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Design in the context of Architecture: the activity of generating proposals that change something that already exists into something
that is better.
DESIGN PROCESS
DESIGN STAGES
ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
• The process of managing information so that the right kind of information is available at the right stage of the design
process and the best possible decisions can be made in shaping the outcome of the building designs.
• The process that creates the structure for fulfilling the dreams, hopes, wishes and desires of the building’s future
inhabitants.
• The orderly definition of the architectural problem and the articulation of project requirements in a manner that promotes
the creation of a responsible solution for the design of the building.
• The problem-seeking phase of the design process.
• The gathering, organizing, analyzing, interpreting and presenting of the information relevant to a design project.
• Issue
• Fact
• Values
• Goals
• Performance Requirement
• Concept
ISSUE - any matter, concern, question, topic, proportion or situation that demands a design in order for a building project to be
successful for its clients and users.
Their existence is not subject to judgment but their use and interpretation is based on values.
VALUES: different building types require different design responses for the same issues based upon the values of different users and
the needs of different activities.
Design issues, when processed through the filter of values of the client, user and designer yield goal statements about qualities the
design must have.
INTER-
TOPIC OF
INQUIRY
DISCIPLINAR
YSCREEN RESEARCHER/
DESIGNER
.Interpretive-Historical
Research
.Qualitative Research
.Correlational Research
.Experimental Research
.Simulation Research
.Logical Argumentation
.Case-study/ Mixed
methods
Goal: a statement of intention; an end that one strives to attain or that toward which effort or play is directed; an action statement
Project Goal - goals that relate only to the outcome of the project; these are based upon the underlying values of the designer, clients
and users.
Mission Statements- the overall purpose; a statement that concisely explains the need to undertake a project in the first place.
Performance Requirement – a statement about the measurable level of function that a designed object, building, or place must
provide for a good to be met; performance specification standard or criterion.
This statement is more specific than a goal since it relates to function ( a doing) instead of a quality (a being); must be general enough
to allow for multiple, alternative physical solutions or concepts
CONCEPT-a statement of an ideal set of relationships among several of the elements under an architect’s control such as form
(dimension and direction) material, texture, color (value, intensity) and adjacency.
A concept statement is made up of a single diagram and a few words.
CHECKLIST OF ISSUES
Audibility- the acoustic properties of an environment that contribute to one’s ability to hear what needs to be heard and to mask
unwanted sounds
Behavioral Settings- the units for describing the interdependencies of activity and physical settings
Circulation- movement or flow of people, objects, information or substances
Comfort - providing ease and enjoyment
Convenience - ease of access to places, materials and information
Durability - ability to endure the designed use over time
Mission Statement : To create a residential environment that blends easily into a variety of urban settings,
and at the same time provides space and support features required by severely retarded/disabled adults.
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT
Goal 1: The major portion of parking for the downtown core should be a short pleasant walk from most shopping destinations.
PR1: Shoppers coming to downtown should have to walk less than five minutes to get from their car to 90% of their destination.
PR2: Major pedestrian corridors between parking and downtown stores should be visually interesting and substantially protected from
rain and the afternoon sun.
PR3: Major paths should create impulse shopping and window shopping opportunities.
PRESENT REQUIRED
STATE STATE
THE
The The
environment DESIGN environment
without the PROCESS with the
project project
• The Synthesis
a statement of the beliefs, values or viewpoints from which the development of design solutions take off. They are often formed out of
universally held principles, and thus become bases for socially desirable design objectives.
OVERALL DESIGN CONCEPT
CONCEPT BREAKDOWN
TRANSLATION GUIDELINES:
- There will be two entrances to the building and these shall be spaced twenty meters apart.
- The corridors shall not be less than 1.5 meters in width.
- All studio doors shall open to common spaces such as lobbies and corridors.
- Doors shall not be less than 2.1 meters in width.
TRANSLATION GUIDELINES:
- There will be five (5) student organization kiosks, each of which will have a floor area of at least ten (10) square meters.
- Student organization spaces shall be located in the two (2) minor lobbies adjacent to the stairs.
- There shall be provided two (2) home labs for every three (3) hot labs.
- Each wing shall have a mix of two (2) studios and two (2) faculty offices.
TRANSLATION GUIDELINES:
- The main lobby from where the four corridors would branch out shall be irregularly shaped such that no two corners would
have the same configuration.
- The main lobby shall have be 0.40 meters lower than the minor lobbies. The rooms shall be 0.20 higher than the lobby.
- Rooms 201 , 203 and 204 will have movable partitions. This will allow the use of these three (3) adjoining rooms as one
big hall during special occasions.
- Three hundred (300) square meters at the northeast corner will be dedicated for travelling exhibits.
Self-Actualization
MASLOW’S
HIERARCHY Esteem Needs
OF NEEDS
Security
Physiological
SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS
Symbol: something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, especially a material object used to
represent something invisible or immaterial, deriving its meaning chiefly from the structure in which it appears
THEORIES ON PERCEPTION
Gestalt: objects observed have innate qualities that make them independent of the perceiver and the environment
The theory or doctrine that physiological or psychological phenomenon do not occur through the summation of individual elements, as
reflexes or sensations, but through gestalts functioning separately or inter-relatedly
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE
The formal or People’s
structural aspects subjective
of objects feelings about
them
ENVIRONMENT
Semantic Theory: focuses on the meaning of elements of the environment and not on the patterns of the structures per se
ENVIRONMENT
Figure-ground: a property of perception in which there is a tendency to see parts of a visual field as solid, well-defined objects
standing out against a less distinct background.
SIGNS, SYMBOLS & MEANINGS
Cognition:
the mental
process by
which
knowledge is
acquired
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS
The same physical setting may be part of more than one behavior setting if different standing patterns of behavior occur within it at
different times
A standing pattern of behavior may consist of a number of different behaviors occurring simultaneously:
• overt emotional behavior
• problem-solving behavior
• gross motor activity interpersonal interaction
• manipulation of objects.
Rationale for Designing Spaces: to provide for some existing or potential set of human activities.
GENERAL SPECIFIC GROSS
NEED ACTIVITY ACTIVITY MOTOR
ACTIVITY
The attainment of almost all human needs involves some sort of gross motor activity or Movement.
e.g., survival needs, access to other people, developmental opportunities
• Same behavior setting- meet different needs for an individual at different times
Demand Qualities: afford only one type of activity or a limited set of activities
PRIVACY,
TERRITORIALITY,
DEFENSIBILE SPACES
PERSONAL SPACE
• invisible boundary surrounding the person’s body into which intruders may not come
4 DISTANCE ZONES
• Intimate Distance
• Personal Distance
• Social Distance
• Public Distance
PRIVACY
• the ability of an individual or groups of individuals to control their visual, auditory, olfactory interactions with others
• the ability to have options and to achieve desired level of interactions
KINDS OF PRIVACY
Solitude: state of being free from observation by others
Intimacy: state of being with another person but free from the outside world
Anonymity: state of being unknown even in a crowd
Reserve: state in which a person employs psychological barriers to control unwanted intrusions
CROWDING
• associated with a feeling of lack of control over the environment
• leads to negative behavior because they are related to social overload
• results from overmanning of behavior settings
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
• need for privacy greater for introverts than for extroverts
• extroverts like contrast with the environment
• introverts like courtyards
DESIGN IMPLICATIONS
• extroverts like strong central plans
• introverts like complex internal relationships and clear territorial patterns
• people under stress need more privacy for workplaces
TERRITORIALITY
• a delimited space that a person or a group uses and defends as an exclusive preserve
• involves psychological identification with a place
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRITORIES
• ownership of and rights to a place
• personalization of marking of an area
• defense against intrusions
• serve functions ranging from physiological to self-actualization
TERRITORIAL VARIATION
as a factor of:
• social class
• civil status
• religion
SOFT ARCHITECTURE
• the building or environment can be personalized without damage to them or without difficult surgery
THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE
- “The Architect creates man’s environment through his awareness and sensitive handling of spaces that fit the scale of
human experience. The resulting quality of the form-envelope manifested as a structure or building gives rise to man’s
appreciation of beauty and order in the physical world”
- “The Architect’s deliberations determine how people will be placed in relationship to one another, how whole societies will
work, play, eat, sleep, recreate, travel, worship, or in short how people will live in consonance with their culture and
national aspirations.”
THE PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
POSITIVE PERCEPTION
• Order
• Outline
• Identifiable references
• Functional forms
• Familiarity
• Reliability
• Cultural identity
• Aesthetic objectives
FACTORS THAT CONVEY UNITY
• Proximity
• Similarity
• Closure
• Good continuance
• Closedness
• Symmetry
CONTRAST
HIERARCHY
PROPORTION
BALANCE
RHYTHM
CHARACTER
DATUM
CONTRAST as an adaptation to:
• function
• anthropometrics
• scientific laws and structural requirements
• to the natural environment
• to economics
• to the social order
CONTRAST OF LINE
CONTRAST OF FORM
CONTRAST OF MASS
HIERARCHY
• imageability
• interest
• association
• emotional effects
• reflecting use and users
• reflecting values
PROPORTION
Bases:
• Natural Material Proportions
• Manufactured Proportions
• Structural Proportions
• Government Ordinances
• Traditions
Material Proportions- proportions are determined by the material’s distinct properties of elasticity, hardness and durability. Rational
proportions are dictated by their inherent strengths and weaknesses
Structural Proportions-the sizes and proportions of structural members are related to the tasks they perform. Beam depths, column
length, floor slab thickness are assigned to ensure building stability
Manufactured Proportions-the sizes and proportions of architectural and structural members are determined by the commercially
available sizes
Government Ordinances
- Proportions determined by prescribed design guidelines or standards
Traditions
• Golden Section
• Golden Rectangle
• Regulating Lines
• Classical Orders
• Renaissance Theories
• Modulor
• Ken
GOLDEN SECTION
GOLDEN RECTANGLE
REGULATING LINES
CLASSICAL ORDERS
RENAISSANCE THEORIES
MODULOR
KEN
PERCEPTION OF SCALE
Other Axes:
City- Landmarks, monuments, important buildings, infrastructure
Buildings- Property line, Landscape, Associated buildings
Interior- Doors and windows, columns and beams
RHYTHM
UNACCENTED RHYTHM
COLOR
The 3 dimensions of color:
Hue- the color itself
Tonal Value- lightness and darkness
Chroma or Intensity- brightness of dullness
CONCEPTS & PHILOSOPHIES
CONCEPTS
- Functional concepts
- Environmental concepts
- Structural concepts
- Cultural concepts
- Thematic concepts
- Time-based concepts
FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTS
Traditional definition of good architecture:
Existing State
Durand:
There are only two problems in architecture :
- in private buildings, how to provide the optimum accommodation for the smallest sum of money
- in public building, how to provide the maximum accommodation for a given sum.
Ornament had nothing to do with architectural beauty, since a building was only beautiful when it satisfied a need.
“Whether we consult our reason, or examine ancient monuments, it is evident that the primary purpose of architecture has never been
to please, nor has architectonic decoration been its object.
Public and private usefulness, and the happiness and preservation of mankind, are the aims of architecture.
Temperature, ventilation, sound,
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS smell, texture
“Architecture is the
masterly, correct and
magnificent play of masses
brought together in light.
Our eyes are made to see
forms in light.
Frames Tube
Construction
Stretched Membrane
Stratification
EVOLUTIONARY ARCHITECTURE
- Architecture can create as nature creates
- A building can be seen as a living organism with functional processes
The overriding objective is to reach the ultimate evolution of a design so that it is a perfected culmination of function, form
and purpose within limits of budget, materials, and so forth
CRITICAL
REGIONALISM
Factoring in cultural
CULTURAL CONCEPTS variations and
contextual realities.
ETHNOCENTRISM
Habitual disposition to
judge foreign peoples
or groups by the
standards and
practices of one’s own
culture or ethnic
groups.
Ledoux: the plan of an edifice was not
something resulting from its function
but was deliberately designed to
express its function by association of
deas.
THEMATIC CONCEPTS
TIME-BASED CONCEPTS
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES
ARCHITECTURE-ENVIRONMENT
“ Everything about it should be natural, and should appear as if the influences and forces which were in operation around its had been
too strong to be resisted, and had rendered all efforts of art to check their power, or conceal the evidence of their action, entirely
unavailing… it can never lie too humbly in the pastures of the valley, nor shrink too submissively into the hollows of the hills; it
should seem to be asking the storm for mercy, and the mountain for protection; and should appear to owe weakness, rather than
strength, that it is neither overwhelmed by the one, nor crushed by the other.”
Explores Renaissance use of ideal geometric figures and ratios in their designs. Also discusses why they believed that such figures and
ratios were powerful. Bases are the relationship of the human body with nature.
ARCHITECTURAL FORM
Le Corbusier “The plan proceeds from
within to without; the exterior is the
result of the interior”
ORNAMENTS
The New Architecture and the Bauhaus by Walter Gropius
The ultimate goal of the new architecture was ‘the composite but inseparable work of art, in which the old dividing line between
monumental and decorative elements will have disappeared forever’
Bauhaus: Aim was to unite art and technology under a purified aesthetic that removed all ornament and articulation from form and
stressed the beauty of expressed function.
Ornament was considered a bourgeois decadence, if not an actual crime- Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer and Josef Albers
“Less is More”
– Mies Van der
Rohe
“Less is Bore”
– Robert Venturi
“Less is More”
– Mies Van der Rohe CONTRADICTIONS
- Venturi
TECTONICS
Tectonics- the art and science of shaping, ornamenting or assembling materials in building construction.
- Eclecticism or Indiferrentism- designing without considering that any matter of principle was involved
- The new tendency to plan buildings geometrically or symbolically without close reference to functional requirements
HISTORIOGRAPHY
Historicism and Exoticism: Notion of evolution and chronology
Passion for Archaeology
INFLUENCE OF THE PICTURESUE
REVIVALISM
AWARENESS OF STYLE
Style : the fashion which each generation can promptly recognize as its own; what ties together the aesthetic achievements of the
creative individuals of one age;
the expression of a prevailing, dominant or authentically contemporary view of the world by those artists who have most
successfully intuited the quality of human experience peculiar to their day, and who are able to phrase this experience in forms deeply
congenial to the thought or matter expressed
ECLECTICISM (1830s)
A composite system of thought made up of views selected from various other systems.Eclectics claim that no one should accept
blindly from the past the legacy of a single philosophical system to the exclusion of all others but each should decide rationally and
independently what philosophical facts used in the past were appropriate to the present and then recognize and respect them in
whatever context they might appear.
ROMAN REVIVAL
RENAISSANCE REVIVAL
the renaissance revival allowed an architect to select and even to invent for himself such compositional and decorative forms as might
be considered suitable for the occasion.
GOTHIC NATIONALISM
GOTHIC NATIONALISM
Structural Coloration: architectural form was necessarily structural form, and hence, effects of color should result from the structural
materials by which an edifice was actually built.
FUNCTIONALISM
BIOLOGICAL ANALOGY
SYMBOLS OF FUNCTION
MECHANICAL ANALOGY
GASTRONOMIC ANALOGY
INFLUENCE OF ENGINEERS
• Importance of mathematical studies in
constructional design
• Straightforward, unadorned building
unless needs of decorum demanded
ornament
• Classical proportions were modified in
accordance with new materials
• Architecture of iron
HOUSING AND URBAN PLANNING CONCEPTS
EKISTICS
Doxiadis:
A human settlement is made up of five ekistic
elements, which are interactive and
interdependent with each other. These are man,
nature, shells, networks and society.”
URBAN DESIGN CONCEPTS
- Linear and Nodal City- Le Corbusier
- Broadacre City- Frank Lloyd Wright
- Chandigarh – Le Corbusier
- The Freestanding Building/ Functionalism- Sigfried Giedion (Space, Time and Architecture)
- The Ideal City- Ludwig Hilberseimer
- City of Setback Skyscrapers- Louis Sullivan
- Garden City-Ebenezer Howard
MODERNISM
- A series of discontinuous movements in the 19th and 20th centuries;
- opposes both the Zeitgeist and the Single Strand theories that propose continuous evolution of styles.
- Modernism is characterized by multi-valence or by the presence of multi-valued levels of meaning
ISSUES:
• relativity
• evolutionary
• diversity
COMMON NOTIONS
• soulless ASSOCIATED TERMS:
container Functional
Industrial
• absence of
relationship with Innovative/ Novel
the environment Technology
Revolutionary and Opposing
• arrogant
• unarticulated
• monstrous
• speculative
• mass-produced
The Metaphysical School of Architecture- the quasi-mystical spirit of ‘what the building wants to be’.
Les Corbusier:
“The frame of a building or buildings is like the laws that govern society. Without these laws there is anarchy and without the frame
there is visual anarchy.”
Thomas Ava Edison
experimented with Portland concrete and subsequent mass production of pre-fabricated houses made of concrete. Then came the
technology of casting with the use of scaffolding that allowed for variation and alteration
POST-MODERNISM
A diverse and unstable
concept that started in the
United States after 1965 then
spread to the rest of the
industrialized world.
Post-modernists focused on
the differences and brought to
fore that which had been
marginalized by dominant
cultures. In other fields, the
movement is characterized by
a rejection of a unitary world
view Urban planning under
Architecture came with post-modernism
cartoon-like trivialization celebrated heterogeneity
and packaging in place of central, grand
statues
Venturi:
“An Architecture of
complexity and
contradiction has a
special obligation toward
the whole- its truth must
be in its totality or Venturi and Scott Brown:
implications of totality. It Jacques Derrida- the founding “the architect’s task was to
must embody the difficult father of Deconstruction express meaning to the
unity of inclusion rather general public, whether in the
than the easy unity of “Something has been design of a house or a civic
inclusion” constructed, a philosophical building; people became
system, a tradition, a culture, mobile bearers of meaning.”
and along comes a de-
DECONSTRUCTION constructor (who) destroys its
stone by stone, analyzes the
structure and dissolves it…
One looks as systems… and
examines how it was built,
which keystone, which angle…
supports the building; one shifts
them and thereby frees oneself
from the authority of the system.
STRUCTURALISM & POST-STRUCTURALISM
Fordism- refers to the state-regulated system of mass production and mass consumption which, undergirded by welfare and security,
dominated advanced capitalist societies in the west, roughly from the Depression to the crisis of the 1970s.
Post-Fordism- characterized by:
• flexible communication
• niche market consumption
• flexible machinery equipment that can be adapted to different tasks relatively quickly
• flexible accumulation of goods in order to respond quickly to demand
• more temporary and part-time labor
• geographical clustering of information, transnational cultural and population flows
• information superhighways
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS