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High Voltage Generation
g g
13/12/2011
Hi h V l G i
High Voltage Generation
1. Testing the insulation of power apparatus
2. Simulation of overvoltages
g that occur in power
p
systems
¾power‐frequency AC
¾DC
¾Switching and lightning impulse voltages.
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I. Generation of High AC Voltage
As electric power transmission with high AC
voltages predominates in transmission and
distribution systems, the most common form of
y ,
testing HV apparatus is related to high AC
voltages.
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Ö Single‐Stage Transformer
Si l St T f
Single‐unit testing transformers do not differ
Single unit testing transformers do not differ
from single‐phase power transformer.
However, particular attention is given to heavy
p g y
insulation of the high‐voltage winding
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The iron core, as well as one terminal of the low‐
voltage and high voltage windings, is usually
l d hi h l i di i ll
maintained at earth potential. The other terminal
of the high‐voltage winding would be insulated
to the full output voltage.
Considerable economy is achieved, however, if
the center point rather than one terminal of the
high‐voltage winding is earthed.
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Cascaded Transformers
Ö Two‐Stage Transformer
Ö Three‐Stage Transformer
Th S T f
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• First transformer is at ground potential, The second and third transformers are kept
g p , p
on insulators
• The high voltage winding of the first unit is connected to the tank of the second unit
• The low voltage winding of the second unit is
supplied from the excitation winding of the
first transformer, which is in series with the output
300 kV
high voltage winding of the first transformer
at its high voltage end.
• The rating of the excitation winding is almost
200 kV
identical to that of the primary winding.
U1 240V
V
199 kV
100 kV
Insulation
LV primary winding U1 240V
HV secondary winding 99 kV
Excitation winding
U2 2U2 3U2
inpu
p U1 240V
t
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2. Generation of High DC Voltage
DC voltages are mainly used for pure scientific
research work and for testing equipment related to
HVDC transmission systems
Ö Rectifier
R ifi – converts AC to DC
AC DC
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• Half‐wave rectifier – a single diode is used to pass
either the positive or negative half cycle of AC while
blocking the other.
• Full‐wave rectifier – converts both polarities of
p
input waveform into DC
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VOLTAGE DOUBLER
two half‐wave rectifier circuits are connected in
opposition, thus producing an unsmoothed
unidirectional voltage. The output voltage has a
peak value of 3Vs
k l f V
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VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER
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Impulse Voltage Sources
Rv R1
U0 C1 R2 C2 u2 • Surge capacitor C1 is charged
and the switch is closed
−Triggered (ignitable) sphere
gap
−Non Triggered (non‐
ignitable) sphere gap
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13/12/2011 https://noppa.tkk.fi/noppa/kurssi/s‐18.3150
Rv R1
U0 C1 R2 C2 u2 g
•The charge in C 1 is distributed
quickly between load
capacitance C2 until the voltage
over both become equal
b h b l
• During this distribution phase
some energy is transformed into
i f d i
heat mainly by damping
resistance R1 (determines
impulse voltage front T1)
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Rv R1
• Once C2 is charged, voltage has
U0 C1 R2 C2 u2
reached its maximum value
(impulse voltage peak Up)
• Next, the discharge phase starts.
Remaining energy is transformed
i t h t i l i di h
into heat mainly in discharge
resistance R2 (determines impulse
voltage tail T2).
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• Single stage impulse generator reaches ~ 100 kV
g g p g
• For higher voltages basic circuits are constructed on
g g
top of each other to create n stage generators
Ö Marx Generator – Erwin Marx (1923)
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Ö Capacitors are charged in parallel to
desired voltage and first spark gap is
triggered R''
D
Ö The rapid change in potential causes R'
the subsequent gaps to ignite causing D
G
the stages to be connected in series R'
E
Ö Cumulative voltage is charging C'
C
S
R'
(applied) voltage times number of R' D
C u (t )
stages G
C
R'
E
B O
C'
S
R'
D
R'
C
G
R'
R
E
U R' C'
C C S
3 Stage Impulse
13/12/2011 Voltage Generator
R'' D
R'' D
R' D
R' D
G
G R' E
R' E
C' S
C' S R' D
R' D
R' C CB u (t )
R' C CB u (t ) G O
G O
R' E
R' E
C' S
C' S R' D
R' D
R
R' C
R' C G
G R' E
R' E
UC R' C C' S
UC R' C C' S
Charging Discharging
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Charging
Discharging
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U
1.0
0.9
0.5
0.3
0
t
T1
T2
Damping resistance R1 and load capacitance C2
determine front time T1 and time to peak Tp
Discharge resistance R2 and surge
capacitance C1 determine time to half value T2
(tail time)
R´c limits current to protect source
R
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Impulse Current Sources
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If the capacitor C is charged to a
voltage V and discharged when the
l V d di h d h h
gap G is triggered. the current i can
be shown to vary with time
according to the relation:
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