Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
INDUSTRIAL
HAZARDS
Submitted By:
SANTOS, Amabelle C.
YEPES, Anna Lyn G.
BS ChE III
Submitted To:
Engr. Clydelle Rondaris
Instructor
Objectives:
To identify the different industrial hazards
To present safety precautions
PILILLIA TRAGEDY
- Happened in February 03, 2013.
- Five casualties and 12 other injuries were
recorded after a part of metal scaffolding in
SPC Malaya Power plant collapsed.
- There were no signs of sabotage in the
incident so no charges were done to the
contractor.
Safety Hazard
These are the most common and will be present in most workplaces at one
time or another. They include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness
and death.
Safety Hazards include
Trips, Slips and Falls
Electrical Hazards
Confined Spaces
Falling Objects Hazard
Machinery-Related Hazard
Slips, trips and fall injuries make up almost 20
percent of all job related injuries
65% of fall-related injuries occur as a result of falls from same-level
walking surfaces
Source: https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=29418
Provide a guard rail and toe-board around every elevated open sided
platform, floor or runway.
Train workers about job hazards in a language that they can understand.
According to OSHA, there are four functional categories for fall protection
products.
Positioning
Suspension
Retrieval
Electrical Hazards
An electrical hazard is a dangerous condition
where a worker can or does make electrical
contact with energized equipment or a
conductor. From that contact, the person may
sustain an injury from shock, and there is a
potential for the worker to receive an arc flash
(electrical explosion) burn, thermal burn or
blast injury.
According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC),
approximately 40,000 residential fires per year are caused by electrical
accidents.
Oxygen Deficiency
o Oxygen can be lacking a confined space for the following
reasons:
1. Displacement of air by another gas.
2. Various biological processes or chemical reactions (such
as rotting of organic matter, rusting of metals, burning,
etc)
3. Absorption of air onto steel surfaces, especially where
these are damp
Oxygen Enrichment
An excess of oxygen, in the presence of
combustible materials, results in an
increased risk of fire and explosion. Some
materials, which do not burn in air, may burn
vigorously or even spontaneously in an
enriched oxygen atmosphere.
1. Oxygen level above 21%.
2. Causes flammable and combustible
materials to burn violently when
ignited.
3. Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.
Flammable Atmosphere
o Critical Factors:
1. Oxygen content in the air.
2. Presence of a flammable gas, or
vapor
3. Presence of dust (visibility of 5’
or less)
o Proper air/gas mixture can lead to
explosion
o Typical Ignition Sources:
1. Sparking or electric tool.
2. Welding / cutting operations.
3. Smoking
Toxic Atmosphere
o Product stored in a confined space:
1. Gases released when cleaning.
2. Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.
3. Decomposition of materials in the confined space.
o Work performed in a confined space:
1. Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.
2. Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.
3. Sealing, bonding, melting.
o Areas adjacent to a confined space.
Temperature Extremes
o Extremely hot or cold temperatures.
o Steam cleaning of confined spaces.
o Humidity factors.
o Extremely cold liquids.
o Work processes inside the confined space
can increase temperature extremes.
o Personal protective equipment are
required.
Engulfment Hazard
o Engulfment:
1. Being buried by free
flowing loose granular
materials such as
sawdust.
2. Being drowned in
liquids
o Crusting and bridging
below a worker.
o Flooding of confined space.
o Water or sewage flow.
Other Hazards
o Noise
1. Amplified due to acoustics within the space.
2. Damaged hearing, affect communication.
o Slick / Wet Surfaces
1. Slips and falls.
2. Increased chance of electric shock.
o Falling Objects
1. Topside openings expose workers inside confined space to
falling objects.
Falling-Objects Hazard
Characterized by an being
struck-by an object from a height
of fall
The most common injuries workers suffer
from falling objects are bruises, fractures,
strains, and sprains. The objects that
commonly fall range from large items such
as roof trusses and steel beams to small
items such as fasteners and small hand tools.
Falling or flying objects on a worksite can expose workers to relatively
minor injuries, such as cuts and abrasions, as well as more serious
injuries, such as concussions or blindness. Working beneath scaffolds or
other areas where overhead work is being performed puts workers at risk
from falling objects. Flying objects become a concern when workers are
using power tools or performing tasks that involve pushing, pulling or
prying
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2011 there were 219
fatalities from being struck by a falling object or equipment in the United
States, which accounted for approximately five percent of all workplace
fatalities. [ CITATION Nat13 \l 1033 ]
In 2015, OSHA recorded 50,000 struck-by incidents in the US only.
[ CITATION Max16 \l 1033 ]
Another serious concern is the hoisting of equipment to and from the elevated
jobsite. When climbing, a worker must maintain three points of contact to the
ladder or structure. Carrying a bag of tools in one hand makes it difficult for a
worker to abide by this important safety precaution; not to mention having to
awkwardly carry equipment up to a location or overloading equipment onto a
belt or harness. Buckets are a common solution. However, without a top, one
gust of wind can turn that bucket on its head — literally.
Identify controls
There are two types of controls you can use to prevent falling objects from
hurting workers:
1) Physical controls - physically stop the object from falling (or from falling
very far).
2) Procedural controls - refer to changing the way you work so that objects
can’t fall.
Physical Controls
Controls Guardrails
Procedural Controls
Securing loads
When lifting, make sure the load is balanced and secured. Check for
small or loose pieces before you lift. Otherwise, a shift in the load or the
wind could cause objects to fall. Before placing a load on a scaffold or a
platform, make sure the work area has properly built guardrails.
Good hoisting practices
Never lift, lower, or swing a load over someone’s head. Use barricades to
block off areas where loads are being lifted or lowered. If the operator’s
view is impeded in any way, use a signaller to assist the operator.
Always use proper rigging procedures and ensure the rigging equipment
is in good condition. Good housekeeping Keep tools and other materials
away from edges, railings, and other elevated surfaces. Always stack
materials on flat surfaces and secure them, if necessary, to avoid
movement. When working, be aware of your surroundings and watch
General
Always wear hard hats when work is being performed overhead or when
other work conditions call for it.
Overhead work
Secure all tools and materials to prevent them from falling on people
below.
Machine use
When working with machines or power tools that can produce flying
particles, wear safety glasses, goggles or face shields.
Inspect tools prior to use, and be sure all guards are in place and in good
working condition.
Cranes/hoists
Inspect cranes and hoists prior to use to ensure all components are in
good working order, including wire rope, lifting hooks and chains.
Compressed air
Reduce compressed air for cleaning to 30 psi, and always use proper
personal protective equipment and guarding.
Machinery-Related Hazards
Safety Precaution
NEVER TRY TO START EQUIPMENT THAT IS LOCKED OUT OR
TAGGED OUT.
2. Equipment shutdown
6. Verification of isolation
Biological
Hazards
Biological hazards, also known
as biohazards, refer
to biological substances that pose a threat
to the health of living organisms,
primarily that of humans. This can
include medical waste or samples of
a microorganism, virus or toxin (from a
biological source) that can affect
human health. It can also include
substances harmful to other animals.
Classification
Bio hazardous agents are classified for transportation by UN Number.
Regulated Medical Waste, UN 3291 – Waste or reusable
material derived from medical treatment of an animal or
human, or from biomedical research, which includes the production and
testing.
Preventive Measures
Elimination of the source of contamination is fundamental to the prevention
and control of biological hazards. Engineering controls such as improvement of
ventilation, partial isolation of the contamination source, installation of
negative pressure and separate ventilation and airconditioning system (e.g. in
medical wards for infectious diseases) and the use of ultraviolet lamps can help
contain the spread of contaminants. If the contact with biological hazards
cannot be prevented, the employees must use personal protective equipment
and adhere strictly to the practice of personal hygiene. The personal protective
equipment includes masks, gloves, protective clothing, eye shields, face shields
and shoe covers.
Respiratory protection
Using the appropriate respiratory protective equipment is important for
the securing an adequate protection from biological
hazards. Common protective equipment includes:
• Surgical masks – Surgical mask generally consists of
three layers of non-woven fabrics. It provides a barrier
protection against large respiratory droplets;
Protective Clothing
• Protective clothing includes protective coverall (with attached hood),
gown, apron, head and shoe covers;
• Protective clothing should be waterproof or
impervious to liquids to protect the body from
contamination by blood, droplets or other body fluids
and prevent these contaminants from getting into the
body through open wounds or contaminating the
worker's own clothing, thus reducing the chance of
spreading of pathogen and cross-infection;
• Protective clothing is disposable in most cases
though some can be reused after sterilization;
• Standard protective clothing should be chosen (for
example, EU EN 340);
• Protective clothing should fit the wearer and should
not hamper movement;
• Protective clothing should be checked before use
and replaced if damaged;
• Biologically contaminated protective clothing should
be disposed of in specially designed rubbish bag
marked with "biological hazard" warning and label. Seal the bag and
place it in designated location for special disposal;
Goggles/Face Shields
Safety goggles/glasses and face shields can protect the eyes from
contacting pathogen-carrying blood, droplets or other body fluids which
may then enter the body through the mucosa;
Gloves
• Gloves should fit the hands snugly but they should not hamper
movement or affect sensibility; • Keep the nails short to avoid piercing
the gloves;
• Check if there is any puncture before use. To do so, roll up the open
end of the glove to see if it can trap air inside (see diagrams below). A
punctured glove should be replaced immediately. (N.B: Do not blow the
glove directly to avoid direct contact of the mouth and nose with the
glove.);
Shoe Covers
Sterilization
Sterilization is the
process using ultra heat
or high pressure to eliminate
bacteria, or using biocide to
eliminate microorganisms, including
spores in bacteria. A complete
sterilization process should include
disinfecting the contaminated
premises and thorough cleaning of
any residual toxic substances, to
ensure that employees would not be
harmed through exposure in the risk area. Effective sterilization depends
on the strain and amount of microorganisms, the level of organic
material present, the properties of the organisms to be eliminated, and
the duration, temperature and concentration of the sterilizing agent.
Sterilization must be carried out by following strictly safety guidelines
and taking personal protection to safeguard the health and safety of
employees. There are many kinds of sterilizing and antiseptic agents, the
most common ones being liquid bleach and rubbing alcohol. Hands must
be washed thoroughly after taking off any personal protective equipment
Personal Hygiene
Washing hands with liquid soap is the simplest and most basic method
to avoid infection. However, it is often neglected. Wash hands before and
after work. Also wash hands immediately before and after wearing
protective clothing, uniforms or gloves to reduce the possibility of
infection.
Work-related stress is the response people may have when presented with work
demands and pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities
and which challenge their ability to cope.
Stress results from a mismatch between the demands and pressures on the
person, on the one hand, and their knowledge and abilities, on the other. It
challenges their ability to cope with work. This includes not only situations
where the pressures of work exceed the worker’s ability to cope but also where
the worker’s knowledge and abilities are not sufficiently utilised and that is a
problem for them.
Research findings show that the most stressful type of work is that which
values excessive demands and pressures that are not matched to workers’
knowledge and abilities, where there is little opportunity to exercise any choice
or control, and where there is little support from others. The more the demands
and pressures of work are matched to the knowledge and abilities of workers,
the less likely they are to experience work stress.
Work Content:
Job Content
• Monotonous, under-stimulating, meaningless tasks
• Lack of variety
• Unpleasant tasks
• Aversive tasks
Working Hours
• Strict and inflexible working schedules
• Long and unsocial hours
• Unpredictable working hours
• Badly designed shift systems
Work Context:
Interpersonal Relationships
• Inadequate, inconsiderate or
unsupportive supervision
• Poor relationships with co-workers
• Bullying, harassment and violence
• Isolated or solitary work
• No agreed procedures for dealing with
problems or complaints
Organizational Culture
• Poor communication
• Poor leadership
• Lack of clarity about organizational objectives
and structure
Home-Work Interface
• Conflicting demands of work and home
• Lack of support for domestic problems at work
• Lack of support for work problems at home
• increasing absenteeism
Assessing the risks of work-related stress involves answering the following basic
questions:
• You should ask employees directly about their work problems and whether or
not they feel their health may be adversely affected by their work • You could
ask employees to describe the three ‘best’ and the three ‘worst’ aspects of their
• Employees could be asked a set of more detailed questions, based on the list
given in the section on causes of stress, asking them whether any of those
possible problems apply to their own jobs
Risks Management
Risk management proceeds through a cycle of five actions:
[2] the design of an action plan to reduce the risk of work stress
[5] learning and further action based on the results of that evaluation