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Presentation Outline:
Objectives:
General Objective:
To inculcate the knowledge for the production of flavors and fragrances through
industrial processes
Specific Objective:
Fragrance is basically the core of odorous materials which may be natural or synthetic in
origin. The term “fragrances” and perfume are synonymous. It is the blend of two or more
materials characterized by having olfactive properties.
Since the history begun, humans have attempted to mask or enhance their own odor by
using perfume, which copies nature's pleasant smells. Many natural and man-made materials
have been used to make perfume to apply to the skin and clothing, to put in cleaners and
cosmetics, or to scent the air. No perfume will smell exactly the same on any two people
because of differences in body chemistry, temperature, and body odors.
Perfume comes from the Latin, perfumare – “to fill with smoke” (Austin, 1984). In other
textbook written by Bayquen, perfume comes from the Latin, par fumum – “through smoke”.
Many ancient perfumes were made by extracting natural oils from plants through pressing and
steaming. The oil was then burned to scent the air. Today, most perfume is used to scent bar
soaps.
While fragrant liquids used for the body are often considered perfume, true perfumes are
defined as extracts or essences and contain a percentage of oil distilled in alcohol. Water is also
used. The United States is the world's largest perfume market with annual sales totaling several
billions of dollars.
Pamantasan ng Lunsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
A. History
Period Events
Perfume was first use by the Egyptians as part
1500 BC
of their religious rituals.
Egyptian women used perfume creams and oils
1,000 BC
as toiletries and cosmetics.
1700’s Perfume gloves became popular in France.
With the turn of the century, fragrance houses
1800’s
emerged in Europe.
1900’s The arrival of the leather fragrances and floral
Floral fragrances became more popular. The
2000’s
emerged of small and exclusive fragrance
brands have been marketed.
Fragrances are mostly used in the cosmetic industry followed by the industry of
soap and detergents. Fragrances are used industrially in masking, neutralizing and altering
the odor of various products. Also it is used in creating distinctive scent for usually odorless
objects. Some fragrance exhibit antibacterial activity. Some of its applications are:
Although fragrances are not necessary to the performance of the product, scents are
used to effectively increase customer appeal.
Production of essential oils, in the Philippines, is generally small scale or of pilot plant
capacities only. Citronella production is concentrated in Regions 4 and 13, which have the
most number of production/processing areas in the country.
1. Gyuma
Products: Cologne & Perfume
Contact: Gyuma, Quezon City, Philippines
C. Properties
a. Chemical Properties
b. Physical Properties
The odors of complex mixtures are often impossible to describe unless one of
the components is so characteristic that it largely determines the odor or flavor of the
composition. Although an objective classification is not possible, an odor can be
described by adjectives such as flowery, fruity, woody or hay-like, which relate the
fragrances to natural or other known products with similar odors.
Aldehydic – odor note of the long chain fatty aldehydes, e.g., fatty-
sweaty, ironed laundry, seawater
Animal(ic) – typical notes from the animal kingdom, e.g., musk,
castoreum, skatole, civet, ambergris
Balsamic – heavy, sweet odors, e.g., cocoa, vanilla, cinnamon, Peru
balsam
Camphoraceous – reminiscent of camphor
Citrus – fresh, stimulating odor of citrus fruits such as lemon or orange
Earthy – humus-like, reminiscent of humid earth
Fatty – reminiscent of animal fat and tallow
Floral, flowery – generic terms for odors of various flowers
Fruity – generic term for odors of various fruits
Green – typical odor of freshly cut grass and leaves
Herbaceous – on characteristic, complex odor of green herbs with, e.g.,
sage, minty, eucalyptus-like or earthy nuances
Medicinal – odor reminiscent of disinfectants, e.g., phenol, Lysol, methyl
salicylate
Metallic – typical odor observed near metal surfaces e.g., brass or steel
Minty – peppermint-like odor
Mossy – typical note reminiscent of forests and seaweed
Powdery – note associated with toilet powders (talcum), diffusely sweet
Resinous – aromatic odor of tree exudates
Spicy – generic term for odors of various spices
Waxy – odor resembling that of candle wax
Woody – generic term of the odor wood, e.g., cedarwood, sandalwood
All fragrances feature layers of notes. When you spray the perfume on your skin, the
scent slowly develops over time, releasing particular odors over time. The first odor that hits
you when you spray or apply the perfume is called the top note. Consisting of volatile oils, it
quickly evaporates in about ten minutes. Examples of constituents that can be classified in
Pamantasan ng Lunsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
this category are citrus oils, such as lemon, orange, grapefruit, and lime. These scents are
what the consumer initially evaluates when considering the purchase of a perfume. The top
notes are generally light and fresh. After the top notes wear out, the middle “heart” notes
emerge. It is considered the “body” of a fragrance. The scented oils in this note take about
half an hour to develop and once released, the scent lingers for a few hours. Examples of
constituents that can be classified in this category are floral oils, such as peony, rose, and
hibiscus. The base notes are the heaviest scents and take a long time to develop. But, it
lingers on the skin for up to 8 hours. Some of the basic notes are sandalwood, musk and
vanilla.
Packaging
Female perfumes may have rings or fancy caps, sashes and ties. They have
willowy shapes, or gentle slopes
Notes
Pamantasan ng Lunsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Female perfumes have more floral notes. They can be sweeter, lighter, and tend
to not last as long. Women’s fragrance tends to smell like delicate fruits,
romantic floral and sweet vanillas.
Packaging
Male perfumes are more structured, less “pretty”, with more metallic and
leather accents.
Notes
Male perfumes have woodier, spicy, leathery notes. They may even contain rare
and harsh notes like civet, or peppers. You’ll also never find a fruity fragrance
marketed for men.
Natural Fragrance
Plant Materials
Synthetic Fragrance
Substances that involve
products of
esterification, e.g.
Isolates formates, acetates, Essential Oils
products of
hydroxylation (e.g.
hydroxycitronellal)
These are used to
replace some imported
animal fixatives. Other
Synthetic and Semi-
synthetics have definite
synthetic Aroma Organic chemicals
odor of their own that
chemicals
contributes to the
ensemble of which they
are used
Known as benzoids,
considered to be the
most important among
Benzene, toluene,
Aromatics aroma chemicals. They
or phenol
are the largest group, in
terms of production
and revenue
E. Manufacturing Process
Perfumes are also essentially manufactured using the same process as oils.
b. Chemical Reaction
Citronellol is one of the most widely used fragrance material, particularly for the rose
notes and for floral compositions in general.
Starting from citronellol, a muscone can be produce by the last two steps involving a
Grubb’s catalyst to achieve ring closure methathesis.
Muscone are now produced synthetically to spare the lives of endangered male musk
deer. Muscone are used as scents for woody notes.
Pamantasan ng Lunsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
c. Equipment flowchart
Storage tank
Blending
Mixing tanks
The raw materials are ready to be
blended together according to a formula
determined by a master in the field,
known as a "nose." The scents are mixed
with alcohol and small traces of water
Storage tanks
Cooling Unit
Filling machine
Packing machine