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§ In the following questions (1 — 60), a R : Uric add crystals in the joint cavity and ossifi
statement of assertion (1) Is followed cation of articular cartilage lead to this.
by a statement of reason (R) 5. A : The earliest organisms that appeared on the
Earth were non-green and presumably anaerobes.
If both Assertion and Reason are true and R : The first autotrophic organisms were the
the reason ic the correct explanation of the chemoautotrophs that never released oxygen.
assertion, then mark 1 .
6 . A : Escherichia co/i, Shige/la sp. and Salmonella sp.
If both Assertion and Reason are true but the are all responsible for dianhoeal diseases.
reason is not the correct explanation of the R : Dehydration is common to all types of diar
assertion, then mark 2 . rhoea! diseases and adequate supply of fluids and
If Assertion is true statement but Reason is electro lytes should be ensured.
false, then mark 3. 7. A : Deforestation is one main factor contributing to
If both Assertion and Reason are false state global warming
ments, then mark 4. R : Besides CO 2, two other gases methane and
1. A : A person who has received a cut and is bleeding CFCs are also included under green house gases.
needs to be given anti-tetanus treatment. 8 . A : LSD and marijuana are clinically used as anal
R : Anti-tetanus injection provides immunity by gesics
producing antibodies for tetanus R : Both these drugs suppress brain function
2. A : Cancer cells are virtually immortal until the 9. A : An organism with lethal mutation may not even
body in which they reside dies. develop beyond the zygote stage
R : Cancer is caused by damage to genes regulat R : All types of gene mutations are lethal
ing the cell division cycle 10. A : Our body secretes adrenaline in intense cold
3. A : A network of food chains existing together in an R : Adrenaline raises metabolic rate
ecosystem is known as a food web. 11. A : In collateral vascular bundles, phloem is situ
R : An animal like kite cannot be a part of a food ated towards inner side
web.
R : In monocot stem, cambium is present.
4. A : Inflammation of a skeletal joint may immobilize 12. A : In angiosperms the conduction of water is
the movements of the joint more efficient because their xyiem has vessels
R : Conduction of water by vessel elements is an R : The third ionization energy of Mn is larger than
active process with energy supplied by xyiem pa that of Cr
renchyma rich in mitochondria 25 A : K2O 2O 7 is used as a primary standard in volu
13. A : Ralytene chromosomes have a high amount of metric analysis
DNA R : It has a good solubility in water
R : Fblytene chromosomes are formed by repeated 26. A Silicones are hydrophobic in nature
replication of chromosomal DNA without separa R : Si - O - Si linkages are moisture sensitive
tion of chromatids 27. A : According to transition state theory, for the for
14. A : UV radiation causes photo dissociation of mation of an activated complex, one of the vibra
ozone into Oj and O. thus causing damage to the tional degrees of freedom is converted into a
stratospheric ozone layer. translational degree of freedom
R : Ozone hole is resulting in global warming and R : Energy of the activated complex is higher than
climate change the energy or reactant molecules
15. A : The concentration of methane in the atmos 28. A : Water in liquid state is more stable than ice at
phere has more than doubled in the last 250 room temperature
years. R : Water in liquid from has higher entropy than
R : Wetlands and rice fields are the major sources ice.
of methane 29. A : St>2 S3 is not soluble in yellow ammonium sul
16. A : In tropical rain forests, O-Horizon and A-Hori- phide
zon of soil profile are shallow and nutrient-poor.
R : The common ion effect due to Sz" ions re
R . Excessive growth of micro-organisms in the soil duces the solubility of Sb2 S3
depletes its organic content.
30. A : Graphite is an example of tetragonal crystal
17. A : Gram-negative bacteria do not retain the stain
system
when washed with alcohol
R : For a tetragonal system
R : The outer face of the outer membrane of
Gram-negative bactena contains lipopolysaccha- a = b * c , a = 3 = 90°, y = 120°
rides, a part of which is integrated into the mem 31. A : For the Daniel cell Zn|Zn2*| |Cu2*|Cu with
brane lipids. E^, * 1 . 1 V, the application of opposite potential
18 A : Under conditions of high intensity and limited greater than 1.1 V results into flow of electron from
CO2 supply, photo respiration has a useful role in cathode to anode
protecting the plants from photo-oxidative damage. R : Zn is deposited at anode and Cu is dissolved at
R : If enough CO2 is not available to utilize light cathode
energy for carboxylation to proceed, the excess en 32. A : Fe3* can be used for coagulation of AS2S3 sol
ergy may not cause damage to plants R : Fe3* reacts with AS2S3 to give F e ^
19. A : Photo synthetically C4 plants are less efficient 33. A : If red blood cells were removed from the body
than C3 plants and placed in pure water, pressure inside the cells
R : The operation of G, pathway requires the in increases
volvement of only bundle-sheath cells R : The concentration of salt content in the cells in
20. A : Eukaryotic cells have the ability to adopt a va creases
riety of shapes and carry out directed movements 34. A : Change in colour of acidic solution of potas
R : There are three principal types of protein fila sium dichromate by breath is used to test drunk
ments^ microfilaments, microtubules and interme drivers.
diate filaments, which constitute the cytoskeleton. R : Change in colour is due to the complication of
21. A : In the iodometric titration starch is used as an alcohol with potassium dichromate
indicator 35 A : Anilinium chloride is more acidic than ammo
R : Starch is polysaccharide nium chloride
22. A : Molecular nitrogen is less reactive than mo R : Anilinium ion is resonance-stabilized
lecular oxygen 36. A : Diastereoisomers have different physical prop
R : The bond length of N 2 is shorter than that of erties
oxygen R : They are non-supenmposable mirror images
23. A : (Co(N 0 2)3 (N H ^ ] does not show optical 37. A : The presence of nitro group facilitates nudeo-
philic substitution reactions in aryl halides
isomerism
R : The intermediate carbanion is stabilized due to
R : It has a plane of symmetry.
the presence of nitro group
24. A : E°for M n ^M n 2* is more positive than
38 A : 1. 3-Butadiene is the monomer for natural rub
ber
R : Natural rubber is formed through anionic addi 51. A : A man in a closed cabin falling freely does not
tion polymerization experience gravity
39. A : Addition of HBr on 2-butene gives two iso R : Inertial and gravitational mass have Equiva
meric products . . lence
R . : Addition of HBr on 2-butene follows Mark- 52. A : The photoelectrons produced.by a monochro
ovnikovrule . matic light beam incident on a metal surface, have
40. A : The water pouch of instant cold pack for treat a spread in their kinetic energies
ing athletic injuries breaks wheh squeezed and R : The work function of the metal varies as a
NH 4NO 3 dissolves lowering the temperature function of depth from the surface
R : Addition of non-volatile solute into solvent re 53. A : The Camot cycle is useful In understanding the
sults into depression of freezing point of the sol performance of heat engines
vent. R : The Carnot cycle provides a way of determin
41. A : Electromagnetic waves with frequencies ing the maximum possible efficiency achievable
smaller than the critical frequency o f ionosphere with reservoirs o f given temperatures
cannot be used for communication using sky wave 54. A : A p-n junction with reverse bias can be used as
propagation a photo-diode to measure light intensity
R •: The refractive index of the ionosphere be R ; In a reverse bias condition the current is small
comes very high for frequencies higher than the but it Is more sensitive to changes in incident light
critical frequency intensity.
42. A : The binding energy per nucleon, for nuclei 55. A : Perspiration from human body helps in cooling
with atomic mass number A > 100, decreases with the body
A R : A thin layer of water on the skin enhances its
R : The nuclear forces are weak for heavier nuclei emissivity
43. A : In common base configuration, the current 56. A . When a glass o f hot milk is placed in a room
gain of the transistor is less than unity and allowed to cool, its entropy decreases
R : The collector terminal is reverse biased for am R : Allowing hot object to cool does not violate the
plification second law of thermodynamics
44. A : In an isolated System the entropy increases 57. A : Cobalt-60 is useful in cancer therapy
R : The processes in an isolated system are adi R : Cobalt-60 is a source of y-radiations capable of
abatic killing cancerous cells.
45. A : Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a useful 58. A : A thin stainless steel needle .can lay floating on
diagnostic tool for producing images of various a still water surface.
parts of human body. R : Any object floats when the buoyancy force bal
R : Protons of various tissues of the human body ances the weight of the object
play a role in MRI
59. A : An emf E is induced in a closed loop where
46. A : A judo fighter in order to throw his opponent —
>
on to the mat tries to initially bend his opponent magnetic flux is varied. The' induced E is not a
and them rotate him around his hip conservative field
R : As the mass o f the opponent is brought closer R : The line integral E • 31 around the closed
to the fighter’s hip, the force required to* throw the loop is non-zero
opponent is reduced 60. A : In optical fibre, the diameter o f the core is kept
47. A : The root mean square and most probable small
speeds of the molecules in a gas are the same R : This smaller diameter o f the core ensures that
R : The Maxwell distribution for the speed of the fibre should have incident angle more than the
molecules in a gas is symmetrical critical angle required for total internal reflection
48. A : Use of ball bearings between two moving parts 61. The pair in which boih species have same
of a machine is a common practice magnetic moment (spin only value) is :
R : Ball bearings reduce vibrations and provide
(1) [Cr(H 20 )6]2\ [C o C f/ -
good stability.
49. A : Standard optical diffraction gratings can not be (2) [Cr(H 20 ) 6] 2M F e (H 2 0 )6]2+
used for discriminating between different X-ray
(3) [ M n ^ t ^ ] 2*, [C t{H20 ) ^
wavelengths
R : The grating spacing is not of the order of X-ray (4) [C 0 C/4]2', [Fe(H 20 )6]2+
wavelengths 62. The pair in which both species have iron is :
50. A : Diamagnetic materials can exhibit magnetism (1) Nitrogenase, cytochromes
R : Diamagnetic materials have permanent mag
(2) Carboxypeptidase, Haemoalobin
netic dipole moment
(3) Haemocyanin, nitrogenase 72. In [Ag(CN)j]". the number of x bonds is :
(4) Haemoglobin, cytochromes (1 )2 (2 )3 (3 )4 (4 )6
63. B o m Is used as cleaning agent because on 73. The compound molecular in nature in gae
dissolving in water It gives : phase but ionic in solid state ie :
(1) Alkaline solution ( 1 )PC/S (2 ) cc/< (3 )P C /3 (4 )P oa3
(2) Acidic solution (3) Bleaching solution 74. Which two of die following salts are used
(4) Colloidal solution for preparing iodized salt ?
64. The incorrect statement among the follow (I) K lO j (ii) Kl (Ul) l 2 (Iv) HI :
ing i s : ( 1 ) (i) and (ii) . (2 ) (I) and (Hi)
(1 ) Q o is an allotropic form of carbon
(3) (ii) and (iv) (4) (iii) and (iv)
(2 ) O 3 is an aDotropic form of oxygen 75. The compound used in enrichment of ura*
(3) Sg is only allotropic form of sulphur nium for nuclear power plant Is :
(4) Red phosphorus is more stable in air than white (1 )U 30 8 (2) UF6
phosphorus (3) U02(N0a)2 (4) UCJ«
65. The pair whose both species are used in 76. The de Broglie wavelength associated with
anti acid medicinal preparations is : a ball of mass 1 kg having kinetic energy 0.5
(1) NaHCGj and Mg(0 H>2 J is :
(2 ) NajCOa and CaCHCO^ (1) 6.626 x 10‘ 34 m (2) 13 20 x 10’ 34 m
(3) Ca(HC 03>2 and Mg(OH)z (3) 10.38 x 1 0 - 21 m (4) 6 626 x 1 0 * 34 A
(4) Ca(0 H >2 and NaHCCb 77. Dominance of strong repulsive forces
6 6 . The colour imparted by Co(ll) compounds
among the molecules of the gas (Z ■ com
pressibility factor):
to glass is :
(1) Green (2) Deep -Blue (1) Depends on Z and indicated by Z = 1
(3) Yellow (4) Red (2) Depends on Z and indicated by Z > 1
67. The ligands in anti cancer drug cisplatin (3) Depends on Z and indicated by Z < 1
are: (4) Is independent of Z
(1) NH3. Cl (2) NH3, H2O 78. 40 ml of 0.1 M ammonia solution is mixed
with 20 ml of 0.1 M HCI. What Is the PH of
(3) a . H20 (4) NO, a the mixture ? (pk^ of ammonia solution to
6 8 . The number of possible Isomers of an octa
4.74)
hedral complex [Co<CI0 4)2 (N H j),]' is :
(1) 4.74 (2) 2.26
(1)1 (2 )2 (3 )3 (4 )4 (3) 9.26 (4) 5.00
69. Given below, catalyst and corresponding 79. For a spontaneous process the correct
process/reaction are matched. The mismatch statement is :
Is :
(1) Entropy of the system always increases
(1) (RhC/tPPh^J: Hydrogenation
(2) Free energy of the system always increases
(2) TtCJ« + Ai(C 2 Hs)3 : Fblymerization (3) Total entropy change is always negative
(3) V20 5 : Haber-Bosch process (4) Total entropy change is always positive
(4) Nickel: Hydrogenation 80. The Ca‘ * and F are located in CaFj crystal,
70. Among the following, the species having respectively at face centred cubic lattice
square planar geometry for central atom are points and in
(i) XeF4 (B) SF, (B ) (NIC<J*- (Iv) [PdCy2' (1) Tetrahedral voids(2) Half of tetrahedralvoids
( 1 ) (i) and (iv) (2 ) (i) and (ii) (3) Octahedral voids(4) Half of octahedralvoids
(3) (ii) and (iii) (4) (iii) and (iv) 81. The charge required for the reduction of 1
71. Tincture of iodine is : mol of MnO« to M n0 2 is :
(1) Aqueous solution of I2 (1) 1F (2) 3 F (3) 5 F (4 )6 F
(2) Solution of (2 in aqueous K1 82. For the reaction
(3) Alcoholic solution of I2 2 N s0 5 ------ ► 4 N O , ♦ O ,
a
OH
101. In refraction, light waves are bent on pass
(2)
0 ^
ing from one medium to the second medium,
because, in the second medium.
(1) The frequency is different
(2) The coefficient of elasticity is different
(4) (3) The speed is different
0 /
Output
Input
♦-
! 1 ) AND (2) NOT (3) OR (4) NOR
120. A person used force (F). shown in figure to
move a load with constant velocity on given
surface
(3) 2 : 3 (4) 1 : 1
F
0
(1) A is + ve and B - ve and |A| > |B|
<----------- L (2) A is - ve and B + ve ; |A| = |B|
Identify die correct surface profile (3) Both are +ve but A > B
(4) Both are - ve but A > B
125. Circular loop of a
wire and a long / ? \w n
straight wire carry
currents lc and 1 « >
respectively as v T t y 1
NH3
/ \ NH3
It is used as anticancer drug. The structure of ds
platin is
6 a (3) [C o ^ O ^ (NH 3 )2 )-
(NiCJ4]2' ion involved sp3 hybridisation as foBows
3d 4s
r ox
XX XX XX
m 0
sp hybridisation
Due to sp3 hybridisation its shape is tetrahedral,
[pd C/*}2" ion involved d sp2 hybridisation as fol
lows
4d 5s 79. (4) Total change in entropy,
0 xx XX = AS«yrt«n+ ^•unoundngi
For spontaneous process
=> ASw^-i > 0
must be positive.
dsp hybridisation
=> Total entropy change is always positive if proc
Due to the d sp2 hybridization |pd C l4 ion shows ess is spontaneous.
square planar geometry. 80. (1) The Ca2* ions are arranged in ccp arrange
71. (2) Tincture iodine is a solution of Ij in aqueous Kl. ment. In this arrangement Ca2* ions are present at
all comers and at the centres of each face of the
72. (3) [Ag (C ■ N ^ ]' has 4 n bond which is dear
O cube. The fluoride ion (F“) occupy all the tetrahe
dral site. There are two tetrahedral sites per atom in
from the diagram. *
a closed packed lattice. This means that there are
( N » C - A g - C » N J " ion. two tetrahedral sites every Ca2* ion. Since F“ ions
* * occupy all the tetrahedral sites, there will be two P
73. ( 1 ) The compound phosphorus pentachkxide ions. Thus the formula of the compound is CaFz.
(PQS) behaves as molecule in gaseous phase. In 81.(2)M nO ; + 2 HjO + 3 e -----► M n O ^ O H "
solid state it acts as ionic solid as It is dear from the above equation that for the re-
IPO,]* {pcy- duction of one mole of MnOi ion to MnOj 3 elec
Cmxxuc Antonie
tron is required . It is because the oxidation state of
74. (1) Fbtassium iodate and potassium iodide salts are
Mn in MnO< ion is -I- 7 and the oxidation state of
used to prepare iodide salt when its traces are
mixed with large amount of NaQ Mn in MnO^ is + 4.
73. ( 1 ) U3 Ob is the compound used in enrichment of 82. (3) For the reaction
Uranium for power plant. These U3 Og contains x, A + x2 B ---- ►y, C + % D
Uranium - 235 Rate expression for the above reaction is
__1_ dJAj _ _ ± d j B ! a l d [C ] .
76. (1) K. E = jmV*
Xt dt Xg dt yt dt
(where m > maw, V = velocity) 1 d [D }
0.5 = | x l x V * . & dt
Now, for the reaction
=> V= 1m/s 2 N 2 0 5 ---- ►4 NO2 + Oj
de Brogjie wavelength. Rate expression is
h _ 6.626 x IQ-34 Js 1 d [N 2 Q&] 1 d [NO,] dlO *]
mV 1 Kg x 1 ms' 1 ^2 dt " 44 dt dt
J l- 6.626 x l O ^ m 83. (1) For the reaction
77. (2) If the compressibility factor is Z then dominance HaO(/) H2O (s)
of strong repulsive force depends on Z > 1. For a phase change A G * 0
If Z < 1 it is due to attractive force. Because A G° « R T In K
78. (3) 40 ml of 0.1 M NH 3 solution = 40 x 0.1
(A G °- standard free energy change, K=equilib
=» 4 milli equivalent ammonia solution rium constant]
20 ml of 0.1 M H O = 20x0.1 If a substance is in equilibrium between two phases
=> 2 milli equivalent of HQ at constant temperature and pressure the free en
For the reaction ergy change is zero.
NH4OH + H O ------►NHjCi + H20
Initially 4 2 0 A T( x W x m
84. (3) For water K* ■
After reaction 4 - 2 0 2 1000 x<o
= 2 (Where W=weight of water. co=wt. of cane sugar,
m=molecular wt. of cane sugar)
K , - 2 1 5 . ! ! 0 0 1 342. 14.7
1000 x 5
=* pOH = 4.74 + log 1 = 4.74 For 5% Q Hu 0 6
pH = 14-4.74 = 9.26
K, x 1000 x o>' 90. (2)
AT,
W x m'
,ci
(vU>e*e 0) ' « wt of C^H^Ofe, m' = molecular wt. of CH2 CH3 SO^
C* Hj2 0 6) (§ r ‘CH3
14.7x 1000x5 QiHsCHgCHa
ATl— iooTiao 408 ,C H -C H 2
Now, freezing point of Q H 12 0 6 solution KOH ale.
-2 7 3 - 4.08 = 269.07 K & *
85. (1) The order of energy gap is CeHsCH-CHg
ESttteMOMi) > ^S(akcon) > ^illp iinlw)
As the energy gap (Eg) increases conductivity de-
91.(4)
CH 3
86. (2) The change in enthalpy
AH - AU + An R T CH 3 - C —H CHa—j —Q-{-OH
(where An « no. of gaseous product - no. of gase
ous molecule)
- 92.38 x 1000 =>AU - 2 x 8.314 x 298
itopropyl benzene
air * <$
Cumene hydraperatkfc
(Reactant is more in number than product so nega (Cumtni)
tive sign is there) OH
A U » - 87424 J = - 87.424 k J O I
87. (3) For the electrolysis of the salt If H jO /H +
CH3 - C - C H 3 + dduUaod
NaBr ^ Na* + Br’
Phenol
HjO H* + OH-
At cathode, 2 H * + 2 e‘ - > H 2 t 92.(4)
At anode, 2 Br" - 2 e ' -* Br2 t
In solution, Na* + O H ' -+ NaOH ,H
NOg "•OH
. (3) According lo com rule, L-serine is
NHg + Zn + H2 O + ZnO
\/
C---------
°V 100 m
So the time of bounce =* 4 sec
4
zl _L -10 + 8 -2
8 + 10 80 * 80
so v = - 40 cm 116. (2) When a p-n diode is reverse biased, then the
hence the magnification produced by the lens is depletion region of the p-n diode is increased
v -4 0 c 117. (1) When the multiplication factor has a value less
m * - = — — «5 than 1 , then the operation of the nuclear reactor is
u -8
said to be critical
109. (2) Given Km = 1011 m. lia (2 )
hC 1.242 x 10-6 119. (1) The output = product of inputs
120. (3) To move a load with constant velocity, first the
50 v"“ * J C — W * - force is used to overcome the stastk friction and
so VIT^X= 1242 kV
then the body keeps on moving with constant ve
Which is the accelerating voltage. ■ locity even when the force has been decreased.
110. (2) The electrons are ejected if the incident light 121. (2) The black object will glow the brightest
has certain minimum frequency 122. (2) It it is assumed the balloons have same vol
111. (2) Given a *, * 1.5 ume, so using PV = nRT, and given is R T are
then the focal length of lens by T same, so ri’ is also same
i , 1V(± n 123. (4) As the battery wears out the filament shows
red colour though if there is no significant change
I ( r , - R, in voltage, colour remains the same but its intensity
decreases.
y=05 * (i) 124. (1) The lines of forces move out from a positive
R. ffej charge and go into a negative charge.
when the lens is immersed in a liquid of refraction 125. (1) The magnetic field due to a circular loop at its
index 1.25, then Mo 2u Ir
centre is B' * ------- — and that due to a straight
— 4x K
J » - 0.25
R, R*J
line at the centre of the loop is B" «
soP - 2.5f • kn
112. (1) The voltage on the douds = 4 x 106 volts so • B = B' - B" = 0
Time of strike « 100 m sec so H = IcR ''* Ic
Charge delivered * 4 coulomb 126. (1) The moment of the tension about the is maxi
mum in A and it counter balances the moment of
„ t, . . * Worit done
So the power lightening = — —------- mg acting from the centre of the rod.
1ime 127. (2) The emission of an a partide is followed by
4 x (4 x 106 - 0)
(i) Decrease in mass number - 238 - 4 » 234
10 0 x 10 ° (ii) Decrease in atomic number « 9 2 - 2 * 90
16x106
S o ^ T h is emitted.
113. (3) Between P and R, a series combination of two 1 2 & (3) Given the amount of C 14 remaining is - d
capacitances in parallel with a series combination
of three capaatance. Thus equivalent capacitance origin after 5730 years. So the have th of origi
between P and R is
^ C C 5C
nal value, it takes
^ ' 3 * 2~T
Similarly between P and Q, a parallel combination
=> 4 x 5730 ■ 22920 years.
of one capaatance with a series combination of
129. (3) By conservation of mass number and charg*
four capaatance
no. nNo and }H is the right answer.
tk r pq = rC + -
C 5 C
Thus C = — 130. (1) For beats of 5 Hz, 440 Hz tuning fork is used
for beats of 8 Hz, 432 Hz tuning fork is used
- C f* 4 2
so 445 Hz is the correct small.
50 Cpq * 6 ' 3 131. (2) (i) When the ring enters the magnetic fiekl
114. (1) For a circular wave, the amplitude of the wave the emf is induced and current flows in one direc
varies as A « r~ 1 * tion
115. (4) In the inelastic collision between two spherical (ii) When the ring is inside the filled, there is nc
rigid bodies, the linear momentum is conserved change in flux.
but not the kinetic energy (iii) When the ring gas out, the current is in oppo
site direction to that in (i)
132. (4) For a and p, the wavelength will be de Bro notes the vaccine's acellular pertussis components,
glie wavelength and for y waves, the wavelength distinguishing it from whole-cell, inactivated DTP
would be that of electromagnetic waves. (aka DTwP) vaccine. The acellular vaccine uses an
133. (2) The voltage gain in dB = 20 log 10 A* tigenic fragments of the pertussis pathogen to in
duce immunity
= 20 log,o ( 10 0 0 ) = 2 0 x 3 = 60 B
MMR/Measles Vaccine is given for protection
134. (3) When water is converted to ice, entropy de
against measles, the typical fever with rash of child
creases.
hood
135. (2) In cold bath, length of x decreases more, so it 145. (1) It is an old wives’ tale. Really. Try it with
moves towards left. 1 0 0 cucumbers and not on another 1 0 0 if you don’t
136 (3) For a wave propagating in a medium the fre believe me. Some cucumbers can be bitter, especially
quency is independent at the ends, and you might want to cut off the ends
137. (2) If an object reflects the colour of light incident because of this. In particular, cut off the blossom end
on it, it Will appear with that colour but 'f object ab of fresh cucumbers, as the blossoms contain enzymes
sorbs the colour of light, it will appear to be black.
that are bitter and others that cause excessive soften
Since, the given wavelength does not belong to
ing of pickles.
green, so it will be absorbed by the leaf and hence,
it will appear to be black. You can draw out the bitterness in the rest of the cu
13& The voltage across its ends = 2 v cumber by slicing, salting, and draining it before add
ing to a salad. This works on the principle of osmosis.
so the pet. drop across R = 6 - 2 = 4v
The principle of bitterness spontaneously leaving the
Current flowing - 10 mA cucumber because you nibbed the end... well, it does
So R ------ — s = 4 0 0 0 no harm, so do it if you want.
10 x 1 0 *3 146.(1) Rustom Jal Vakil returned to India in 1938 af
139. (1) The potential difference between base and ter earning his medical degree from the University
emitter is IV of London and focused on the treatment of heart
ailments at a time when cardiology was not a dis
140. (4) For the demodulation to be good, RC > > y. tinct subspecialty in India. In 1949, after years of
scrupulous collation and analysts of data, he pub
141. (d) CPR : cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a com lished a watershed paper on the antihypertensive
bination of rescue breathing (mouth-to-mouth re . properties of Rauwolfia serpentina and effected a
suscitation) and chest compressions. If a child isn’t paradigm shift in the management of hypertension.
breathing or circulating blood adequately, CPR can Rauwotfia was the world’s 1st successful blood-
restore circulation of oxygen-rich blood to the pressure-lowering agent, and its acceptance en
brain. Without oxygen, permanent brain damage couraged research scientists to pursue the
or death can occur in less than 8 minutes. development of other hypotensive drugs. Reser-
142. (4) Alzheimer's (AHLZ-high-merz) disease is a pine was isolated in 1952 from the dried root of
progressive brain disorder that gradually destroys a Rauwolfia serpentina (Indian snakeroot), and intro
person’s memory and ability to learn, reason, make duced in 1954, two years after chlorpromazine. Re
judgments, communicate and carry out daily activi serpine almost irreversibly blocks the uptake (and
ties. It is common in elderly people storage) of noradrenaline and dopamine into sy
143. (1) The Govt, of India after having recognized the naptic vesicles by inhibiting the Vesicular
need for systematic Research and Development of Monoamine Transporters (VMAT).
Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha Raul Ehrlich (March 14, 1854 - August 20, 1915)
and Homoeopathy in the country, established the was a German scientist who won the 1908 Nobel
“Central Council for Research in Ayurveda, Yoga Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He is noted for his
& Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopa work in hematology, immunology, and chemother
thy" In 1969 as an autonomous organization under apy. Ehrlich predicted autoimmunity and called it
the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 61-65,
"horror autotoxicus”. He coined the term "chemo
Institutional Area, Janakpuri, Phankha Road, New
therapy" The idea of a "magic bullef is also his,
Delhi-110058
and he is credited with the first empirical observa
144. (4) The term pneumonia refers to any infection of
tion of the blood-brain barrier.
the lung. The “pneumonia vaccine" is given to pre
vent one specific type of pneumonia-the pneumo 147. (2) Biometry or biometrics is simply defined as
nia caused by the Pneumococcus (Streptococcus automatically recognizing a person using distin
pneumoniae) bacterium. Vaccination for pneumo guishing traits. Biometric identification uses some
nia is not covered in the immunization schedule so unique physiological or behavioural characteristic,
far in India. not shared by any other individual, to positively
identify an individual.
DTaP is an acronym for the combined diphtheria,
tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine. The "a" de
• 148. (2) Each day after the winter solstice, which oc Lugcsoon
, ,4 1 n ,n
curs on December 21st, the Sun's path becomes a Small Intestine Motility reduced
Increased
little higher in the southern sky. The Sun also be Secretions and
gins to rise closer to the east and set closer to the Large Intestine Motility reduced motility Increased
west until we reach the day when it rises exactly
Decreased urine Increased urine
east and sets exactly west. This day is called the Kidney
secretion secretion
equinox. In the spring we have the Spring Equinox
about March 21st. There is also a Fall Equinox on Increased
September 21st conversion of
Liver
glycogen to
149. (1) In late 1895, a German physicist, W.C- Roent glucose
gen while working with a cathode ray tube in his
laboratory discovered X-rays. Norepinephrine
Adrenal meduBa and epinephrine
150.(2) secreted
151.(3) Directly Observed Therapy Shortcourse Wall contracted
W al relaxed
(DOTS) is ttie internationally-recommended TB Bladder
control strategy and is composed of five distinct Sphincter dosed Sphincter relaxed
elements: political commitment; microscopy serv It should be noted that the autonomic nervous sys
ices; drug supplies; surveillance and monitoring tem is always working. It is NOT only active during
systems and use of highly efficacious regimens; and 'fight or flight" or "rest and digest" situations. Rather,
direct observation of treatment. the autonomic nervous system ads to maintain nor
152. (4) 158. (1) 154. (2) 155. (3) 156.(1) 157. mal internal functions and works with the somatic
a
( 1 ) 15a ( 1 ) 159. (2) 16 (2) nervous system.
161. (2) The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the 162.. (2) T h e D uckbill P la ty p u ' are mammals be
part of the nervous system of the higher life forms cause the females produce milk and nurse their
that is not consciously controlled. It is commonly young; however they are different as the Duckbill
divided into two usually antagonistic subsystems: platypus, strangely lays eggs. This makes the Duck
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous sys bill Platypus one of only three Monotremata that
tem, and involves the homeostasis of organs and walk this earth. Originating from the word
physiological functions. monotreme, which means a “single whole or open
A third and less commonly considered part of the ing”, Monotremata are mammals that b y eggs. The
autonomic nervous system is the enteric nervous Duckbill platypus is a mammal that lays eggs.
system, which controls the digestive organs, arid is, (1) Despite their name (which means "thousand
for the most part, independent of central nervous legs ), millipedes do not have 1,0 0 0 legs • they
system (CNS) input. have from 47 to 197 paiis of legs, depending
In general, the parasympathetic nervous system is on the species. Millipedes .are invertebrates;
involved with digestion and energy conservation, they have a hard exoskeleton and many
while the sympathetic nervous system is involved jointed legs. The nervous system comprises a
with energy expenditure and the Tight or flight' re three-part brain, with a nerve cord running the
sponse. body's length, with bundles of coordination
Here is a summary of some of the effects of sympa neives. Classification: Kingdom Animalia (ani
thetic and parasympathetic stimulation. Notice that mals), Phylum Arthropoda (jointed legs and an
effects are generally in opposition to each other. exotkeleton), Superclass Myriapoda ("many-
The A iito w k Nervotte Syetem footed" with a 2 -segmented body - millipedes,
centipedes, etc.), Class Diplopoda (millipedes).
Strectare Syai pathetic P a ra y a pathetic
About 7,500 species of millipedes have been
S tiaalatioa StiaietaHoe
described.
Iris (eye muscle) Pupil dilation Pupil constriction
(3) Leptsma saccharine
Saliva production Saliva production
Salivary Glands * Phylum: Arthropoda
reduced increased
Class: Insecta
Oral/Nasal Mucus production Mucus production
Mucosa reduced increased Order Thysanura
Heart rate and Family: Lepismatidae
Heart rate and
Heart force increased force decreased Genus: Lepisma
Bronchial m usde Bronchial mueck Species: L saccharina
Lung relaxed contracted Lepisma saccharina (commonly caled the fish-
Gastric juke moth, urban silverftsh or just the silverfish) is a
Stomach FVristaisa reduced secreted; motility small, wingless insect. Its common name de
increased rives from the animal’s silvery grey colour,
while the scientific name indicates the silver-
fish's diet of carbohydrates such as sugar or phragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavi
starches. It belongs to the basal insect order ties.
Thysanura, and the species is estimated to 9. Excretory system of metanephric kidneys and
have existed for 300 million years. ureters that usually open into a bladder.
(4) Sea anemone ara Diplobiastic: having a body 10. Brain highly developed; 12 pairs of cranial
made of two cdhilar layers only (as opposed to nerves.
the majority of animals which are triptoblastic), 11. Strictly endothermk homeotherms.
the exterior ectoderm and the interior endo-
12. Cloaca present only in monotrcmes (egg-laying
derm. These two layers arc separated by the
mammals, such as duck-billed platypus).
largely non-cellular jeUy-Iike mesogloea.
Classification : Kingdom Animalia (animate). 13. Separate sexes; specialized reproductive and
Phylum Coelenterata (corals, jellyfish, sea copulatory organs.
anemones, hydrcrids), Class Anthozoa meaning 14. Internal fertilization; egg develops in a uterus
"flower-like animals” (corals and sea anemo * with placental attachment (except in monotre-
nes), Order Acttniaria mes); fetal membranes (amnion, chorion, aHan-
.63,. (4 ) muscular diaphragm and milk producing tots), sex determination by heterogametic
glands. males (females are isogametic).
( 1 ) monotrcmes are oviparous 15. Young are nourished by milk from mammary
(2) Elephants are one of the exceptions to the rule glands.
that mammals have extra-abdominal testes; so 164. (1) Parietal calls (also cafled oxyntic cels) are
are whales and perhaps other marine mam cells located in the stomach epithelium.
mals. Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory net
(3) AD mammals except the monotrcmes, the eden work (called canaliculi) from which the HQ is
tates, the pangolins, and the cetaceans have up secreted by active transport into the stomach.
The enzyme hydrogen potassium ATPhse
to four distinct types of teeth, with a maximum
number for each. Thase are the indsor (cut (H*/K* ATPase) is unique to the parietal ceBs
ting), the canine, the premotar, and the motor and transports the H * against a concentration
fg r in d ^ M a m n ^ that have dttinrftypra of gradient o f about 3 miiion to 1.
>teeth are heterodont; others are homodont. - (2) Alpha cels ara located In the islets of Langer-
M outh with diphyodont teeth (milk, o r decidu hans in the pancreas; they produce the hor
ous, teeth replaced by a permanent set of mone glucagon, which causes an increase in
teeth); teeth in most spp. are heterodont (teeth the blood sugar level.
with various structures and functions; lower jaw (3) Kupffer cefls are macrophages that are attached
a single enlarged bone (dentary). to the luminal surface or inserted in the endo
G saeral C h a ra cteristics o f M am m als thelial lining of hepatic sinusoids. In this site,
Kupffer cells play a key role in host defense by
1. Body covered with hair, but reduced in some
removing foreign, toxic and infective Sub
spp.. stances from the portal blood and by releasing
2. Integument with sweat, scent, sebaceous, and beneficial mediators.
mammary glands. (4) The sebaceous glands are holocrine glands
3. Skeletal features indude: found in the skin of mammals. They secrete an
a. skull with oily substance called sebum (Latin, meaning fat
I. bony palate or ta llo w ) that is made of fat (lipids) and the
II. middle ear with three ossicles (malleus, in debris of dead fat-produdng cefls. These glands
cus, and stapes) exist in humans throughout the skin except in
b. Seven cervical vertebrae the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
c. Fused pelvic bones. Sebum acts to protect and waterproof hair and
5. Movable eyelids and fleshy external ears skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle,
6 . Four limbs (reduced or absent in some spp.) and cracked It can also inhibit the pewth of
adapted for many forms of locomotion. microorganisms on skin.
7. Circulatory system of 4-chambered heart, non- 165. (2) There are two types o fphotoreceptors in the
nudeated RBC’s, and biconcave RBC’s. human retina, rods and cones.
Rods are responsible for vision at tow light levels
8 . Respiratory system of lungs with alveoli, and
(scotoptc vision). They do not mediate color vision,
voice box (larynx); a secondary bony palate
and have a low spatial acuity.
separates air and food passages; muscular dia
Coses are active at higher light levels (photopic vi
sion), are capable of color vision and are responsi-
bie for high spatial acuity. The central fovea is (1) Lysine is an essential amino acid, which means
populated exclusively by cones. There are 3 types that it is essentia] to human health but cannot
of cones which we will refer to as the short-wave- be manufactured by the body. For this reason,
length sensitive cones, the middle-wavelength sen lysine must be obtained from food.
sitive cones and the long-wave length sensitive Glycine is a non-essential, neutral, genetically
cones or S-cone, M-cones, and L-cones for short. coded amino acid. It is the only protein-form
The tight levels where both are operational are ing amino acid without a center of chirality
called mesopk Thiamine is one of the B vitamins, a group of
166. ( 1 ). Polygenic Inheritance is a pattern respon water-soluble vitamins that participate in many
sible for many features that seem simple on the of the chemical reactions in the body.
surface. Many traits such as height, shape, weight, (2) M yocin is one of the major proteins of musde
color, and metabolic rate are governed by the cu Myosin can slide along filaments of actin, gen
mulative effects of many genes. Fbiygenic traits are erating force as it does so and using ATP as its
not expressed as absolute or discrete characters, as motive energy source
was the case with Mendel's pea plant traits. In
Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the pitui
stead, polygenic traits are recognizable by their ex
tary gland that stimulates contractions of the
pression as a gradation of small differences (a
continuous variation). uterus during labor and release of milk during
breast-feeding.
167. (2) A teet croee determines whether a particular
characteristic of a plant or animal is homozygous Gastrin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by
dominant (pure bred) or heterozygous dominant the mucous lining of the stomach; induces the
(hybrid) secretion of gastric juice
When you look at someone with a dominant trait, (4) Sensory nerve is a nerve that passes impulses
you can’t tell whether they are homozygous or het from receptors toward or to the central nervous
erozygous. For instance, if someone has brown system. Optic nerve is the largest sensory nerve
eyes, they could be BB or Bb Mendel always of the eye; carries impulses for sight from the
started his crosses with a purebred (homozygous) P retina to the brain
generation. How did he know his dominant parent Oculomotor is a motor nerve and b the third
was homozygous? He developed what is known as of twelve paired cranial nerves, ft controls most
a test cross. He took a recessive (in our case blue of the eye movements (cranical nerves IV and
eyes, or bb) and mated it with a pea plant showing VI also do some), constriction of the pupil, and
the dominant trait. If in the F} generation the off holding the eyelid open
spring were all dominant, then the dominant par Vague is a mixed nerve that supplies the phar
ent was probably BB. If there were any recessives ynx and larynx and lungs and heart and
in the Fj, then the dominant parent had to be Bb. esophagus and stomach and most of the ab
168. (3) Rennin is a coagulating enzyme occurring in dominal viscera
the gastric juice of the calf, forming the active prin 169. (4) Human leg bonne : trochanter, femur, pa
ciple of rennet and able to curdle milk. tella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals & phalanges.
Helicase is an enzyme that is capable of unwind 170. (3) Haemophilia : A disease in which the block
ing the double helix structure of DNA. fails to dot. The most common form, primarily d
feeling males, is caused by a mutation in a gem
Hyaluronidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the
coding for a clotting protein (factor VIII) inherited
breakdown erf hyaluronic acid in the body, thereby
as an X-bnked recessive phenotype. Rad green col
increasing tissue permeability to fluids. Also called
our blindness is also a sex linked recessive daeaw
spreading factor. (recessive gene on X chromosome).
By catalyzing the hydrolysis of hyaluronic acid, a
171. (4) Chameleons (family Chamaeleonidae) an
major constituent of the interstitial barrier, squamates that belong to one of the best known
hyaluronidase lowers the viscosity of hyaluronic families. They are known for their ability to changi
acid, thereby increasing tissue permeability It is, their color, their elongated sticky tongue, and for
therefore, used in medicine in conjunction with their eyes which can be moved independently d
other drugs in order to speed their dispersion and each other. The name "chameleon* means "earf
delivery. The most common application is in oph lion" and is derived from the Greek words "chama
thalmic surgery, in which it is used in combination (on the ground, on the earth) and Teon" (bon).
. with local anesthetics. It also increases the absorp 172. (1) Enzymes are catalysts. Most are proteins. Er
tion rate of parenteral fluids given by hypodermo- zymes bind temporarily, to one or more of the ten
dysis, and is an adjunct in subcutaneous tants of the reaction they catalyze. In doing so, the
urography for improving resorption of radiopaque lower the amount of activation energy needed an
agents. thus speed up the reaction. In the (pven grapl
curve a shouws normal enzyme reaction, curve I
shows competitive inhibition and curve c shows These tadpoles cease development at an early hin-
non-competitive inhibition. dlimb stage, but continue to grow and develop into
173. (2) Best way to make use of biodegradable pollut grossly deformed giants. Giant tadpoles lack thy
ants is to use them for producing biogas roid glands, and differ in morphology and behav
174. (1) Borderline personality disorder - It is a iour from normal larvae. They are negatively
type of psychological disorders in which person is buoyant, typically with small and partially solidified
emotionally unstable. They have little sense of self lungs, and have greatly enlarged fat bodies. Giant
since they fed empty, tadpoles have mature gonads with eggs and sperm,
A mood disorder is a condition whereby the pre whereas normal tadpoles of the same stage have
vailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropri undifferentiated gonads. Larval reproduction has
ate to the circumstances. ‘ never been reported in anurans, but gonadal devel
The two major types of mood disorders are depres opment decoupled from metamorphosis brings
sion (or unipolar depression) and bipolar disorder. ‘ these giants the closest of any anurans to being
Depression (or unipolar depression), including sub- truly neotenic We discuss behavioural and mor
types: . phological factors that may hinder both reproduc
Major Depression tion in giant Xenopus larvae and the evolution of
neoteny in anurans in general. Experimental treat
Major Depression (Recurrent) ment with exogenous thyroid hormone induces
Major Depression with psychotic symptoms some, but not complete, metamorphic changes in
(psychotic depression) these giants. The limbs and head progress through
metamorphosis, however, all tadpoles die at the
Dystfiymfa
stage when the tail would normally be resorbed.
fbstpartum depression The disproportionate growth of tissues and organs
Bipolar disorder, a mood disorder described by al in giant tadpoles may predude complete metamor
ternating periods of mania and depression (and in phosis, even under exogenous thyroid hormone in
some cases rapid cycling, mixed states, and psy duction.
chotic symptoms symptoms). Subtypes indude: 178. (1) BUharzia is a human disease caused by para
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder. It difficult for a sitic worms called Schistosomes. Over one billion
person to tell the difference between real and un humans are at risk worldwide and approximately
real experiences, to think logicaly, to have normal 300 millions are infected. Bilharzia. is common in
emotional responses to others, and to behave nor the tropics where ponds, streams and irrigation ca
mally in social situations. nals harbor bilharzia-transmitting snails, fturasite
175. (1) Mitochondria have their own genetic mate larvae develop in snails from which they infed hu
rial however, and, in sexually reproducing organ mans, their definitive host, in which they mature
isms. are inherited only via the cytoplasm of the and reproduce.
egg cell Leptospirosis is a potentially serious illness that
176. (3) These are simple columnar epithelial can affect many parts of the body. Leptospirosis is
cells, but in addition, they posses fine hair-like out caused by Leptospira interrogans, a corkscrew
growths, cilia on their free surfaces. These cilia are shaped bacterium (spirochete). Leptospirosis-caus
capable of rapid, rhythmic, wavelike beatings in a ing bacteria are common worldwide, especially in
certain direction. This movement of the cilia in a tropical countries with heavy rainfall. Infected ro
certain direction causes the mucus, which is se dents and other wild and domestic animals pass
creted by the goblet cells, to move (flow or stream) the bacteria in their urine. The bacteria can live for
in that direction. Ciliated epithelium is usually a long time in fresh water, damp soil, vegetation,
■ found in the air passages like the nose. It is also and mud. Flooding after heavy rainfall helps
found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes of females. spread the bacteria in the environment Bsople get
The movement of the dlia propel the ovum to the leptospirosis by contact with fresh water, damp soil,
uterus. or vegetation contaminated by the urine of infected
177. (2) Tadpoles treated with thyroxine (thyroid hor animals. Fteople who canoe, raft, wade, or swim in
mone) or iodine will develop at an increased rate, contaminated lakes, rivers, and streams can get
whereas tadpoles treated with thiourea, a thyroid- leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is also a problem for
hormone inhibitor, will metamorphose at a slower people who work in contaminated flood plains or
rate. Furthermore, a higher concentration of thy
wet agricultural settings. Leptospirosis baderia can
roxine will be more effective at speeding metamor
enter the body through broken dan and mucous
phosis than a lower concentration
membranes. The bacteria can also enter the body
Xenopus laevis tadpoles that arrest development
when a person swallows contaminated food or
and remain as larvae for several years sometimes
water, including water swallowed during water
occur spontaneously in laboratory populations.
sports. Once in the bloodstream, the baderia can
reach all parts of the body and cause signs and in contaminated food or drink. They enter the
symptoms of illness body through the mouth when the contaminated
Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused food or drink is swallowed. The amoebae are then
by a virus, the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It varies in able to move through the digestive system and take
severity, running an acute course, generally starting up residence in the intestine and cause an infec
within two to six weeks after contact with the virus, tion. Amoebic dysentery is passed on by careless 01
and lasting no longer than two or three months. negligent hygiene where contaminated food and
HAV may occur in single cases after contact with drink is consumed without adequate heat treat
an infected relative or sex partner. Alternately, epi ment.
demics may develop when food or drinking water Salads washed with contaminated water are a
is contaminated by the feces erf an infected person. common method of spread.
Diarrhoea : Diarrhoea is a symptom of infection 179. (2) The Maximem Contaminant Level (MCL)
caused by a host of bacterial, viral and parasitic or of nitrate as nitrogen (N03-N) at 10 m ^L (or 10
ganisms most of which can be spread by contami parts per million) for the safety of drinking water.
nated water, it is more common when there is a Nitrate levels at or above this level have been
shortage of dean water for drinking, cooking and known to cause a potentially fetal blood disorder in
infants under six months erf age called methemo
deaning and basic hygiene is important in preven
globinemia or “blue-baby' syndrome; in which
tion. Water contaminated with human faeces for
there is a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity
example from municipal sewage, septic tanks and
of blood.
latrines is of special concern. Animal faeces also
contain microorganisms that can cause diarrhoea
Pneumoconiosis is a lung condition that is
caused by inhaling particles of mineral dust, usu
Diarrhoea can also spread from person to person,
ally while working in a high-risk, mineral-related in
aggravated by poor personal hygiene. Food is an
dustry At first, irritating mineral dust can trigger
other major cause of diarrhoea when it is prepared
lung inflammation, which causes areas of the lung
or stored in unhygienic conditions. Water can con
to be temporarily damaged. Over time, these areas
taminate food during irrigation, and fish and sea
can progress to form tough, fibrous tissue deposits
food from polluted water may also contribute to
This stage of pneumoconiosis is called fibrosis, f i
the disease.
brosis stiffens the lungs and interferes with the
Guinea worm infection : Infection occurs when lung’s normal exchange of oxygen and carbon di
the parasitic guinea worm resides within the body oxide. . Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis is a respira
Infection is not apparent until a pregnant female
tory disease caused by inhaling coal dust for
worm prepares to expel embryos. The infection is prolonged periods (Black lung disease)
rarely fatal, but the latter stage is painful. The infec
tion is also referred to as dracunculiasis, and less
Non-Hodgkin'S lymphoma is cancer that origi
nates in lymphatic system, the disease-fighting net
commonly as draconbasis.
work spread throughout the body. In
FTMartaalt :The thread-like, parasitic filarial worms non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, tumors develop from
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia mdayi that cause white blood ceils (lymphocytes). These tumors can
lymphatic fUariasis live almost exclusively in hu occur at different locations in the body. There are
mans. These worms lodge in the lymphatic system, more than 30 types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
the network of nodes and vessels that maintain the Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is more than seven
delicate fluid balance between the tissues and times as common as the other general type of lym
blood and are an essential component for the phoma — Hodgkin’s disease Causes. Normally,
body’s immune defence system. They live for 4-6 white blood cells (lymphocytes) go through a pre
years, producing millions of immature microfilariae dictable life cycle Old lymphocytes die, and body
(minute larvae) that circulate in the Mood. creates new ones to replace them. But in non-
The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes that bite Hodgkin’s lymphoma, body produces abnormal
infected humans arid pick up the microfilariae that lymphocytes that continue to divide and grow un
develop, inside the mosquito, into the infective controllably. This oversupply of lymphocytes
stage in a process that usually takes 7-21 days. The crowds into lymph nodes, causing them to swell.
larvae, then migrate to the mosquitoes* biting Doctors don’t know what exactly causes non-
mouth-parts, ready to enter the punctured skin fol Hodgkin's lymphoma. But researchers believe that
lowing die mosquito bite, thus completing the cy activation of certain abnormal genes may be in
cle. volved in the development of all cancers, induding
Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis) is an infection lymphomas.
of the intestine (gut) caused by an amoeba called Methane being a green house gas has direct effect
Entamoeba histolytica, which, among other things, on ozone depletion (cause of skin cancers) Expo
can cause . Amoebae are parasites that are found sure to asbestos, a group of minerals found in
housing and industrial building materials can cause (Grafting is limited to dicots and gymnosperms.
a variety of medical problems, such as Mesothe Monocots lack the vascular cambium required.)
lioma. In most cases, one plant is selected for its roots,
Studies have shown that people who are exposed and this is called the stock or rootstock. The other
to high amount of benzene are at risk for cancer. plant is selected for its stems, leaves, flowers, or
Benzene is a chemical found in gasoline, smoking, fruits and is called the a d oa .
and pollution. Often called the “asbestos cancer". In stem grafting, a common grafting method, a
Mesothelioma is a disease affecting the abdomen, shoot of a selected, desired plant cultivar is grafted
chest and areas around the heart onto the stock of another type. In another common
180. (2) A coronary angiogram is a special type of form called budding, a dormant side bud is grafted
X-ray which looks at the blood vessels of the heart. on the stem of another stock plant and when it has
If you have angina or have had a recent heart at fused successfully, H is encouraged to grow by cut
tack you may be asked to undergo this test. Nor ting out the stem above the new bud.
mal X-rays would not show up blood vessels A For successful grafting to take place, the vascular
type of dye called 'contrast' is injected into the cambium tissues of the stock and scion plants must
blood vessels of the heart that allows us to see be placed in contact with each other. Both tissues
them clearly. The catheter (a thin long length of must be kept alive till the graft has taken, usually a
plastic tubing), which is used to deliver the contrast
period of a few weeks Successful grafting only re
'dye' to the heart is inserted via a large blood ves
quires that a vascular connection takes place be
sel in the groin. You will have this area cleaned and
a local anaesthetic drug will be injected into the tween the two tissues. A physical weak point often
skin so that you do not feel any pain. Once this still occurs at the graft, because the structural tissue
drug has been injected you will feel pressure and of the two distinct plants, such as wood may not
'tugging' at the site but no pain. The catheter is fuse.
passed through a large blood vessel in the groin or 184. (4) Evert concluded that the most likely function
arm all the way up to the coronary arteries. You of P-protein is to seal the sieve plate pores of in*
may be asked to hold your breath or cough during jured sieve elements as a rapid first line of defense.
this procedure. Once the operator enters the blood 185. (2) Myxonycetea also called Mycetozoa, phy
vessels of the heart a small amount of contrast will lum of funguslike organisms within the kingdom
be injected so that the blood vessels show up on Protista, commonly known as true slime molds.
the X-rays. Rarely this may cause some discomfort They exhibit characteristics of both protozoans
in the chest (one-celled microorganisms) and fungi. Distributed
181.. (3) BRINJAL (Sohnaum melongenet) is suscep worldwide, they usually occur in decaying plant
tible to nematode invasion due to multiple crop material
ping pattern, good moisture level prevailing and 186. (4) Benthan and H ooker did not know the af
continued presence of host. Rootknot caused by finities of the families placed under series viii. Or
meloidogyne incognita is the most destructive elmes anomaly and the families were tentatively
nematode grouped together.
Potato late blij^it is one of the most devastating DICOTYLEDONES
plant diseases. Fbtato late blight, caused by Phyto- 1. POLYPETALAE
phthora infestans Series i. THALAMIFLORAE
Citrus canker is a highly contagious disease of Series ii. DISCIFLORAE
citrus crops caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas Series iii. CALYCIFLORAE
axonopodis pathovar dtri.
2 GAMOPETALAE
Pigeon pea cyst nematode -Heterodera cajani
Series i. INFERAE
182. (4) The basic chromosome number of wheat is 7
Series ii. HETEROMERAE
(x =7) and its hexaploid species contains 42 (6 x
7) chromosomes. Thus, it’s monosomic (one chro - Series iii. BICARPELLATAE
mosome missing) contains 41 (42 - 1) chromo 3. MONOCHLAMYDEA E
somes, haploid 21 (42/2) chromosomes. Nullisomic Series i. CURVEMBRYEAE
(one chromosome pair missing) contains 40 (40 - Series ii. MULTIOVULATAE AQUATICAE
2) chromosomes and trisomic contains (42 + 1) Series iii. MULTIOVULATAE TERRESTRES
chromosomes. Series rv. M1CREMBRYEAE
183l (2). Grafting is a method of plant propagation
Series v. DAPHNALES
widely used in horticulture, where the tissues of
one plant are encouraged to fuse with those of an Series vi. ACHLAMYDOSPOREAE
other. H is most commonly used for the propaga Series vii. UN1SEXUAUES
tion of trees and shrubs grown commercially. Series viii. ORDINES A N O M A U
187. (3) Hirudin: An anticoagulant ("bloodthinner"). Montreal protocol limits the production and use ol
Hirudin is the active principle in the salivary secre ozone depleting substances such as CFCs.To date
tion of leeches. The name hirudin is from Hirudo more than 175 countries have signed the montrea
medicinalis, the name of the medicinal leech. In protocol. '
1884 John Haycraft in Strasbourg found that 196. (4) A keystone species is a species whose very
leeches contained a substance with anticoagulant presence contributes to a diversity of life and
properties. This anticoagulant in leech saliva was whose extinction would consequently lead to th«
isolated in the 1950s and found to be an an extinction of other forms of life. Keystone species
tithrombin (an inhibitor of thrombin). The primary help to support the ecosystem (entire community
chemical structure of hirudin was determined in of life) of which they are a part.
1976. Hirudin is produced from transgenic Bros- 197. (3) Genetic diversity is a characteristic of eco
sica napus systems and gene pools that describes an attribute
188. (2) The graft consists of a top portion (the . which is commonly held to be advantageous foi
scion), which is the desired plant, growing on the survival - that there are many different versions ol
roots of another plant (the stock). The quality of otherwise similar organisms. For example, the Irish
flowers and fruits of such a composite plant pro potato famine can be attributed in part to the fact
duced is mainly determined by scion, (also refer that there were so few different genetic strains ol
Ans. 183) potatoes in the country, making it easier for one vi
189. (4) Present in photosynthetic bacterian and blue rus to infed and kill much of the crop.
green algae, chromatophore is a simple body that 198. (3) RNA synthesis continues until RNA polym
lacks the complex internal structure and chemically erase reaches a site on the DNA called the termi
simpler than chlorophyll of plants. nator or non-eeace codons. Non-sense codons
190. (4) In fungi, a large sporophore, or fruiting body, signal the end of protein molecule’s synthesis
in which sexually produced spores are formed on (UAA, UAG, UGA)
the surface of dub-shaped structures (basidia). 199. (2) A biosphere reserve is a large area protected
Basidiocarps are found among the members of the for its ’natural’ beauty this may indude the various
Basidiomycetes (q.v.), with the exception of plants, the animals feeding on the plants and the
the rust and smut fungi. The largest basidiocarps primary hunters who in turn feed on the herbivores
indude giant puffballs (Calvatia gigantea). which (although man is a part of the biosphere none
can be 1.6 m (5.25 feet) long, 135 m broad have been housed in reserves till date!). National
191. (4) Leghaemoglobin : Form of haemoglobin parks are much the same except for the fact that
found in the nitrogen-fixing root-nodules of leg they are usually smaller in size. The origin of the
umes. Binds oxygen, and thus protects the nitiro- word sanctuary comes from the word sanduarium
gen-fixing enzyme, nitrogenase, that is oxygen (Latin origin). It means “a place of safety for in
sensitive. jured or hurt animals” . Here the animals recoup
192. (1) The Avena geo-curvatare test is a bioassay their numbers away from their “inhuman human
for auxin-type growth regulators. Measurement of enemies
the effect of a known or suspected biologically ac 200. (1) Somaclonal variation is the term used to
tive substance on living material is called as bioas describe the variation seen in plants that have been
say. Avena curvature test was first time performed produced by plant tissue culture. Chromosomal re
by Went for measuring the activity fo auxin hor arrangements are an important source of this vari
mone. ation. Somaclonal variation is not restricted to, but
193. (4) New Plastids arise from preexisting plas- is particularly common in plants regenerated from
tkls by a fission like process. callus. The variations can be genotypic or pheno
194 (3) Salvia, Calotropis and Mussanda are insect typic, which in the later case can be either genetic
pollinating flowers or epigenetic in origin. Typical genetic alterations
Kadam and Kigelia are bat pollinating flowers are: changes in chromosome numbers (polyploidy
Triticum, Zea mays, Cannabis and Pinus are wind and aneuptoidy), chromosome structure (transloca
pollinating flowers. tions, deletions and duplications) and DNA se
quence (base mutations). Typical epigenetic related
195. (3) Montreal Protocol (16 September 1987) 27 in events are: gene amplification and gene methyb-
dustrialised countries agreed to limit production of
tion.
chlorofluorocarbons to half the level of 1986,