MIXED PIXEL CLASSIFICATION OF REMOTELY SENSED IMAGES
Shabnam Choudhury
ABSTRACT
Remote sensor records the reflection factor of the
pixels which leads to the confusion of the
classification of pixels that are showing the more than
one class. A mixed pixel is a picture element
representing an area occupied by more than one
ground cover type. For example, in a multispectral
image from a satellite, a pixel that response to the
signal vegetation, water, urban, rocky or forest at
same time is a mixed pixel. Mixed pixel problem is
created in digital imagery by those pixels not
completely occupied by a single, homogeneous
category. When a pixel area is composed of two or
more areas that differ greatly with respect to
brightness, then the average is composed of several
very different values, and the single digital value that
represents the pixel may not accurately represent any
of the categories present. Basically, there are two
situations in which mixed pixels occur. The first case
concerns the pixels that are located at the edges of
large objects like agricultural fields, for instance. The
second case arises when objects are imaged that are
relatively small compared to the spatial resolution of
the scanner.
OBJECTIVE
•Study of the texture feature such as colour intensity,
energy, local binary pattern of the satellite images.
•Detection of mixed pixels based on the study using
the ensemble approach of classification.
MOTIVATION
The clarity of the image is determined accurately by
spatial resolution. Spatial resolution can be defined as
the number of independent pixel per inch. Hence for
improving the detailed content of the image,
improving the spatial resolution is of great
importance. Presence of large proportion of mixed
pixels can deteriorate the resolution to a great extent.
Hence the processing of coarse spatial resolution to
fine spatial resolution is the main challenge. In order
to tackle this issue, accurate classification algorithms
and validation of training samples are adopted.
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THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Mixed pixel is the pixel that contains the average
energy reflected from the multiple bands of a
multispectral image. Hence, it does not belong to a
unique class i.e. possesses a heterogeneous nature.
The main cause of mixed pixel is the low spatial
resolution of the sensor as a result of which the
adjacent consistent pixels occupy the same pixels.
Hence the result is a mixture of the individual end
members.
Texture analysis of an image refers to the
quantification of an image based on their texture
content and spatial arrangement of pixel position.
Features used here are colour intensity, energy and
local binary pattern.
Colour intensity defines the RGB (Red, Green, Blue)
intensity of an image. Mostly LANDSAT images use
multispectral scanner mapped in Band 6-NIR of
wavelength 0.7-0.8µm with resolution 60.
Energy is taken as the angular second moment
(ASM) feature. Angular second moment describes the
homogeneity of a distribution. It can be found from
the GLCM matrix as the squared value of the
individual elements.
The local binary pattern technique for texture
classification based on its neighbourhood. In this
technique, the centre pixel intensity is compared with
the neighbourhood pixel value.
METHODOLOGY RESULTS (contd.)
Flow graph
Classified output:
COLOUR
INTENSITY
LINEAR SVM
LAND
RANDOM
ENERGY K NEAREST
NEIGHBOURS
FOREST
WATER
ALGORITHM
MIXED
LOCAL
LINEAR
DISCRIMINANT
BINARY
PATTERN
ANALYSIS
The flow graph works in the following manner:
•The features extracted from the datasets are colour
intensity, energy, and local binary pattern. CONCLUSION
•It is then fed into the ensemble tree classifier block Mixed pixel problem in the satellite images is the
which is followed by random forest algorithm. In the primary reason behind the coarse resolution. Low-
random forest algorithm, three input features are resolution images are of no use for useful processing
separated at each node. of data in various fields. Hence, to abate the issue is
•Then the linear combination of input features is the key interest. Artificial neural network was
created at each node. successful to classify to a certain extent. But it fails to
handle large data, hence the ensemble learning
•Finally, the best split is selected randomly.
approach was adopted. Ensemble learning averages
Random forest algorithm improves accuracy by
the predictions, therefore, can be useful in both small
reducing the correlation which increases the error
and large data handling. Further with large datasets,
bounds. It is simple and can be easily parallelized.
the mixed problem can be accurately detected and
Ensemble bagged trees make the average predictions of
dealt with even without using feature maps.
the random data sets. They are best suited for verifying
method, hence can draw good results in complex
models. Ensemble classifiers can be used for both large
and small volume of data. The classifiers combined REFERENCES
here are Linear SVM, Linear Discriminant Analysis,
Fine KNN, Ensemble bagged tree.
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