 31, gross carrying amount
2017 in accordance with PIC Q&A 2012-02: II. The depreciation methods used
III. The useful lives or the depreciation rates used
26. Land IV. The gross carrying amount and the accumulated
a. P5,600,000 c. P6,000,000 depreciation (aggregated with accumulated
b. P5,480,000 d. P7,880,000 impairment losses) at the beginning and end of the
period
27. Buildings V. A reconciliation of the carrying amount at the
a. P5,400,000 c. P5,000,000 beginning and end of the period
b. P5,280,000 d. P4,880,000
a. I, II, III IV and V
28. Dasmariñas Company has a production assembly line b. I, II, III and IV only
to manufacture furniture. In 2017 Dasmariñas c. I, II and III only
purchased a new machine and rearranged the d. II, III, IV and V only
assembly line to install this machine. The
rearrangement did not increase the estimated useful 30. The financial statements shall disclose, for each class
life of the assembly line but it did result in significantly of property, plant and equipment
more efficient production. The following expenditures a. The carrying amount of temporarily idle property,
were incurred in connection with this project: plant and equipment.
b. The gross carrying amount of any fully depreciated
Machine P5,000,000 property, plant and equipment that is still in use.
Labor to install new machine 400,000 c. The carrying amount of property, plant and
Parts added in rearranging the equipment retired from active use and not
assembly line to provide future classified as held for sale in accordance with PFRS
benefits 2,000,000 5.
Labor and overhead to rearrange the d. Acquisitions through business combinations.
assembly line 600,000
- now do the DIY drill -
3. Which statement is incorrect regarding spare parts and 5. A condition of continuing to operate an item of
servicing equipment? property, plant and equipment (for example, an
a. Spare parts and servicing equipment are usually aircraft) may be performing regular major inspections
carried as inventory and recognized in profit or loss for faults regardless of whether parts of the item are
as consumed. replaced. When each major inspection is performed,
b. Major spare parts and stand-by equipment qualify its cost is
as property, plant and equipment when an entity a. Recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
expects to use them during more than one period. b. Often described as for the ‘repairs and
c. Spare parts and servicing equipment that can be maintenance’ of the item of property, plant and
used only in connection with an item of property, equipment.
plant and equipment are accounted for as c. Recognized in other comprehensive income as
property, plant and equipment. incurred.
d. None of the above. d. Recognized in the carrying amount of the item of
property, plant and equipment as a replacement if
the recognition criteria are satisfied.
6. Newcastle Ltd uses many kinds of machines in its 10. Parr Company traded in a used delivery truck with a
operations. It constructs some of these machines carrying amount of P54,000 for a new delivery truck
itself and acquires others from the manufacturers. The having a list price of P160,000 and paid a cash
following information relates to machine A that it has difference to the dealer of P75,000. The used truck
recorded during the current year. has a fair value of P60,000 on the date of the
Cash paid for equipment, including VAT of exchange. At what amount should the new truck be
P9,600 P89,600 recorded on Parr's books?
Costs of transporting machine - insurance a. P160,000 c. P129,000
and transport 3,000 b. P135,000 d. P106,000
Labor costs of installation by expert fitter 5,000 P221 Kimwell/aicpa 5/85 and 11/86
Labor costs of testing equipment 4,000 Use the following information for the next two questions.
Insurance costs for current year 1,500 Cleveland Ltd acquired real estate for the construction of a
Costs of training for personnel who will building and other facilities. Operating equipment was also
use the machine 2,500 purchased and installed. The company's accountant, who
Costs of safety rails and platforms was not sure how to record some of the transactions,
surrounding machine 6,000 opened a Property ledger account and recorded debits and
Costs of water devices to keep machine (credits) to this account as follows.
cool 8,000
Costs of adjustments to machine to make Cost of land purchased as a building site P170,000
it operate more efficiently 7,500 Architect's fee for design of new building 23,000
Paid for the demolition of an old building
Determine the amount at which machine A should be on the building site purchased above 28,000
recorded in the records of Newcastle Ltd. Paid land tax on the real estate purchased
a. P105,500 c. P113,500 as a building site 1,700
b. P116,000 d. P121,500 Paid excavation costs for the new building 15,000
Applying IAS Made the first payment to the building 250,000
7. Sunflower Company acquired some new equipment. contractor
The following data have been made available to you: Paid for equipment to be installed in the
List price of the equipment P14,000 new building 148,000
Cash discount available but not taken on Received from sale of salvaged materials
purchase 200 from demolishing the old building (6,800)
Freight paid on the new equipment 250 Made final payment to the building 350,000
Cost of removing the old equipment 170 contractor
Installation costs of the new equipment 430 Paid interest on building loan during 22,000
Testing costs before the equipment was construction
put to regular operation (including Paid freight on equipment purchased 1,900
P120 in wages of the regular Paid installation costs of equipment 4,200
equipment operator) 295 Paid for repair of equipment damaged
Loss on premature retirement of the old during installation 2,700
equipment 120 Property ledger account balance P1,009,700
Estimated cost of manufacturing similar Compute for the following:
equipment in the company's own plant,
including overhead 13,800 11. Land
a. P191,900 c. P207,900
What amount should be capitalized as the cost of the b. P163,200 d. P192,900
new equipment?
12. Building
a. P14,775 c. P14,975
a. P694,000 c. P653,200
b. P28,865 d. P15,065
b. P660,000 d. P666,800
P8.7 Applying IAS
8. On September 1, 2017, Ron Corporation issued 10,000
13. Under PAS16 Property, plant and equipment, which
shares of its P25 par treasury ordinary shares for a
two of the following costs relating to non-current
parcel of land intended as a future plant site. The
assets should be capitalized?
treasury shares were acquired by Ron at a cost of P30
I. Replacement of a building's roof every 15 years
per share. Ron's ordinary share had a fair market
II. Maintenance of an asset on a three-monthly basis
value of P40 per share on September 1, 2017. Ron
III. Installation and assembly costs
received P50,000 from the sale of scrap when an
IV. Replacement of small spare parts annually
existing structure on the site was razed. At what
a. I and III c. III and IV
amount should the land be carried?
b. II and IV d. I and II
a. P400,000 c. P300,000
b. P350,000 d. P250,000
14. In relation to the financial statements, PAS 16
P231 Kimwell/aicpa 5.82; 5.83; 5.87
Property, Plant and Equipment, requires that the
following disclosures be made for each class of asset:
9. Winn Company exchanged an old machine having a
I. The carrying amount at the beginning and end of
carrying amount of P16,800, and paid a cash
the reporting period.
difference of P6,000 for a new machine having a total
II. Accumulated depreciation.
cash price of P20,500. The cash flows from the new
III. Total additions and disposals.
machine are expected to be significantly different than
IV. The total of impairment losses.
the cash flows from the old machine. What amount of
V. Fair value at reporting date.
loss should Winn recognize on this exchange?
a. P0 c. P3,700 a. I, III and IV only c. I, II, IV and V only
b. P2,300 d. P6,000 b. I, II III and IV only d. II, III, IV and V only
P11 M11 pp. 377 Wiley12-13
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LECTURE NOTES
SUMMARY OF PAS 16 equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT are satisfied. If necessary, the estimated cost of a future
similar inspection may be used as an indication of what
Objective
the cost of the existing inspection component was when
The objective of PAS 16 is to prescribe the accounting the item was acquired or constructed. [PAS 16.14]
treatment for property, plant, and equipment. The
principal issues are the recognition of assets, the Initial measurement
determination of their carrying amounts, and the
An item of property, plant and equipment should initially
depreciation charges and impairment losses to be
be recorded at cost. [PAS 16.15] Cost includes all costs
recognised in relation to them.
necessary to bring the asset to working condition for its
intended use. This would include not only its original
Scope
purchase price but also costs of site preparation,
PAS 16 applies to the accounting for property, plant and delivery and handling, installation, related professional
equipment, except where another standards requires or fees for architects and engineers, and the estimated cost
permits differing accounting treatments, for example: of dismantling and removing the asset and restoring the
assets classified as held for sale in accordance with site (see PAS 37). [PAS 16.16-17]
PFRS 5
biological assets related to agricultural activity If payment for an item of property, plant, and
accounted for under PAS 41 equipment is deferred, interest at a market rate must be
exploration and evaluation assets recognised in recognised or imputed. [PAS 16.23]
accordance with PFRS 6
mineral rights and mineral reserves such as oil, If an asset is acquired in exchange for another asset
natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources. (whether similar or dissimilar in nature), the cost will be
measured at the fair value unless (a) the exchange
The standard does apply to property, plant, and transaction lacks commercial substance or (b) the fair
equipment used to develop or maintain the last three value of neither the asset received nor the asset given
categories of assets. [PAS 16.3] up is reliably measurable. If the acquired item is not
measured at fair value, its cost is measured at the
carrying amount of the asset given up. [PAS 16.24]
Recognition
Items of property, plant, and equipment should be Measurement subsequent to initial recognition
recognised as assets when it is probable that: [PAS
16.7] PAS 16 permits two accounting models:
it is probable that the future economic benefits
associated with the asset will flow to the entity, and Cost model. The asset is carried at cost less
the cost of the asset can be measured reliably. accumulated depreciation and impairment. [PAS
16.30]
This recognition principle is applied to all property, plant,
and equipment costs at the time they are incurred. Revaluation model. The asset is carried at a
These costs include costs incurred initially to acquire or revalued amount, being its fair value at the date of
construct an item of property, plant and equipment and revaluation less subsequent depreciation and
costs incurred subsequently to add to, replace part of, or impairment, provided that fair value can be measured
service it. reliably. [PAS 16.31]
PAS 16 does not prescribe the unit of measure for The revaluation model
recognition – what constitutes an item of property,
Under the revaluation model, revaluations should be
plant, and equipment. [PAS 16.9] Note, however, that if
carried out regularly, so that the carrying amount of an
the cost model is used (see below) each part of an item
asset does not differ materially from its fair value at the
of property, plant, and equipment with a cost that is
balance sheet date. [PAS 16.31]
significant in relation to the total cost of the item must
be depreciated separately. [PAS 16.43]
If an item is revalued, the entire class of assets to which
that asset belongs should be revalued. [PAS 16.36]
PAS 16 recognises that parts of some items of property,
plant, and equipment may require replacement at
Revalued assets are depreciated in the same way as
regular intervals. The carrying amount of an item of
under the cost model.
property, plant, and equipment will include the cost of
replacing the part of such an item when that cost is
If a revaluation results in an increase in value, it should
incurred if the recognition criteria (future benefits and
be credited to other comprehensive income and
measurement reliability) are met. The carrying amount
accumulated in equity under the heading "revaluation
of those parts that are replaced is derecognised in
surplus" unless it represents the reversal of a
accordance with the derecognition provisions of PAS
revaluation decrease of the same asset previously
16.67-72. [PAS 16.13]
recognised as an expense, in which case it should be
recognised in profit or loss. [PAS 16.39]
Also, continued operation of an item of property, plant,
and equipment (for example, an aircraft) may require
A decrease arising as a result of a revaluation should be
regular major inspections for faults regardless of
recognised as an expense to the extent that it exceeds
whether parts of the item are replaced. When each
any amount previously credited to the revaluation
major inspection is performed, its cost is recognised in
surplus relating to the same asset. [PAS 16.40]
the carrying amount of the item of property, plant, and
When a revalued asset is disposed of, any revaluation Derecognition (retirements and disposals)
surplus may be transferred directly to retained earnings,
An asset should be removed from the statement of
or it may be left in equity under the heading revaluation
financial position on disposal or when it is withdrawn
surplus. The transfer to retained earnings should not be
from use and no future economic benefits are expected
made through profit or loss. [PAS 16.41]
from its disposal. The gain or loss on disposal is the
difference between the proceeds and the carrying
Depreciation (cost and revaluation models)
amount and should be recognised in profit and loss.
The depreciable amount (cost less residual value) should [PAS 16.67-71]
be allocated on a systematic basis over the asset's
useful life [PAS 16.50]. If an entity rents some assets and then ceases to rent
them, the assets should be transferred to inventories at
The residual value and the useful life of an asset should their carrying amounts as they become held for sale in
be reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if the ordinary course of business. [PAS 16.68A]
expectations differ from previous estimates, any change
is accounted for prospectively as a change in estimate Disclosure
under PAS 8. [PAS 16.51]
Information about each class of property, plant
The depreciation method used should reflect the pattern and equipment
in which the asset's economic benefits are consumed by
For each class of property, plant, and equipment,
the entity [PAS 16.60]; a depreciation method that is
disclose: [PAS 16.73]
based on revenue that is generated by an activity that
basis for measuring carrying amount
includes the use of an asset is not appropriate. [PAS
depreciation method(s) used
16.62A]
useful lives or depreciation rates
gross carrying amount and accumulated depreciation
Note: The clarification regarding the revenue-based
and impairment losses
depreciation method was introduced by Clarification of
reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning
Acceptable Methods of Depreciation and Amortisation,
and the end of the period, showing:
which applies to annual periods beginning on or after 1
- additions
January 2016.
- disposals
- acquisitions through business combinations
The depreciation method should be reviewed at least
- revaluation increases or decreases
annually and, if the pattern of consumption of benefits
- impairment losses
has changed, the depreciation method should be
- reversals of impairment losses
changed prospectively as a change in estimate under
- depreciation
PAS 8. [PAS 16.61] Expected future reductions in selling
- net foreign exchange differences on translation
prices could be indicative of a higher rate of
- other movements
consumption of the future economic benefits embodied
in an asset. [PAS 16.56]
Additional disclosures
Note: The guidance on expected future reductions in The following disclosures are also required: [PAS 16.74]
selling prices was introduced by Clarification of restrictions on title and items pledged as security for
Acceptable Methods of Depreciation and Amortisation, liabilities
which applies to annual periods beginning on or after 1 expenditures to construct property, plant, and
January 2016. equipment during the period
contractual commitments to acquire property, plant,
Depreciation should be charged to profit or loss, unless it and equipment
is included in the carrying amount of another asset [PAS compensation from third parties for items of
16.48]. property, plant, and equipment that were impaired,
lost or given up that is included in profit or loss.
Depreciation begins when the asset is available for use
and continues until the asset is derecognised, even if it IAS 16 also encourages, but does not require, a number
is idle. [PAS 16.55] of additional disclosures. [PAS 16.79]
- end of FAR.104 -