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E-mail: ahmed.elmahdy@guc.edu.eg
COMM 401: Signals & Systems Theory
• Lecture Time:
• Email: ahmed.elmahdy@guc.edu.eg
• Teaching Assistants
- Eng. Moustafa Adly
- Eng. Abdel-Rahman Kamel
- Eng. Hatem Mohamed Ayman
- Eng. Mohamed Osama El-Shaer
- Eng. Ahmed Taha
- Eng. Mohamed Ahmed Abdel Ghany
- Eng. Arsany Amir
- Eng. Dalia El-Banna
- Eng. Mohamed Essam
Text Book
Alan V. Oppenheim and Alan S. Willsky,
Signals & Systems, 2nd edition, Prentice-
Hall, 1997.
Grading
• Assignments 10%
• Lab. 20%
• Quizzes 10%
Lecture 1
Signal Classifications
What is the Signal?
• Definition: A signal is a function representing a
physical quantity.
How Can We Represent the Signal?
% sinusoidal signal
fs = 100000;
Ampl=1;
f=400;
t = 0:1/fs:1.5;
x = Ampl*cos(2*pi*f*t);
sound(x,fs)
wavwrite(x,fs,'sig2');
%writes data to WAV-file
Classification of Signals
• Mathematically, a signal is represented as a function of time
x(t).
Signals
Continuous-Time Discrete-Time
Signals (CT) Signals (DT)
t is a continuous t is a discrete variable
variable
t = n Ts, Ts : sampling period
Continuous Versus Discrete Time Signal
X(t) X(n)
5 5
2.5
-1 -2 -1
0 1 t 0 1 2
n
-2.5
-5
-5
Classifications of Signals (Contd.)
Signals
CT non-periodic
CT periodic signal
signal
Examples:
• Discrete Time (DT) Signals
DT non-periodic sequence
DT periodic sequence
• Example: The signal: x (t ) = sin(t )
is periodic because it repeats itself every 2π
• Similarly:
Yes No
Calculate
E P E∞ finite
∞
Calculate P∞
Yes No
P finite Energy No
Yes
signal P∞ Finite
Neither Neither
Power Power
Power nor energy Power or
Signal Signal
energy
Example:
• S(t)=A cos(t) it is periodic signal then it has infinite energy.
T /2
1 0 2
P= s (t ) dt
T0 −T0 / 2
π
1
= A2 cos 2 (t )dt
2π −π
π
A2
= [1 + cos(2t )]dt E∞ =
∞
2
x(t ) dt
4π −π −∞
∞
2
A = A2 cos2 (t )dt = ∞
= Watt −∞
2
Reflection
Time Shift
Time-Scaling with Time Shift (CT signals)
The proper order in which the operations of time scaling and time shifting
should be applied in the case of the continuous-time signal
1 2
1 2
Time-Scaling with Time Shift (DT signals)
The proper order of applying the operations of time scaling and
time shifting for the case of a discrete-time signal.
2
Time Reversal
Reflection
Even and Odd Signals
Even signal: symmetric around y-axis