THE QUEEN’S SCHOOL

CAPE UNIT 1 CHEMISTRY

LAB MANUAL
2014 - 2015
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 Simple First Aid Precautions and Guidelines
During Lab Exercises

1. Inform your teacher as to any medical conditions you have, which may be
aggravated as you perform experiments e.g. being asthmatic, suffering from
allergies to sulphur and naphthalene (camphor) and other sensitivities, or
heart conditions.
2. Above all else, keep calm in case of injury to yourself and/or others.
3. Immediately report all injuries to the teacher and lab staff.
4. Seek professional attention as soon as possible for all injuries.
5. In the event of accidents involving chemicals:
a) If chemical splashes on body part or clothing, flood the affected area with
cool, slow running water until pain eases.
b) If chemical splashes into the eye, hold the eye open, washing
immediately with cool, slow running water until pain eases.
c) If chemical is ingested, immediately drink large amounts of water and
induce vomiting.

6. Minor burns to body parts should be immersed immediately in cool water

until pain eases.
7. In the event that someone’s clothing catches fire:
a) Do not panic or allow the person to run about.
b) Immediately lay casualty on the floor on the body part which is not
affected.
c) Extinguish flames by either:
i. Using a blanket to smother it or,
ii. Dousing the affected area with cool water.

8. In the event of minor cuts sustained:

 Use direct pressure to stop the flow of blood, clean with cool running
water and have some form of sterile dressing applied before
continuing the lab.

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9. In the event of fainting:
 The person should be provided with lots of fresh air, and placed in a
sitting position, with his or her head placed lower than the rest of the
body e.g. between the legs.

10.In the event of electrical shock/electrocution:

 The electricity should be immediately switched off if possible, and/or
safely remove victim from the source of electricity with a dry, non-
conducting object. Breathing rate and heart rate should be checked.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LAB # TITLE PAGE SKILL

Mole Concept (Percentage Purity) 4 M/M

Standardization 5

Identify cations and anions 7

Bonding 9 ORR

Redox Reactions (Titration) 10 A/I

Solubility Product 11 A/I, M/M

Energetics (Enthalpy Change) 12 ORR

Energetics (Enthalpy of Reaction) 14 A/I

Rates of Reaction 16 P&D

Transitional Elements 17 P&D

Rates of Reaction 18 A/I, M/M

Acid – Base Equilibria 20 M/M

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

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LAB #

DATE:

TITLE: Mole Concept

TOPIC: Percentage purity

AIM: To determine the percentage purity of impure anhydrous Sodium carbonate

Apparatus: beakers, wash bottle, pipette, burette, filter funnel, conical flask, volumetric flask,
tile, retort stand, glass rod, sodium carbonate, sulphur acid.

METHOD:

1. Add 2.65g of sodium carbonate to 250cm3 of water in volumetric flask and mix
completely
2. Pipette 25cm3 of sodium carbonate into a conical flask and add 2 – 3 drops of methyl
orange
3. Fill the burette with 0.1M of sulfuric acid
4. Titrate the sodium carbonate with sulfuric acid to the first permanent colour change.
5. Repeat steps 2 – 4 for two other burette reading

RESULTS:

Burette readings 1 2 3
Initial volume/ cm3
Final volume/ cm3
Volume used/ cm3

CALCULATIONS:

 Number of moles of sulfuric acid

 Write the chemical equation
 Number of moles of sodium carbonate used in reaction
 Number of moles of sodium carbonate in 250cm3
 Number of moles of sodium carbonate in 1000cm3
 The theoretical mass of sodium carbonate
 Mass concentration of sodium carbonate (actual mass)
 Percentage purity of sodium carbonate (actual /theoretical x 100)

CONCLUSION:

Lab#

Title:
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Aim: To standardise potassium manganate (VII) using ammonium iron (II) sulphate solution
(FeSO4 (NH4)2SO46H2O)

Apparatus & Materials:

Procedure

a. Weigh out accurately 10g of the iron (II) ammonium sulphate provided.

b. Dissolve the 10g in 100 cm3 of 1M sulphuric acid and make it up to 250cm 3 with distilled
water.
c. Pipette 25 cm3 of 1M sulphuric and the iron (II) solution acid and titrate with manganate
(VII) solution provided until a faint but permanent pink colour obtained.
d. Repeat until successive readings agree.

Results

Burette readings/cm3 Rough 1 2

Final volume

Initial volume

Volume of KMnO4 used

Calculation:
 The average volume of kmno4 solution used in the titration.
 Mass of Fe2+ in 25.00 cm3 of solution.
 Number of moles of Fe2+ used in the titration.
 The mole ratio from the balance ionic equation.
 Find the number of moles of mno4- (aq).
 Molar concentration and mass concentration of kmno4 solution.

Conclusion:

LAB #

AIM: To identify two cations and two anions

THEORY: FA7 is a mixture of two solids, FA8, which is soluble in water and FA9, which is
insoluble in water. Each contains one cation and one anion from the following list:
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 (Al3+, NH4+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, CO32-, CrO42-, Cl-, Br-,
I-, NO3-, NO2-, SO42-, SO32-).

In all tests, the reagent should added gradually until no further change is observed,
with shaking after each addition.

PROCEDURE

 Place all the solid FA7 into a boiling tube.

 Half fill the tube with distilled water, stopper the tube and shake vigorously for two minutes.
 Filter the mixture and used the filtrate (FA8) in test a to c.
 Wash the residue (FA9) and use it for test d.

Tests Observations Inference

Test on filtrate , FA8

Divide FA8 into three test tubes (a), (b) and (c)

a) To 2cm depth of filtrate in a test –tube, add a small amount of aqueous

sodium hydroxide then in excess
b) To 2 cm depth of the filtrate in a test – tube, add a small amount of
dilute aqueous ammonia then in excess

c) To 2cm depth o the filtrate in a test tube, add aqueous barium chloride.
Then add dilute HCl

Test on Residue , FA 9

d) Transfer the solid into a boiling tube and add 8cm depth of dilute
nitric acid. Test the gas evolved
Warm to dissolve the solid filter and used the filtrate for test f to h.

e) To 2 cm depth of the filtrate in a test –tube , add a small amount of

aqueous sodium hydroxide then in excess

f) To 2 cm depth of the filtrate in a test tube, add a small amount of

aqueous ammonia then in excess

g) To 2cm depth of the filtrate in a test- tube add aqueous potassium

iodide.

 Observations should include details of colour changes and precipitates formed and
observations in the test used to identify the gas produced.
 Deductions should include the names of gases evolved ,molecular equations and ionic
equations.

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CONCLUSIONS

FA 8 contains the cation …………….. and the anion ………………

FA 9 contains the cation ……………… and the anion ……………

LAB #

DATE:

TITLE: Bonding

AIM: To determine the type of bonding present in different compounds by observing their
solubilities in polar and non polar solvents and their electrical conductivity.

DIAGRAM:

METHOD:

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 1. Add a small amount of sodium chloride to a beaker using a spatula

2. Add 15ml of water to the sodium chloride, stir thoroughly and observe

3. Use a spatula to add a small amount of sodium to another beaker

4. Add 15ml of ethanol to the NaCl in the beaker, stir thoroughly and observe

5. Repeat the procedure using calcium carbonate, copper sulphate, copper (II) oxide,
sucrose and naphthalene.

6. Test the electrical conductivity of each of the prepared solutions by immersing an

electrode connected to a closed circuit which includes a bulb

7. Observe whether or not the bulb lights up

OBSERVATIONS:

DISCUSSION:

Explain the results

CONCLUSION:

LAB #

DATE:

TITLE: Redox Reactions

TOPIC: Redox Titrations

AIM: To find the concentration of H2O2 in FA1

APPARATUS/MATERIALS: FA1 (H2O2), FA2 (3.16g/dm3 KMnO4), burette, pipette, conical

flasks, beakers, distilled water, volumetric flask.

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METHOD:

1. Use a burette to add between 20.5 – 21.5cm3 of FA1 into a 250cm3 volumetric flask

2. Fill the flask to the mark with distilled water

3. Pipette 25cm3 of FA3 into a conical flask

4. Add 10cm3 of 0.1M H2SO4 to the conical flask with the FA3

5. Titrate the contents of the flask with FA2 to the first permanent pink colour

6. Repeat steps 3- 5 twice.

RESULTS:

Write the balanced ionic equation

Calculate the concentration of KMnO4 in mol dm-3

Number of moles of KMnO4 used in titration

Number of moles of H2O2 used in titration

Concentration of H2O2 in mol dm-3 in FA3

Concentration of H2O2 in mol dm-3 in FA1

CONCLUSION:

LAB #

DATE:

TITLE: SOLUBULITY PRODUCT DETERMINATION

AIM: to determine the solubility product of Ca(OH)2

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS: 0.050 mol/dm3 HCl, saturated Ca(OH)2, burette, 25 cm3
pipette, filter paper, filter funnel, conical flask, beakers, phenolphthalein indicator.

PROCEDURE:

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 1. Filter about 100 cm3 of saturated Ca(OH)2 solution into a beaker. Because Ca(OH)2 reacts
with the CO2 in the air to form insoluble CaCO 3(s), you may notice the formation of a
“skin” across the top of the solution. To avoid this as much as possible, filter your
solution as close as possible to the time it will be used and do not let it stand around in
the air for long periods of time.

2. Fill the burette to an appropriate calibration mark with the filtered CaCO3 solution

3. Using a pipette , place 25 cm3 of the HCl into a conical flask and add one or two drops of
phenolphthalein.

4. Titrate to a pink end point with the Ca(OH)2 (pink colour may last for only about 10
seconds then fade). Record the volume of Ca(OH)2 used.

5. Repeat steps 3 to 4 until burette reading are accurate.

RESULTS:

1. Calculate the OH- from your titration data.

2. From the balance equation, calculate the Ca2+

3. Substitute into the Ksp expression and calculate the value of Ksp of calcium
hydroxide

CONCLUSION:

LAB #

TITLE: Energetics

TOPIC: Enthalpy Change

AIM: To determine the enthalpy change of the following reaction Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) 
ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

APPARATUS/MATERIALS: Styrofoam cup, thermometer, stop watch, electronic balance,

burette, stirring rod, zinc (FA5)

METHOD:

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 1. Accurately weigh an empty beaker using an electronic balance

2. Add 2.9g of FA5 to the beaker and record the mass in a suitable table

3. Add 25ml of FA1 from a burette to an empty Styrofoam cup.

4. Stir the solution gently and measure the temperature

5. Measure the temperature of the solution at half a minute intervals for 2.5 minutes

6. At exactly 3 minutes add FA5 to the FA1 solution (do not measure the temperature at 3
minutes)

7. Stir the mixture thoroughly and take the temperature at half minute intervals starting at
3.5 mins and ending at 10 mins.

8. Plot a graph of temperature vs time

OBSERVATIONS:

RESULTS:

 Tables with results

 Graph

CALCULATIONS:

 Temperature change

 Number of moles of Zn used

 Energy change for the reaction

 Energy per mole

DISCUSSION:

CONCLUSION:

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LAB #

TITLE: Energetics

TOPIC: Enthalpy of reaction

AIM: To obtain values of ΔH for three chemical reactions and employ them to calculate the ΔH
for the fourth reaction.

APPARATUS/MATERIALS: FA1 (1M HCl), FA2 (1M NaOH), FA3 (NaHCO3), Styrofoam cup,
measuring cylinder, thermometer, electronic balance, stirring rod, distilled water.

METHOD:

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 1. Using a measuring cylinder, add 40ml of FA1 to a Styrofoam cup and record the initial
temperature in a table

2. Measure 30ml of FA2 and record its initial temperature

3. Add FA2 to FA1 in the Styrofoam cup and stir

4. Measure and record the final temperature of the mixture

5. Weigh out 4g of FA3

6. Measure out 50ml of FA1, place it in a Styrofoam cup and record its initial temperature

7. Add FA3 to FA1 and measure the final temperature of the mixture

8. Weigh out 4g of FA3.

9. Measure out 1000ml of water

10. Pour the water in a Styrofoam cup, measure and record its initial temperature

11. Dissolve FA3 in the water and record its highest temperature.

RESULTS:

 Table with results

CALCULATIONS:

For each reaction calculate:

 Temperature change

 Number of moles of HCl used

 Number of moles of NaOH used

 Enthalpy change

Deduce the fourth reaction (show steps)

Calculate the energy change for the fourth reaction

CONCLUSION:

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LAB#

TITLE: Rates of reaction

PROBLEM STATEMENT: Oxalic acid a poisonous compound is found in certain vegetables

such as spinach but in concentrations well below toxic limits. The manufacturers of a spinach
juice company routinely test their product to avoid any problems from an unexpectedly high
concentration of this chemical. As a lab tech in this company, plan and design an experiment to
show you would determine the concentration of oxalic acid in a sample of juice.

HYPOTHESIS

AIM:

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APPARATUS/MATERIALS:

PROCEDURE:

VARIABLES:

DATA TO BE COLLECTED:

TREATMENT/ INTERPRETATION OF DATA:

ASSUMPTIONS:

LIMITATIONS:

PRECAUTIONS:

LAB #

TITLE: Periodic table

TOPIC: Transitional Elements

PROBLEM STATEMENT: A student found a blue compound in his school garden. His friend
thinks it is a cobalt compound, but he thinks it is a chromium compound and another friend said
it can only be a copper compound. Assume that you are another friend, plan and determine an
experiment to determine who is right.

HYPOTHESIS

AIM:

APPARATUS/MATERIALS:

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PROCEDURE:

VARIABLES:

DATA TO BE COLLECTED:

TREATMENT/ INTERPRETATION OF DATA:

ASSUMPTIONS:

LIMITATIONS:

PRECAUTIONS:

LAB#

DATE:

TITLE: Rates of reaction

FA1 is an aqueous solution of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3

FA2 is dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl

When a solution of sodium thiosulphate is mixed with hydrochloric acid a reaction takes place
and a fine suspension of solid sulphur is formed in the solution.

Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl  2 NaCl (aq) + SO2 (g) + S(s) +H2O(l)

If a beaker containing the reaction mixture is placed over a marker, in this case an insert of
printed text on a piece of paper, the sulphur as it forms slowly hides the marker from view.
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 If the depth of the solution in the beaker is kept constant the marker will always disappear when
the same amount of sulphur has been formed.

You are to use this reaction to investigate how the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate
solution and hydrochloric acid changes as the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution is
varied.

a) Use a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder to place 50.0 cm3 of FA1 into a 250 cm3 beaker. Measure
5.0 cm3 of FA2 into the small measuring.

Dry the outside of the beaker containing FA1 and place it over the printed text on the insert
the sheet.

Pour 5.0 cm3 of FA2 from the measuring cylinder into the beaker and at the same moment
start a stop clock or note the time on the clock with a seconds sweep hand.

Swirl the beaker to mix the solutions thoroughly and place back over the insert. The insert
should then be viewed from above so that the text is observed through the depth of the
solution.

STOP THE STOP – CLOCK OR NOTE THE TIME WHEN THE PRINTING ON THE
INSERT IS JUST NO LONGER VISIBLE.

Record the time to the nearest second in table 1.1

Empty and rinse the beaker. Repeat the experiment placing the volumes (shown in Table 1.1)
of FA1 and water in the beaker and then adding FA2.

TABLE 1.1

EXPT. VOL. OF VOL. OF VOL. OF TIME/ s 1000/time

FA1/ cm3 WATER/ FA2/ cm3 s-1x 103
cm3

1 50.0 0.0 5.0

2 40.0 10.0 5.0

3 30.0 20.0 5.0

4 25.0 25.0 5.0

5 20.0 30.0 5.0

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 6 15.0 35.0 5.0

Calculate 1000/time (correct to one decimal place) for each.

Plot a graph of 1000/time against the volume of FA1 (sodium thiosulphate)

DISCUSSION:

a) Which reagent is held at a constant concentration, and why is this done

b) Why is water added to the reaction?

c) Explain what your results (including the graph) tells you about the reaction

LAB#

TITLE: Acid – Base equilibria

TOPIC: Choice of indicators

AIM: To determine the basis of an indicator used in an acid – base titration

APPARATUS/ MATERIALS: 0.1M ethanoic acid. 0.1M NaOH, 0.1M NH3, 0.1M HCl, pipette,
burette, retort stand, beakers, concial flask, white tile, dropper, phenolphthalein, methyl orange
and universal indicators.

METHOD:

1. Pipette 25cm3 of HCl into a conical flask and add 3 drops of phenolphthalein
2. Fill the burette with NaOH up to the zero mark
3. Slowly run the NaOH from the burette into the conical flask until the end point of the
reaction
4. Record the volume of the NaOH used in a suitable table
5. Repeat the procedure using universal indicator and then methyl orange instead of
phenolphthalein
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 6. Repeat the entire experiment using ethanoic acid instead of HCl with NaOH
7. Repeat the experiment using ethanoic acid and aqueous ammonia.
RESULTS:

 Titration tables

DISCUSSION:

 Define the term indicator

 Explain how an indicator works

 Explain for each reaction which of the indicator is best suited and why (include titration
curve – with indicator)

CONCLUSION:

APPENDIX I
FORMAT FOR CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS

1. LAB #
2. DATE
3. TITLE
4. AIM
5. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
6. METHOD OR PROCEDURE
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 7. DIAGRAM
8. OBSERVATIONS
9. RESULTS (TABLE) AND CALCULATIONS
10.GRAPH
11.DISCUSSION (ANALYSIS OF DATA/INTERPRETATION/ ANSWER TO
QUESTIONS)
12.CONCLUSION

APPENDIX II
CHECKLIST FOR OBSERVATION RECORDING AND REPORTING

1. Overall Organization and Conciseness of Report

a. Report in a logical sequence

b. Report section name appropriately

c. Appropriate form of reporting and used of conciseness. E.g. accurate recording of observations

2. Graph

a. Title written in all capitals underlined and self-explanatory

b. Axes fully labeled with appropriate unit. Dependent variable on the vertical (y) axis and
independent variable on the (x) axis

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 c. Accuracy. Points plotted accurate using fine encircled dots and/or small crosses, made with pencil
with very sharp tips

d. Curves/ Straight Lines. Smooth curve, the points connected with straight lines

e. Scale. Easy to read, the graph occupy at least 75% of the paper.

3. Tables

a. Constructed with four distinct sides,

b. Accuracy title in capitals and underlined placed above the table

c. columns with proper heading with quantity and unit

4. Diagrams

a. Accurate and proportional, label line points to correct parts with title written in all capitals
underlined.

5. Prose in the third person passive past, written in Standard English.

CHECKLIST FOR ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

1. Analysis

a. Relationship, patterns and trends identified from data that is base in observation and results

b. Accurate calculations made from observation and data

c. Logical inferences and prediction made from observations

2. Interpretation

a. Questions answered based on result/data

b. The theory of the experiment used to interpret the results, observations and data

c. Conclusion / Inference following the data

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 CHECKLIST FOR PLANNING AND DESIGNING

1. PROBLEM. Situation to be investigated

2. HYPOTHESIS.A possible explanation for an observation made, which can be tested. It must be
clearly stated and linked to the problem/observation. It must be testable and deal with only one
variable or condition at a time.

3. AIM. Precise and clear statement about the reason for /or object of an experiment. It must be relevant
to the problem/hypothesis

4. APPARATUS/MATERIALS. A list of equipment and reagents that are used to conduct the
experiment

5. METHOD/ PROCEDURE: A logical sequence of steps showing how the apparatus and materials will
be used. It should be written in the present tense with no essential step missing. The treatment of
variables should be mentioned. The duration of the investigation, number of trials, measurements,
precautions, observations taken.

6. VARIABLES.

a. Manipulated (Independent). The variable that is manipulated or changed in a controlled way

b. Controlled (Constant). The variable to keep constant throughout the experiment

c. Responding (Dependent). The variable that has being measured. It is any change that results from
manipulation of the independent variable

7. DATA COLLECTED. Quantitative or qualitative information gathered from the investigation. These
must be present in an appropriate manner, using a table with accurate descriptive title, it should be
underline, written in capital letters and centered above the table. Appropriately label each column and
row using the correct unit. Measurement using consistent decimal places.

8. TREATMENT OF RESULTS. Calculations and chemical equations linked to the problem/hypothesis

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9. EXPECTED RESULTS. All results/ data must be analyzed and interpret. They must be correctly
linked to the hypothesis/problem. This is a prediction of the observations that should be made, besed
on the hypothesis that is being tested. A statement of how these results will support the hypothesis
must be written.

10. LIMITATIONS/ SOURCE OF ERRORS. A restrictive condition or variable which cannot be

controlled and which can affect the validity of the results

11. ASSUMPTIONS. The supposition that something is true. A statement taken for granted without
evidence

12. Precautions. Any safety measures or instructions needed in carrying out lab properly.

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