Student’s work sheet:

Quick Review:

Permutation: Permutation is an orderly arrangement of objects. It is denoted by nPr

𝑛!
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑛𝑃𝑟 = , 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠, 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!
𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) … … . .3.2.1
Example1. How many three digit numbers can be formed using the digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 without repetitions?
Soln: 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 6 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑛 = 6.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 3 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 3.
𝑛!
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!
𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒,
6! 6 × 5 × 4 × 3!
6𝑃3 = =
(6 − 3)! 3!
= 6 × 5 × 4 = 120, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
𝑛!
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠.
𝑝! 𝑞! 𝑟! …
ii) 0!=1
iii) nPn=1
Example2. Find the total number of the arrangement of the letters of the word MOBILE taken all at a time.
Soln: the word mobile consists of 6 letters. i. e. n=6
Also, there is one ‘m’, one ‘o’, one ‘b’, one ‘l’, one ‘i’ and one ‘e’.
6!
Thus, required arrangement is given by = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 720.
1! 1!1!1!1!1!
And Your first Job is to find the total number of arrangement of the letters of the word MATHEMATICS taken all at a
time .Second, suppose in a Hospital 5 different departments are to be allocated to 5 nurses.In how many ways the 5
nurses can be assigned to these department?

Combination:
Combination is mere selection of objects. It is denoted by nCr and defined by
𝑛!
𝑛𝐶𝑟 = , 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠, 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑟!
𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) … .3.2.1

𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒3. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒.

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 3 𝑠𝑜 𝑛 = 3. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜
𝑟 = 2 . 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑠
3! 3 × 2!
3𝐶2 = = = 3.
(3 − 2)! 2! 2!

Approaches of Probability:

1 Classical Approach: In this approach , Probability is defined as the ratio of the total number of
favourable cases to the total number of possible outcomes. That is, the probability of happening
𝑚
of an event A is denoted by P(A) and defined by 𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑛 ,
where m is total number of favourable cases getting an event A,
and n is the total number of possible outcomes of equally likely.
 Question .1: Two Fair dice are thrown at random. Complete the following Sample Space:
faces in Second dice
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1,1) (1,2) (1,6)
2 (2,1) (2,2)
3
4
5
6 (6,1) (6,2) (6,6)

Find the Probability that the faces turn up show :

i). a sum 3
Solution: Favourable number of outcomes = getting a sum by both dice
={(3,1), (2,2), (1,3)}
Therefore, m = 3 but we are given that n = 36

𝑚 3 1
Thus, P( a sum 4) = 𝑛
= 36 = 12.

ii) a sum of 2 or 3 (iii). a sum of 8 (iv) a sum of less than 8 (v) same faces (vi) odd numbers in second
dice.(vii) a difference zero.

2. Relative Frequency Approach: In this approach, past experiences or experiment are used in order to
predict the probability that will happen in the future. It defines probability as either (a) the observed
relative frequency of an event in a very large number of trail, or (b) the proportion of times that an
event occurs in the long run when conditions are stable.
𝑚
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑃(𝐸) = 𝑛 → ∞ 𝑛
.

3. Subjective Approach: The relative frequency approach can’t deal with unique situations, which are
typical of business or management world and so that this approach addresses such situations in order to
predict the event based on personal beliefs, or educated guess of the decision maker.

Example 5 ,Example 6, Example 11, Example 12 and 13 .

Rules of Probability: