Protection Testing Week 2017, Hong Kong

Day 2 Distance Protection

Naibo Ji (Mr.) 吉乃博

Florian Fink (Mr.)
Royal Plaza Hotel, Hong Kong
© OMICRON
1710 May 2017
May 2017
Goal for Day 2

> Understand the principle of distance protection

> Understand automatic tests with Test Universe Modules
> Understand various distance protection schemes from demonstrations

© OMICRON Slide 2
Safety Instruction

> The CMC test set can output life-hazardous voltages and
currents.
> Throughout the presentation and user manuals, this symbol
indicates special safety-relevant notes/directions linked to the
possibility of touching live voltages and/or currents. Please
thoroughly read and follow those directions to avoid life
hazardous situations.
> This symbol indicates potential hazards by electrical
voltages/currents caused by, for example, wrong connections,
short-circuits, technically inadequate or faulty equipment or by
disregarding the safety notes which written on the user manuals.

> Note: before you use your CMC devices, please read through
the Section Safety Instructions on the CMC user manual!

© OMICRON Slide 3
Agenda

> Distance Protection

> Principle and Background
> Fault Calculation
> Polarization
> Impedance Zone Drawing
> Advanced Distance Module
> Power Swing Blocking

> Distance Protection Scheme

> Zone Extension Scheme
> Loss of Load Logic
> Switch On To Fault Logic (SOTF)
> Direct Transfer Trip Scheme (DTT)
> Permissive Scheme (PUTT and POTT)
> Blocking Scheme
> Weak Infeed (Trip & Echo) Logic
> Current Reversal Logic (improving the communication scheme)

© OMICRON Slide 4
Distance Protection Principles

1710 May 2017

May 2017
Slide 5
Categorization

> Current > Voltage > Power

> Over Load
> Over Current
> Earth Fault
> Current unbalance
> Dir. Over Current
> Dir. Earth Fault
> Over Voltage > Active power
> Under Voltage > Reactive power
> Voltage Unbalance > Over power
> Under power
> Reverse power

> Calculated > Impedance > Frequency

> Over fluxing
> Loss of field
> Differential O/C
> Restricted E/F
> Under Impedance
> Back up Impedance > Over Frequency
> Voltage Controlled > Under Frequency
> Voltage Restrain > ∆f / ∆t
> Loss of Excitation
> Pole Slipping (dz/dt)
> Line Distance Protection

© OMICRON Slide 6
Principle and Background

1710 May 2017

May 2017
The Principle of Distance Relay

> The principle of distance protection involves the ratio between the
measured voltage and the measured current at the relaying point. The
calculation of the apparent impedance is compared with the reference
(reach impedance). If the measured impedance is less than the reference
impedance, it is assessed that fault occurs within the protected line. Testing
the impedance characteristic (R/X) is the way to prove the operation of the
relay whether it ready to operate or not.

© OMICRON Slide 8
The Principle of Distance Relay

> Fault  V↓ ; I↑  Z ↓  Z< Zref? (Zref= Protected Line Impedance)

Z3R= 20%×ZA Time Z3= 120%×(ZA + ZB)

Z2= ZA+50%×ZB

Z1= 80 ~ 85%×ZA
0

ZS IRelay
ZA ZB ZC

VRelay
ZRelay

© OMICRON Slide 9
Example 1

> Healthy System

ZS ZL X
185  585  ZL

IRelay = 4.678-16.24 kA
1000 kV
Load (R) ZRelay
200 
VRelay = 98.40-2.54 kV
ZRelay = 21.0313.69  R

ZS = Source Impedance
ZL = Protected Line Impedance

© OMICRON Slide 10
Example 2: Fault 50% of Protected Line
ZS 0.5ZL 0.5ZL X
185  2.585  2.585  ZL
1000 kV IRelay = ? ZRelay ?
Load (R)
VRelay = ? 200 
ZRelay = ?

Example 3: Fault 100% of Protected Line

ZS ZL
185  585  X
ZL
1000 kV IRelay = ?
ZRelay ?
VRelay = ? Load (R)
200 
ZRelay = ?

© OMICRON Slide 11
Example 2: Fault 50% of Protected Line
ZS 0.5ZL 0.5ZL X
185  2.585  2.585  ZL
> 1000
Example
kV
2: Fault 50% of Protected Line
IRelay = 28.57 -85 kA
Load (R)
VRelay = 71.430 kV 200  ZRelay
ZRelay = 2.585 

Example 3: Fault 100% of Protected Line

ZS ZL
185  585  X
ZL
1000 kV IRelay = 16.67-85 kA

Load (R)
VRelay = 83.330 kV
> Example 3: Fault 200
100% of Protected 
Line
ZRelay = 5.085  ZRelay

© OMICRON Slide 12
Example 4:
Fault 50% of Protected Line with Arc Resistance
ZS 0.5ZL 0.5ZL
185  2.585  2.585 

1000 kV

ARC (RF) Load (R)

10  200 

IRelay = 28.57-85 kA
VRelay = 71.430 kV X
ZL
ZRelay = 2.585 

ZRelay
IRelay = 26.94-70.18 kA
VRelay = 74.27-5.32 kV
ZRelay = 2.75764.858 

R
© OMICRON Slide 13
 ZS 0.5ZL 0.5ZL
Calculations 185  2.585 2.585

1000 kV

RF RLoad
10  200 

> Z1 = RLoad + 0.5ZL = 2.585 + 200 = 20.37077.0225 

> Z2 = Z1||Rarc =1 0 || 20.37077.0225 = 0.95350.3279 
> ZRelay = Z2 + 0.5ZL = 0.95350.3279 + 2.585 = 2.757164.858 
> ZSystem = ZRelay+ZS = 2.757164.858 + 185 = 3.711970.1808 
> IRelay = E / ZSystem = 1000 / 3.711970.18 = 26.9404-70.18 A
> VRelay = IRelay×ZRelay= 26.9404-70.18 × 2.757164.858 = 74.277-5.323 V

© OMICRON Slide 14
Impedance Characteristic

> A zone characteristics can consist of any number and combination of line,
circle or arc elements.
> MHO

> Lens and tomato

> Polygon

© OMICRON Slide 15
Impedance Characteristic

> When consider the arc resistance

X X

R R

© OMICRON Slide 16
Impedance Characteristic

> When consider the phase error from measurement values

X X

R R

© OMICRON Slide 17
Impedance Characteristic

> When consider the area of load & protected zone

X X

R R

© OMICRON Slide 18
Example

© OMICRON Slide 19
Fault Calculation

1710 May 2017

May 2017
 X
Test Voltage & Test Current

> Fault Voltage = Test Voltage = ?

> Fault Current = Test Current = ?

Calculate Fault Calculate

Define Select Test
Test Point
Loop Impedance
Models V=IZLoop
(ZLoop) Va,Vb,Vc & Ia,Ib,Ic

Fault Models: Test Models:

Ground Fault Constant Test Current

Phase Fault Constant Test Voltage
3-Phase Fault Constant Source Impedance

© OMICRON Slide 21
Loop Impedance (ZLoop)
> Phase–Phase Fault:
IFault ZL
Test Impedance  2
ZL VFault = VA-VB, VB-VC or VC-VA
ZS
V =V IFault = IA-IB, IB-IC or IC-IA
Fault Ph-Ph

ZL
2

21 1
, 2
Phase-Phase Fault
> 3 Phase Fault:
ZL
Test Impedance  1
ZS ZL ZL VFault = VAN = VBN = VCN
IFault = IA = IB = IC
ZL

IFault N
21
VFault = VPh-N
,
3 Phase Fault
© OMICRON Slide 22
Loop Impedance (ZLoop) Z1 I0

Z1 I0
ZS
Phase-Ground Z1 I0
ZL V0

ZE = kLZL 3I0

ZN
V0/3I0 = (Z1/3)ZN
> We can calculate the ground return impedance Z0 = Z1 3ZN
by using the sequence component method ZN = (Z0Z1)/3
(the result is grounding factor). And then, we ZN = (1/3) [(Z0/Z1) 1]Z1
can use this factor to eliminate the ground  Z1 = ZL
 ZN = ZE
return impedance and comparing with the
kL = (1/3) [(Z0/Z1) 1]
reference to make decision.
> Grounding factor (EF compensation factor)

© OMICRON Slide 23
Obtain the Parameters for Distance Protection

> Line impedance

> Ground impedance
> k factors

© OMICRON Slide 24
Eliminate Ground Return Impedance
IFault ZLoop = ZFault = [ VFault / IFault ] = (1  kL)ZL
ZL
> Type A
1
VFault = VPh-E ZE = kLZL , 1

ZLoop = ZFault = [ VFault / IFault ] = (RL  RE)  j(XL  XE)

IFault Z = R jX = ( 1  RE/RL )RL  j( 1  XE/XL)XL
> Type B L L L
KR = RE/RL; KX = XE/XL
VFault = VPh-E ZE = REjXE

, 1 1

ZLoop = ZFault = [ VFault / IFault ] = (RL  RE)  j(XL  XE)

IFault Z = R jX Kr = RE/RL; Kx = XE/XL
L L L
> Type C RE= (XL/tan θL)Kr; θL = Line Angle
VFault = VPh-E ZE = REjXE
, 1

© OMICRON Slide 25
Calculation with Type A

IPh ZL

VPh-E ZE RF

ZL,Relay = ( ZL  ZE  RF )/(1  kL) = ZL’ RF /(1  kL)

X
RF/(1kL) .. (calculate)

RF (system)
ZL

© OMICRON Slide 26
Calculation with Type A
IPh
kL = 130 ZE = kL×ZL = 5115 
ZL 585 Case #1 Without ARC Resitance (RF)
VPh-E ZRelay = (ZL + ZE) / (1 + kL)
RF 30 = (9.66100 ) / (1.9315) = 585 

If IFault = IPh = 10 kA

ZE 5115
X VFault = VPh-E = IFault × ZRelay = 9.6593100 kV
Case #1 Case #2

RF =3
Case #2 With ARC Resitance (RF)
Z’Relay = (ZL + RF + ZE) / (1 + kL)
= (9.6082.08 ) / (1.9315) = 4.9767.08 

If IFault = IPh = 10 kA

RF =3 
VFault = VPh-E = IFault × Z’Relay = 9.604182.084 kV
R
© OMICRON Slide 27
Calculation with Type A Case #1 IPh

ZL 585
9.6593100 kV 10 kA VPh-E

ZE 5115

9.66100  X
ZL, Relay =585 
kL =130
1+kL = 1.9315

585 

585  0

© OMICRON Slide 28
Calculation with Type A Case #2 IPh

ZL 585
9.6082.08 kV 10 kA VPh-E
RF 30

ZE 5115

9.6082.08  X
ZL, Relay =4.9785 
kL =130
1+kL = 1.9315

4.9767.08 

585  1.55-15.05

© OMICRON Slide 29
Calculation with Type B

IPh ZL

VPh-E ZE RF

(RL  RE  RF )/(1  Kr) = RL  RF /(1  Kr)

( XL  XE )/(1  Kx) = XL
Kr = RE/RL; Kx = XE/XL

X
RF/(1Kr) .. (calculate)
XL RF (system)

ZL

R
RL

© OMICRON Slide 30
 IPh
Calculation with Type B Case #1
ZL 585

9.6593100 kV 10 kA VPh-E

ZE 5115

Kr = RE/RL= -2.1131/0.4358 = -4.849

9.5126 -1.6773 Kx = XE/XL= 4.5315/4.9810 = 0.910
X
9.66100  ZL, Relay =585 

4.9804 0.4358

585  0

© OMICRON Slide 31
 IPh
Calculation with Type B Case #2
ZL 585

9.6082.08 kV 10 kA VPh-E

RF 30
ZE 5115

Kr = RE/RL= -2.1131/0.4358 = -4.849

9.5084 1.3228 Kx = XE/XL= 4.5315/4.9810 = 0.910

ZL, Relay =4.9993.95 

9.6082.08 

4.9993.95 XL, Relay

4.9782 -0.3437

585  0.7795

RL, Relay
© OMICRON Slide 32
Calculation with Type C

IPh ZL

VPh-E ZE RF

(RL  RE  RF – RE) = RL  RF
( XL  XE )/(1  Kx) = XL (Kx = XE/XL)

X
RF
XL RF (system)

ZL

R
RL

© OMICRON Slide 33
 IPh
Calculation with Type C Case #1
ZL 585

VPh-E
9.6593100 kV 10 kA
ZE 5115

Kr = RE/RL= -2.1131/0.4358 = -4.849

Kx = XE/XL= 4.5315/4.9810 = 0.910
9.5126 -1.6773 RE = [XL,Relay / tan(θL)]×Kr = -2.113
X
9.66100  XL, Relay ZL, Relay =585 

4.9804 0.4358

585  0 R

RL, Relay
© OMICRON Slide 34
 IPh
Calculation with Type C Case #2
ZL 585

VPh-E
RF 30
9.6082.08 kV 10 kA
ZE 5115

Kr = RE/RL= -2.1131/0.4358 = -4.849

Kx = XE/XL= 4.5315/4.9810 = 0.910
9.5084 1.3228 RE = [XL,Relay / tan(θL)]×Kr = -2.1131
RLoop – RE = 1.3228+2.1131= 3.4359 

9.6082.08  X
XL, Relay ZL, Relay =6.0555.4 

4.9804 3.4359

585  3
RL, Relay

© OMICRON Slide 35
Summary on Grounding Factors
Format Contents Example
5115
Magnitude / Angle 130
585
Magnitude / Angle 130

, Ratio −4.849, 0.910

0
Magnitude / Angle 3.89822.631
1

1 0 0 1 0
> Conversion  1 3 1
3 1 3 1 1

> Conversion  , , where is the line angle

tan

tan
tan
© OMICRON Slide 36
Define grounding factor in TU

> Select the grounding factor used in TU

Elimination Method

Type A

Type B

Type C

© OMICRON Slide 37
Example: Loop impedance, Fault current & voltage

X Phase-Phase Fault
575  ZLoop = 2×ZTest = 2×575 = 1075
Test Model  Constant Test Current
ITest = IFault = 1-45A
VTest= VFault = ITest×ZLoop=1-45A×1075= 1030V
VTest = VL1-E – VL2-E = 1030 V, ITest = IL1 = 1-45 A
R

30°
75°

© OMICRON Slide 38
IFault = 1-45A under Phase to Phase fault

> VFault = VA-VB, VB-VC or VC-VA

> IFault = IA-IB, IB-IC or IC-IA
> Line angle = 75°

30°
75°

© OMICRON Slide 39
Example: Loop impedance, Fault current & voltage
Phase-Ground Fault
1
> Type A , 1

> Type B , 1 1

> Type C , 1

VL3-E
X
575

VFault=VL1-E

30
R
VL2-E
IFault=IL1
© OMICRON Slide 40
Test Point 1, Type A

> kL = 0.330; θL = 75

6.34350 V

X
575 1-81.79 A
Constant Test Current

6.343581.79 

1+kL=1.26876.79

R
575 

> VFault = VL1=6.34350 V ; IFault = IL1=1-81.79 A

© OMICRON Slide 41
Test Point 1, Type B

> kL = 0.330; θL = 75

6.34350 V
 Kr = –0.3; Kx=0.3

1-81.79 A
Constant Test Current

j6.279 0.9059
6.343581.79 

j4.83 1.2941
575 

> VFault = VL1=6.34350 V ; IFault = IL1=1-81.79 A

© OMICRON Slide 42
Test Point 1, Type C

> kL = 0.330; θL = 75

6.34350 V
 Kr = –0.3; Kx=0.3
> RE= –0.3883
1-81.79 A
Constant Test Current

j6.279 0.9059
6.343581.79 

j4.83 1.2941
575 

> VFault = VL1=6.34350 V ; IFault = IL1=1-81.79 A

© OMICRON Slide 43
Test Point 2, Type A (ARC Only)

> kL = 0.330; θL = 75

3.80610 V
X

1-6.79 A
Constant Test Current

3.8061∠6.79
30
1+kL=1.26876.79
R

30

> VFault = VL1=3.80610 V ; IFault = IL1=1-6.79 A

© OMICRON Slide 44
Test Point 2, Type B (ARC Only)

> kL = 0.330; θL = 75

 Kr = –0.3; Kx=0.3 2.10 V

10 A
Constant Test Current

j0 2.1
2.10 

j0 3
30

> VFault = VL1=2.10 V ; IFault = IL1=10 A

© OMICRON Slide 45
Test Point 2, Type C (ARC Only)

> kL = 0.330; θL = 75

>  Kr = –0.3; Kx=0.3 30 V

> RE= 0
10A
Constant Test Current

j0 3
30 

j0 3
30

> VFault = VL1=30 V ; IFault = IL1=10 A

© OMICRON Slide 46
Summary on Phase-Ground Fault

Test Point Type ZLoop IFault VFault

On the line

575 A 6.343581.79  1-81.79 A 6.34350 V

575 B 6.343581.79  1-81.79 A 6.34350 V

575 C 6.343581.79  1-81.79 A 6.34350 V

ARC only

30 A 3.8061 6.79  1-6.79 A 3.8061 0 V

30 B 2.1 0  10 A 2.1 0 V

30 C 3.0 0  10 A 3.0 0 V

© OMICRON Slide 47
Polarization

1710 May 2017

May 2017
Phase Angle Comparator

> The Phase Angle is well known operating principle for distance relays. It use the
phaser information which contained in the input signal to build up the impedance
characteristic and making the decision whether fault occurs inside the protected zone
or not.
> The concept is the angle of two quantity will be compared (S1 and S2), if it smaller
than 90 degree that means the location of fault is inside the protected zone.

> S1 = Operating Quantity

> S2 = Polarizing Quantity (This quantity which used for reference)
S2 S2
S1
Angle > 90
Fault outside the protected zone

Angle < 90

Fault inside the protected zone
© OMICRON Slide 49
S1
Circle Characteristic
X ZR (reference)
ZL

ZL (measurement)
ZR S2=ZR+ZL
R
S1=ZR-ZL

Angle between ZR-ZL and ZR+ZL = 90 deg

X ZR (reference) ZL

ZR
S2=ZR+ZL
ZL (measurement) S1=ZR-ZL
R

Angle between ZR-ZL and ZR+ZL < 90 deg

© OMICRON Slide 50
Circle Characteristic
X ZR (reference) ZL

ZL (measurement) ZR S2=ZR+ZL

S1=ZR-ZL
R

Angle between ZR-ZL and ZR+ZL > 90 deg

X ZL
ZR (reference)

ZR S2=ZR+ZL
ZL (measurement) S1=ZR-ZL
R

Angle between ZR-ZL and ZR+ZL < 90 deg

© OMICRON Slide 51
Phase Angle Comparator (Circle Characteristic)

> Operating Quantity S1 = ZR – ZL and Polarizing Quantity S2 = ZR + ZL

> Multiply both quantity, S1 & S2, with fault current
> S1 = IFault  ZR  IFault  ZL and S2 = IFault  ZR  IFault  ZL
 S1 = IFault  ZR  VFault and S2 = IFault  ZR  VFault

> ZR is the relay setting, IFault and VFault are the measured values

> When the relay get the quantity of fault voltage and fault current, the
operating quantity S1 and polarizing quantity S2 are build up.
> The relay decides whether fault occur inside the protected zone or not.

© OMICRON Slide 52
Mho Characteristic

X ZR (reference)

ZR
S1= ZR-ZL

Angle between ZR-ZL and ZL = 90 deg

ZL (measurement)
R
ZL

X ZR (reference)
ZR
ZR-ZL

ZL (measurement)
Angle between ZR-ZL and ZL > 90 deg

R
© OMICRON Slide 53
 Mho Characteristic ZL

ZR (reference)
X

ZR-ZL ZR

ZL (measurement) Angle between ZR-ZL and ZL < 90 deg

X ZR (reference) ZL

ZR

ZR-ZL
ZL

Angle between ZR-ZL and ZL > 90 deg

R

© OMICRON Slide 54
Phase Angle Comparator (Mho Characteristic)

> Operating Quantity S1 = ZR – ZL and Polarizing Quantity S2 = ZL

> Multiply both quantity, S1 & S2, with fault current
> S1 = IFault  ZR  IFault  ZL and S2 = IFault  ZL
 S1 = IFault  ZR  VFault and S2 = VFault

> ZR is the relay setting, IFault and VFault are the measured values

> In comparison with Circle Characteristic:

> S1 = IFault  ZR  VFault and S2 = IFault  ZR  VFault

© OMICRON Slide 55
 Phase Angle Comparator (Mho with Offset)
X
ZR1 (FWD) ZR1

ZR1-ZL

ZR2 ZL

R ZL-ZR2

ZR2 (REV) Angle between ZR1-ZL and ZL-ZR2 = 90 deg

ZL (measurement)
X
ZR1 (FWD) ZR1-ZL
ZR1
ZL
ZL
ZL-ZR2
ZR2
R

Angle between ZR1-ZL and ZL-ZR2 > 90 deg

ZR2 (REV)
© OMICRON Slide 56
Phase Angle Comparator (Mho with Offset)
X
ZR1 (FWD) ZR1-ZL
ZR1

ZL
ZL (measurement)
ZR2 ZL-ZR2
R

Angle between ZR1-ZL and ZL-ZR2 < 90 deg

ZR2 (REV)
X
ZR1 (FWD)
ZR1-ZL

ZR1
ZL
ZL
ZR2
R ZL-ZR2

Angle between ZR1-ZL and ZL-ZR2 < 90 deg

ZR2 (REV)
© OMICRON Slide 57
Phase Angle Comparator (Mho with Offset)

> Operating Quantity S1 = ZR1 – ZL and Polarizing Quantity S2 = ZL – ZR2

> Multiply both quantity, S1 & S2, with fault current
> S1 = IFault  ZR  IFault  ZL and S2 = IFault  ZL  IFault  ZR2
 S1 = IFault  ZR  VFault and S2 = VFault  IFault  ZR2

> Where ZR1 is the relay setting for forward direction, ZR2 for reverse direction
> IFault and VFault are the measured results at the relay location

> In comparison with Circle Characteristic:

> S1 = IFault  ZR  VFault and S2 = IFault  ZR  VFault
> In comparison with Mho Characteristic:
> S1 = IFault  ZR  VFault and S2 = VFault

© OMICRON Slide 58
Voltage Memory & Cross-Polarised

> S1 = IFault  ZR  VFault and S2 = VFault

> When the zero voltage fault occurs, or bolted fault, the polarizing quantity
become zero, so that it is impossible for the relay to make a decision. To
solve this problem two methods below are introduce and widely used.

> Using Memory Voltage  Relay include another circuit which used to
remember the prefault voltage. When bolted fault occur the circuit will hold
the prefault voltage for some period which long enough for the relay to
make decision as to whether the fault is in forward or reverse direction .
> Using Cross-Polarized  The other phase which not is the faulty phase will
be added to polarizing quantity.

© OMICRON Slide 59
Memory Voltage & Dynamic effect during fault

> E.g.: A-B Fault

> Operating Quantity S1 = (IA – IB)  ZR  VAB = VOp
> Polarizing Quantity S2 = VAB = VPol

X
ZR tX (statedy state characteristic)

R
tX

t3

t2

t1 Dynamic

t0 (initial characteristic)

ZS

© OMICRON Slide 60
Cross Polarised Voltage

Fault Type Self Polarising Voltage Cross Polarising Voltage

A-B VAB VC - 90

B-C VBC VA - 90
C-A VCA VB - 90
A-ground VA VBC + 90
B-ground VB VCA + 90
C-ground VC VAB + 90

VCA
VC
VA
VBC VC VAB
VB
VAB

© OMICRON Slide 61
Cross Polarised Voltage

> 1 ; 2
> k = Percentage of Cross Polarizing Voltage
> VP = Cross Polarizing Voltage

IX IX

VFault
IZR IZR

VFault  kVP

IR IR

© OMICRON Slide 62
Cross Polarised Voltage

IX X
Self-Polarized
ZR

IZR
VFault  kVP
VFault

IR R
IZS
[k/(1k)]ZS
ZS
If k<1  Partially Crossed Polarized

If k=1  100% Crossed Polarized

© OMICRON Slide 63
Updates about IEC 60255 standard

1710 May 2017

May 2017
Which one is most Suitable?

© OMICRON Slide 65
How to Compare the Different Characteristics?

© OMICRON Slide 66
Overvoltage during fault?

> Test point: Fault L1-E

> SIR (ZSource/ZLine)= 3
> ZSource angle = 90º
> Nominal L-E voltage = 63.5V
> Nominal L-L voltage = 110V

> Overvoltage at healthy phases?

Test Point

© OMICRON Slide 67
Limitations

> No “standardized” distance protection function

> all vendors have their own interpretation

> polygonal and MHO relays
> testing the zones ≠ testing the functionality in a network

© OMICRON Slide 68
IEC 60255-121:2014

Measuring relays and protection equipment – Part 121: Functional

requirements for distance protection

Goal of IEC60255-121: make test results comparable!

> Apply “real-world” scenarios:

> network simulation instead of artificial sine waves
> “Black-Box” instead of “White-Box” Testing
> “What is done?” is important, not only “How it is done?”

> Additionally:
> “static accuracy tests” to ensure basic functionality

© OMICRON Slide 69
IEC 60255-121:2014

> IEC 60255 is a set of functional standards describing the basic

requirements of “measuring relays and protection equipment”.
> Structure:
> IEC 60255-1 contains the basic structure and links into the sub-documents
> Clear separation of various aspects
> e.g. separate documents for environmental conditions and protection
> 60255-1xx parts define the protection requirements
> “xx” is according to the ANSI-number of the protective function
> e.g. 21 – distance protection
> 67 – directional over current protection
> 87 – differential protection

> 121 describes the “functional standard for the distance protection”

© OMICRON Slide 70
Key Concepts in IEC 60255-121

> Accuracy tests under Steady State Conditions

> Test the accuracy of the zones
> Test the directional accuracy

> “Verification” of relay: Does it operate correctly?

> Dynamic Tests with transient network simulation:

> Measurement of timing (SIR diagrams)
> Test of influences:
> Harmonics
> Frequency deviation
> Parallel lines
> Double infeeds, etc.

> “Validation” of relay: Is it doing the correct things?

© OMICRON Slide 71
Key Concepts in IEC 60255-121

> Minimum of test points to be performed are defined.

> The standardization makes comparison of relays possible

IMPORTANT:
> The test results are documented and compared, but not assessed!

© OMICRON Slide 72
Accuracy Tests under Steady State Conditions

> Very “Test Universe” like tests (Conventional Testing Methods)

> Verify the accuracy of characteristics including influencing factors like
> Frequency deviation (Section 5.6)
> Harmonics (Section 5.5)

© OMICRON Slide 73
 Overview of Dynamic Performance Tests

Section Result
12 SIR diagrams short line
6.3.2 Operate time and transient overreach (TO)
12 SIR diagrams long line
short & long line
Total 3584 shots
6.3.3 Operate time and transient overreach
12 SIR diagrams
short line with CVT

6.3.4 Transient overreach tests (Search Test) TO for L1N, L23 & SIR: 10, 50

Histogram of all shots from 6.3.2 & 6.3.3

6.3.5 Typical operate time
with a specific weighting
4 SIR diagrams
6.4.2 Transient oscillation tests (with Capacitor)
Total 112 shots
12 SIR diagrams
6.5.2 Transient frequency deviation tests
Total 1343 shots
6.6.1 Double infeed tests for single line Table with comparison between expected
6.6.2 Double infeed tests for parallel lines and actual behavior

© OMICRON Slide 74
Dynamic Performance Verification (Section 6.3.2)

> Power system network with zero load transfer

> System voltage = 400 kV; System frequency = 50 Hz or 60 Hz
> VT: 400 kV/100 V; CT: 1200 A/ 1 A or 1200 A / 5 A
> Z1L= Z2L= (0.03184 + j0.3636) Ω/km; Z0L = (0.12740 + j1.4552) Ω /km
> Long line = 100 km; Short line = 20 km

Relay

© OMICRON Slide 75
Number of Fault Injections

> Line model (2) Choose line model

> Short line; Long line

> SIR (4) Choose SIR

> 5 (strong), 10, 30, 50 (weak) (short line)

> Fault locations (7)

> 0%, 50%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 105%, 110% Choose fault location
> of the reach setting (!)

> Fault types (4) Choose fault type

> L1-N, L2-L3, L1-L2-L3, L2-L3-N

> Fault inception angle (4)

> 0º, 30º, 60º, 90º Choose fault inception angle

> Repetition (4)

> Repeat the injection Four times No Complete?

> Total fault injections = 2 × 4 × 7 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 3584 Yes

© OMICRON Slide 76
Examples from IEC 60255-121

> Chapter 6.3 – Dynamic performance

2 x 1792 shots with variation of fault position,
inception angle, fault type, SIR

> Chapter 6.4.2: Transient Oscillation Tests

Simulation with line capacitance

> Chapter 5.7.3: Double Line, double infeed

Current reversal condition, evolving faults,
Cross-country faults

© OMICRON Slide 77
Dynamic Performance Transient Oscillation Tests

> “real-world” scenarios

© OMICRON Slide 78
Double Infeed and Parallel Line

> Evolving faults (Annex B)

© OMICRON Slide 79
IEC 60255-121 Measuring relays and protection equipment
Part 121: Functional requirements for distance protection

Country Vote
Austria Yes
Brazil Yes
Canada Yes
China Yes
Czech Republic Yes
Finland Yes
France Yes
Germany Yes
Hungary Yes
India Yes
Ireland Yes
Italy Yes
Japan Yes
Korea, Republic of Yes
Qatar Yes
Russian Federation Yes
Serbia Yes
Sweden Yes
Switzerland Yes
United States of America Yes

© OMICRON Slide 80
Old vs. New: compare typical trip time

© OMICRON Slide 81
 Line/ground Impedance Test
CPC 100 + CP CU1 Functional Tests 
with Service Settings
Distance Relay Type Tests Test Universe
according to IEC 60255‐121:2014
RelaySimTest Lab Package

System Simulation Tests
On site verification
for the Protected Line
Test Universe
RelaySimTest

Maintenance
Test Universe

© OMICRON Slide 82
Summary on Testing

1710 May 2017

May 2017
Summary on Testing Tools for Distance Protection
Module Name Functions

Distance Quick ‘Shot Test’ avaliable

For testing on impedance

Adavnced Distance
characteristic & the tripping time
Comprehensive test template and
OCC + Batch + PTL
test plan for auto test
NetSim & End-End testing
RelaySimTest Real fault simulation
Guessor on the impedance
Guess Characteristic
characteristics
Link conventional relay test with
GOOSE Configuration
the IEC61850 world
QuickCMC, Ramping, Basic modules
State Sequencer Fulfill all other needs
Knowledge, Concept,
Help topics
Formula, Explantions
© OMICRON Slide 84
Impedance Zone Drawing

1710 May 2017

May 2017
Draw the Impedance Zone Characteristic

Slide: 86
© OMICRON Slide 86
Draw the Impedance Zone Characteristic

Radius

© OMICRON Slide 87
Draw the Impedance Zone Characteristic

> Mho

> Lens and Tomato

© OMICRON Slide 88
Draw the Impedance Zone Characteristic

> Line Cartesian

> Line Polar

> Arc of Circle

© OMICRON Slide 89
Draw the Impedance Zone Characteristic
> Type: Starting
Starting Zone
Starting Contact

Tripping Zone

Trip Contact

> Type: Extended

Extended Zone

This zone is activated by

Tripping Zone Binary Input of Relay side

Trip Contact

© OMICRON Slide 90
We test (almost) all relays

© OMICRON Slide 91
OCC PTL  OMICRON-XRIO Converter

© OMICRON Slide 92
Advanced Distance Module

1710 May 2017

May 2017
Testing Method In Advance Distance Module

> Shot Test

> Check Test
> Search Test

© OMICRON Slide 94
Time Measurement

© OMICRON Slide 95
Check Test

> The aim of the Check test is to check reaches and trip times of the
individual zones above and below the reach.
> To do so, two shots per zone are placed

© OMICRON Slide 96
Search Test

> The aim of the Search test is to determine the exact reach of the individual
zones by applying several shots along a search line. The number of shots is
calculated automatically using the search resolution.

© OMICRON Slide 97
Testing with Nominal Characteristic

> When performing a search test of known nominal characteristics, the initial
shots to search for the zone reaches are placed on the tolerance limits of
the zone reaches.

tol- Zone2 tol+

resolution = 1% or 50mΩ

Zone2
tol- tol+

resolution

© OMICRON Slide 98
Testing with Nominal Characteristic

Impedance View

Z/t Diagram

© OMICRON Slide 99
Testing with Nominal Characteristic

5
2
3
6

7
1 4

© OMICRON Slide 100

Testing with Ignore Nominal Characteristic Option

Impedance View

Z/t Diagram

Search Sequence
1 2 3

© OMICRON Slide 101

System-based protection testing of
Line Distance Protection

1710 May 2017

May 2017
Slide 102
Application Example

© OMICRON Slide 2
Time grading for relay A

© OMICRON Slide 3
Settings of the System Under Test Menu in
RelaySimTest

© OMICRON Slide 105

Settings of the System Under Test Menu in
RelaySimTest

© OMICRON Slide 106

Test Case 1 – Single Infeed, Time Grading Forward

© OMICRON Slide 107

Test Case 2 – Single Infeed, Time Grading Reverse

© OMICRON Slide 108

Test Case 3 and 4 – Double Infeed, Close-In Fault
Forward and Reverse, Load Current

© OMICRON Slide 109

Test Case 5, 6, 7 – Double Infeed, Fault on Line, RF,
Load Current

Z1 Inf 1 A Z1` PL Z1`` PL Z1 Inf 2

I A I B
I A I B
Relay A
Inf 1 RF   VF Inf 2

Z1`PL = Impedance of the Protected Line from the relay to the fault location
Z1``PL = Impedance of the Protected Line from the fault location to busbar B
VF = Voltage drop over the fault resistance

© OMICRON Slide 110

Test Case 5, 6, 7 – Double Infeed, Fault on Line, RF,
Load Current

© OMICRON Slide 111

Test Case 8, 9, 10 – Double Infeed, Fault on Line, RF,
Load Current, Parallel Line

© OMICRON Slide 112

Further Test Cases – Extended network for the
additional zone(s) of the successor line(s).

© OMICRON Slide 113

Further Test Cases – Extended network for the
additional zone(s) of the successor line(s).

© OMICRON Slide 114

Further Test Cases – Extended network for the
additional zone(s) of the successor line(s).

© OMICRON Slide 115

Further Test Cases – Extended network for the
additional zone(s) of the successor line(s).

© OMICRON Slide 116

Illustration of the Impedances

© OMICRON Slide 117

Illustration of the Impedances

© OMICRON Slide 118

Distance Protection Scheme

1710 May 2017

May 2017
Slide 119
Background Sub. A Protected Line (Line1) Sub. B
575  Line2

21A 21B

> The instantaneous zone (Zone1) should cover 100% of protected line.
> Zone1 cannot be set to cover 100% of protected line.
E.g. Fault occur on Line2  Sub.B at 5.0 
> VFault,Prim = 20 kV; IFault,Prim = 3.9 kA; CT – 1000/1; PT – 110kV/110V
> Z = VSec/ISec = 20 V/ 3.9 A = 5.12  > 5.0  (Beyond Sub.B)
 Relay at Sub.A sees the fault on Line 2

> If 10% CT error:

> Z = VSec/ISec = 20 /[3.9 + (3.9×0.1)] = 4.66  < 5.0 
 Relay at Sub.A sees the fault on Line 1(!)

© OMICRON Slide 120

Background Solution A
CTAnalyzer; VOTANO 100
Challenges:
> Errors in the current and voltage transformers
> Inaccuracies in line impedance data for setting
> Errors of relay setting and measurement

Solutions: Solution B
> A. Test and Calibrate the CT and PT CPC100 + CP CU1
> B. Line impedance test
> C. Test the relay performance
> D. Set the reach of zone1 to protect only 80% -
90% of protected line
Solution C
CMC356+Test Universe
Zone1 of 21B
21B
Line1 Line2

21A
Zone1 of 21A

© OMICRON Slide 121

Background

> Solution D: Set the reach of zone1 to 80% -90% of protected line
> Further Challange: There is no protection zone at the end of the protected
line on bothe sides, about 10-20% of the line.
> Further Solution: Adding the delay zone (zone2) which cover the protected
line (about 120% of protected line), But the tripping time of this zone will be
delayed about 250-400 ms to coordinate with other protection.

Zone2 + Delay
21B
Zone1 of 21B
Line1 Line2

Zone1 of 21A
21A
Zone2 + Delay

Basic Scheme
© OMICRON Slide 122
Zone Extension Scheme
Sub. A Sub. B
Zone2 + delay
Extension Zone1
Protected Line (Line1) Line2

Zone1 Extension
Zone2 + delay
21A 21B
Enable Z1X Enable Z1X

Z1X Z1X
Trip Trip
Zone1 Zone1

Zone2 TZ2 TZ2 Zone2

> Remark: In practical this scheme will be used with the radial distribution
feeder which there is no communication available. Usually, the scheme will
be operated with the Auto-Recloser to activate the Extension Zone (Z1X)

© OMICRON Slide 123

Distance Protection Scheme

> To improve the situation of delay time when fault occurs at the end of protected
line the scheme below are introduced

Without Communication
> Zone Extension Scheme
> Loss of Load Logic
> Switch On To Fault Logic (SOTF)

With Communication (Teleprotection)

> Direct Transfer Trip Scheme (DTT)
> Permissive Scheme (PUTT and POTT)
> Blocking Scheme
> Weak Infeed (Trip & Echo) Logic
> Current Reversal Logic (improving the communication scheme)

© OMICRON Slide 124

Testing Tools for Distance Protection Schemes

> The test procedure for protection scheme testing is usually do it as

functional testing to prove the logic of each scheme, mainly for:
> Proving the carrier send condition
> Proving the tripping condition in case fault occurs in the end of protect line.
> Proving the important timer which is used in the scheme

Modules suggested:
> QuickCMC: Freely control tool
> State Sequencer: Complex sequence and logic verification
> NetSim: Network simulation tool
> RelaySimTest: Advanced module for network simulation

© OMICRON Slide 125

Communication Scheme
Sub. A Sub. B
Zone2 + delay
Zone1

Zone1
Zone2 + delay

21A 21B
Communication

> Direct Transfer Trip

> Permissive Schemes
> Blocking Scheme
> Weak Infeed (Trip & Echo)

© OMICRON Slide 126

Direct Transfer Trip Scheme
Zone2 + delay
Zone1 Sub. B
> Carrier Send Condition
> Underreach Zone (Zone1)

> Tripping Condition Zone1

> Signal Recieved Sub. A Zone2 + delay

21A 21B
> Logic Diagram Communication

Zone1 Zone1
TZ2 Trip Trip TZ2
Zone2 Zone2

Comm. Equipment Comm. Equipment

Tx Tx
Rx Rx
Dropoff Time
(for holding signal)

© OMICRON Slide 127

Permissive Schemes
Sub. A Sub. B
Zone2 + delay

> Permissive Underreach Scheme Zone1

> Local side detects fault at Zone2 Zone1

Zone2 + delay
> Remote side detect fault at Zone1
21A 21B
> Remote send Carrier to Local Communication

> Local side can trip Zone2 without timer

Zone1 Zone1
Trip Trip
Zone2 TZ2 TZ2 Zone2

Tx Tx
TD Rx Rx TD

Comm. Equipment Comm. Equipment

© OMICRON Slide 128
Permissive Schemes Sub. A
Zone2 + delay
Sub. B

Zone1

> Permissive Overreach Scheme

Zone1
> Local side detects fault at Zone2 Zone2 + delay

> Remote side detect fault at Zone1 21A

Communication
21B

> Local send Carrier to Remote

> Tripping condition: Signal Recieved & Overeach Zone (Zone2)

Zone1 Zone1
Trip Trip
Zone2 TZ2 TZ2 Zone2

Tx Tx
TD Rx Rx TD
Comm. Equipment Comm. Equipment
© OMICRON Slide 129
Cross Fault on Parallel Line

> Common fault type on parallel lines

> Different fault types happend in sequence or at the same time

> Protections need to consider the influence of the ARC resistance
> Relay need to identify the fault and calculate correctly
> Asynchronized trips at CBs will bring additional challenge

© OMICRON Slide 130

 Current Reversal at CB operations

> Parallel lines tripped CB at one end but the CB at other end is still closed
> Relay C and D at the healthy line detect the short current reversal situation
> Relay C and D shall be blocked from operation

A B
Fault Trips Trips

C. D.

Infeed 1 Infeed 2 Relay A

Relay B

Fault Relay C
A. B.
Current Reversal
CB Open
Relay D

© OMICRON Slide 131

Current Reversal (Fault on Parallel Line)

> Fault occur in Line2

21A2 21B2

Line2

Sub. A Sub. B

Protected Line
21A1 21B1
Communication

21A1 21B1
> Zone2 is detected and waiting > Reverse zone is detected
for the delay time to trip circuit > Receive carrier signal from 21A1
breaker.
> Carrier signal is sent to 21B1 > 21B1 Blocked

© OMICRON Slide 132

Current Reversal (Fault on Parallel Line)

> Circuit breaker at B2 is opened

> The direction of the current in the protected line is changed in reverse
direction

21A2 21B2

Line2

Sub. A Sub. B

Protected Line
21A1 21B1
Communication
21A1
21B1
> Reverse zone is detected
> Zone2 is detected
> Receive carrier signal from 21B1
> Carrier signal is sent to 21A1
> 21A1 Blocked
© OMICRON Slide 133
Current Reversal (Fault on Parallel Line)

Zone1 Zone1
Trip Trip
Zone2 TZ2 TZ2 Zone2

Block Block

Tx Tx
TD Rx Rx TD
Comm. Equipment Comm. Equipment

Reverse. Zone Dropoff Time (for holding the signal block)

Zone2 Block Trip & Block Carrier Send

© OMICRON Slide 134

Current Reversal (Fault on Parallel Line)

0 1 0 0
Zone1 Zone1
1 0
0 Trip Trip 0
1 0
Zone2 TZ2 TZ2 Zone2
1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0
Block 1 0 0 Block
1 0 0
0 1 0 1
Tx Tx
TD 0 Rx 1 Rx 1 TD
Comm. Equipment Comm. Equipment

1
Reverse. Zone Dropoff Time (for holding the signal block)
1
1 1
0 Block Trip & Block Carrier Send
Zone2 1

© OMICRON Slide 135

System-based Testing of
Line Distance Protection with Teleprotection

1710 May 2017

May 2017
Application Example

© OMICRON Slide 2
Time grading

© OMICRON Slide 3
Settings of the System Under Test Menu in
RelaySimTest

© OMICRON Slide 139

Settings of the System Under Test Menu in
RelaySimTest

© OMICRON Slide 140

Test Case 1: Time Grading without Teleprotection

© OMICRON Slide 141

Test Case 2 – Double Infeed, Fault on Line

© OMICRON Slide 142

Test Case 3 and 4 – Double Infeed, Line Fault at 0 and
100%, RF and Load Current

© OMICRON Slide 143

Test Case 3 and 4 – Double Infeed, Line Fault at 0 and
100%, RF and Load Current

© OMICRON Slide 144

Test Case 5 and 6 – Single Infeed, Fault on Line (Weak
Infeed Logic Test)

© OMICRON Slide 145

Test Case 7 and 8 – Single Infeed, Fault on Busbar

© OMICRON Slide 146

Test Case 9 and 10 – Double Infeed, Fault on Busbar,
RF and Load Current

© OMICRON Slide 147

Other Distance Protection Schemes

1710 May 2017

May 2017
 Loss of Load Accelerated Trip Logic
Sub. A Sub. B
Zone2 +
delay Zone1
1. When a fault occur at the
remote end  Relay 21A will
wait for Zone2 to time out.
2. Relay 21B at the remote end Zone1
detects the same fault in Zone1. Zone2 + delay
The circuit breaker (CB) will be 21A 21B
opened imediately. If the CB is
three pole tripping models, the
contacts on the other phases
will be opened as well. As a
results, no current flow on the
other two phases either

3. If the healthy phases have no current, the loss of load accelerated trip logic
understands the remote side has tripped the CB (without communication). It will
enable Relay 21A to trip the circuit breakers without waiting for Zone2 to time out.

© OMICRON Slide 149

Loss Of Load Accelerated Trip Logic
Logic Diagram Current in other phases

Zone2
Trip
Zone1

Zone2 TZ2

E.g. Current Level Detector (Phase C)

Comparator Zone2 (A-B)

Trip
Zone1

Zone2 TZ2
> Limitations:
> 1. This logic can be used only with three pole circuit breaker model.
> 2. It becomes inoperative with three phase fault.

© OMICRON Slide 150

Switch On To Fault (SOTF) Logic

Dead Line Condition

>No Voltage
>No Current
>Status: Breaker Open

21A 21B

Start energizing

Grounded at remote side

 Phase to Ground fault
Zone1
Do we need to wait for Zone2 + delay
Zone2 to time out?
21A

> This SOTF logic will be used to discriminate between the normal fault
condition and fault which occurs during the energization process.

© OMICRON Slide 151

Switch On To Fault (SOTF) Logic
Prefault Fault
> Normal Fault
Live Line
> System Voltage
> Load Current
> Status: Breaker Closed

> SOTF Dead Line Live Line Fault

Dead Line Live Line
> No Voltage > System Voltage
> No Current > Load Current
> Status: Breaker Open > Status: Breaker Closed
> Logic Diagram > Close Command

Time Window
Dead to Live Line Logic
SOTF
Close Command Zone2
Trip
Zone1

Zone2 TZ2
© OMICRON Slide 152
Fuse Failure (Voltage Transformer Supervision or VTS)

> Due to protection of IVT/CVT from the short circuit in the secondary side,
we need to add the protection equipment such as fuse or MCB. This causes
unwanted trips of distance protection in case fuse broken or MCB tripped,
because the voltage become zero. So that, the distance function will be
blocked to avoid maloperation.
> Using Zero or Negative sequence, or Supervision circuits.

Ia = Ib = Ic  I0 = 0, I2 = 0
Va  Vb ,Vc  V0  0 , V2  0

Use this signal

for blocking

© OMICRON Slide 153

Switch On To Fault (SOTF) Logic

> How to test? “State Sequencer”. Below is only an example.

> Verify its function, with assist of Bin Out from CMC356

Dead to Live with

fault current

w Close Command

Binary Input – Trip Trip

Dead to live
without trouble

w/o Close Command

Binary Input – Trip No Trip

© OMICRON Slide 154

Weak Infeed (Trip & Echo)
Zone2 + delay
Zone1 Sub. B
Weak Source

Zone1
Sub. A Zone2 + delay

21A 21B

> Week infeed or circuit breaker open condition

> The fault current at 21B is not high enough to be detected.
> 21A sends Zone2 carrier but receives nothing from 21B. (Z1 or ZR
expected)
> 21B transfers the signal from Rx to Tx with a certain delay.
> 21B then sends back to 21A, which can trip 21A immediately.

© OMICRON Slide 155

Weak Infeed (Trip & Echo)

> Weak Infeed Echo

Zone1 Zone1
Trip Trip
Zone2 TZ2 TZ2 Zone2

Tx Tx
Rx Rx

TD TD

© OMICRON Slide 156

Weak Infeed (Trip & Echo)

> Weak Infeed Echo & Trip

Zone1
Trip
TZ2 Zone2

Signal From
Remote End Under Voltage U<
Tx
Rx

TD

© OMICRON Slide 157

Blocking Scheme Reverse Zone
Zone2 + delay
> Carrier Send Condition Zone1
> Reverse Zone

> Tripping Condition Sub. A Sub. B

Zone1
> Overreach Zone Reverse Zone
Zone2 + delay
> No Signal Recieved
21A 21B

Zone1 Zone1
Trip Trip
Zone2 TZ2 TZ2 Zone2

Rev. Zone Rev. Zone

Tx Tx
Rx Rx

© OMICRON Slide 158

Power Swing

1710 May 2017

May 2017
Power Swing Blocking and Testing Solution
> Principle: The power flow in an electric power network

E1 E2
ZS1 ZL ZS2

I
System A System B

Magnitude Difference

E1 E2
ZS1 ZL ZS2

I
System A System B

Phase Difference

© OMICRON Slide 160

Phase Difference
E1 E2
ZS1 =285  ZL = 570  ZS2 =380 

66.40 V
21 ZL

VZS1 > ZTotal = ZS1ZLZS1  9.9476.0 

VZL
E1 VZS2 > I = IRelay = (E1E2)/ZTotal  3.4581.0 A
> VDrop = I  ZTotal  34.3775.0 
E2 > VZS2 = I  ZS2  10.37479.0 V
VRelay
> VZL = I  ZL  17.2969.0 V
> VZS1 = I  ZS1  6.91684.0 V
> VRelay = E2 + VZS2 + VZL  66.0395.976 V
> Active Power = E1Icos()  229.6 Watt

I > The angle between E1 and E2 will be used to

control the power flow between two systems
when its synchronous (same frequency)

© OMICRON Slide 161

Synchronous Power Swing - Slip Angle
E1
E1 VRelay E1 VRelay
E2 VRelay
E2
IRelay
IRelay C
A B
IRelay

Angle Diff = 30
Power = 229.6 watt
VRelay = 66.6375.978 V
IRelay = 3.4580.997 A
ZRelay = 19.0994.98 
Angle Diff = 50
Power = 368.0 watt
VRelay = 64.2129.732 V
IRelay = 5.64610.997 A
ZRelay = 11.3731.265 
E2
Angle Diff = 100
Power = 549.8 watt
VRelay = 55.17916.25 V
IRelay = 10.23435.99 A
ZRelay = 5.39219.74 

> Once the system configuration is changed, e.g. load X

drop, or switching process and also fault in the network,
the different angle between two systems will adjust
itself to the new configuration. C
R
> The angle might slip from the previous angle for a while
and then move it back to the same or new angle
depend on the system configuration. This is referred to B
A
as synchronous power swing.

© OMICRON Slide 162

 Asynchronous Power Swing – Slip Frequency
E1 X
E1
-210 -180
-100
VRelay VRelay E D R
-50
IRelay E -30

IRelay
D

Angle Diff = 180 Angle Diff = 210

Power = 214.6 watt Power = 14.9 watt
VRelay = 40.2295.96V VRelay = 40.8223.787V
IRelay = 13.35975.997A IRelay = 12.90490.997A
E2 ZRelay = 3.01170.031 E2 ZRelay = 3.16494.784

> When a generator has fallen out of step, the locus is continously run
through in one direction (the frequency of two system are difference – slip
frequency). This ia called asynchronous power swing.
> If such power swing happens, actions are needed.

© OMICRON Slide 163

V, I waveforms during Power Swing
Power Swing:
Current Increase (I) ↑
Voltage Decrease (V) ↓
Impedance Decrease (Z) ↓
Voltage

Current

System Fault:
> The power swing is not
the fault in the protected
line, so that the distance
protection should be
prevented to allow the
Voltage
other protection to trip
selectively.

Current
© OMICRON Slide 164
The Locus of Impedance under Power Swing

E1 E2
ZS1 ZL ZS2

21

> For the distance relay, we need

to know whether the locus of
X E1 > E2 impedance moves into the
E1 = E2 ZS2 protected zone or not.
-210
-180
-100
ZL
-50
R
ZS1 -30

E1 < E2
© OMICRON Slide 165
Power Swing and Mho X

ZS2 ZS2

ZL ZL

R R

ZS1 ZS1

© OMICRON Slide 166

How to detect the power swing?

> The detecting function measures the positive sequence impedance of the
network.
> A real fault on the line changes the impedance very quickly. The locus runs
from load point to the protected zone in a few milliseconds
> In the case of power swings, impedance variations do not occur
instantaneously.
> Rate of Change of Impedance (dZ/dt) is the way to sense the power swing.
> Detecting Methods:
> Using two impedance zone (inner and outter zone). The relay can identify
the nature of the power swing according to the transition time from the outer
zone to the inner zone. If toutter–inner > tsetting,
> Continuous monitor the rate of change of impedance, by sampling.
> A lot of other methods

© OMICRON Slide 167

How to detect the power swing?
Outter Zone

Inner Zone T Power Swing Detect

Fault Cond.

T

> Once a power swing is detected, how a distance relay should perform?
> Block the the protected zone in case of synchronous power swing
> Send trip command when Asynchronous power swing is detected
> Release blocking function when fault occurs during power swing.

© OMICRON Slide 168

Testing Tools for Power Swing Blocking

> Power Swing Detection

> Outer/Inner zone charcteristic testing & Testing the setting of T
> Testing on dZ/dt

> Blocking Function

> Release when fault occurs

> Ramping: Ramping on various parameters

> State Sequencer: Power swing sequences
> NetSim: Power swing simulation tool
> RelaySimTest: Advanced module for power swing simulation

© OMICRON Slide 169

Example
Outter Zone

Inner Zone T Power Swing Detect

Fault Cond.

Use this “Power Swing Detect” for trigger directly

Tripping time in this case set the same value as T

© OMICRON Slide 170

Example: Using State Sequencer for Testing

© OMICRON Slide 171

Example: Using Ramping Module

7.722 

T=200 ms

dZ/dt = 7.722  / 200 ms = 38.61 /s

 Increase dZ/dt  Fault

 Decrease dZ/dt  Power Swing

© OMICRON Slide 172

Example: Using NetSim

© OMICRON Slide 173

Example: Using NetSim

> Synchronous Power Swing

> Asynchronous Power Swing

(out of step)

© OMICRON Slide 174

Power Swing Blocking test with RelaySimTest (1/5)

© OMICRON Slide 175

Power Swing Blocking test with RelaySimTest (2/5)

> Stable Power Swing

© OMICRON Slide 176

Stable Power Swing with RelaySimTest (3/5)

Detection
Unstable

© OMICRON Slide 177

Stable Power Swing with RelaySimTest (4/5)

> Unstable Power Swing (-1Hz)

© OMICRON Slide 178

Unstable Power Swing with RelaySimTest (5/5)

Detection
Unstable

© OMICRON Slide 179

End of Day 2

Q&A

© OMICRON Slide 180