1|F L O Y D
Every known element has
a unique type of atom
An atom consists of
 one nucleus and one or more
electrons
 protons, electrons, and
neutrons
The nucleus of an atom is made
up of
protons and neutrons
The atomic number of silicon is
14
The atomic number of germanium
is
32
The valence shell in a silicon atom
has the number designation of
3 a dc voltage is applied to
Valence electrons are
in the most distant orbit from
the nucleus
A positive ion is formed when
a valence electron breaks away
from the atom
The most widely used semi
conductive material in electronic
devices is
silicon
The energy band in which free
electrons exist is the
conduction band
Electron-hole pairs are produced
by
thermal energy
Recombination is when
an electron falls into a hole
In a semiconductor crystal, the
atoms are held together by
 the interaction of valence
electrons
 forces of attraction
covalent bonds
Each atom in a silicon crystal has
eight valence electrons, four of
its own and four shared
The current in a semiconductor is
produced by
both electrons and holes
In an intrinsic semiconductor,
there are only holes
The difference between an
insulator and a semiconductor is
 a wider energy gap between
the valence band and the
conduction band
 the number of free electrons
 the atomic structure
The process of adding an impurity
to an intrinsic semiconductor is
called
doping
A trivalent impurity is added to
silicon to create
a p-type semiconductor
The purpose of a pentavalent
impurity is to
increase the number of free
electrons
The majority carriers in an n-type
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conduction electrons
Holes in an n-type semiconductor
are
minority carriers that are
thermally produced
A pn- junction is formed by
the boundary of a p-type and an
n-type material
The depletion region is created by
 ionization
 diffusion
 recombination
The depletion region consists of
thing but minority carriers
 positive and negative ions
 no majority carriers
The term bias means
control the operation of a
device
To forward-bias a diode,
 an external voltage is applied
that is positive at the anode
and negative at the cathode
 an external voltage is applied
that is positive at the p
region and negative at the n
region
When a diode is forward-biased,
the current is produced by both
holes and electrons
Although current is blocked in
reverse bias,
there is a very small current due
to minority carriers
For a silicon diode, the value of
the forward-bias voltage typically
must be greater than 0.7 V
When forward-biased, a diode
conducts current
When a voltmeter is placed across
a forward-biased diode, it will read
a voltage approximately equal to
the diode barrier potential
A silicon diode is in series with a
1.0 kilo ohms resistor and a 5 V
battery. If the anode is connected
to the positive battery terminal, the
cathode voltage with respect to
the negative battery terminal is
4.3 V
The positive lead of an ohmmeter
is connected to the anode of a
diode and the negative lead is
connected to the cathode. The
diode is
forward-biased
When a diode is forward-biased
and the bias voltage is increased.
the forward current will
increase
When a diode is forward-biased
and the bias voltage is increased,
the voltage across the diode
not change
When a diode is reverse-biased
and the bias voltage is increased,
the reverse current {assuming
the practical model) will
not change
When a diode is reverse-biased
and the bias voltage is increased,
the reverse current (assuming the
complete model) will
Increase
When a diode is forward-biased
and the bias voltage is increased,
the voltage across the diode
(assuming the complete model)
will
Increase
If the forward current in a diode is
increased, the diode voltage
(assuming the practical model) will
not change
If the forward current in a diode is
decreased, the diode voltage
(assuming the complete model)
will
Decrease
If the barrier potential of a diode is
exceeded. the forward current will
Increase
The average value of a half-wave
rectified voltage with a peak value
of 200 V is
63.7 V
When a 60 Hz sinusoidal voltage
is applied to the input of a half-
wave rectifier, the output
frequency is
60 Hz
The peak value of the input to a
half-wave rectifier is 10 V. The
approximate peak value of the
output is
9.3 V
For the circuit in Question 3, the
diode must be able to withstand a
reverse voltage of
10 V
The average value of a full-wave
rectified voltage with a peak value
of 75 V is
47.8 V
When a 60 Hz sinusoidal voltage
is applied to the input of a full-
wave rectifier. the output
frequency is
120 Hz
The total secondary voltage in a
center-tapped full-wave rectifier is
125 V rms. Neglecting the diode
drop, the rms output voltage is
62.5 V
When the peak output voltage is
100 V, the PIV for each diode in a
center-tapped full-wave rectifier is
(neglecting the diode drop)
200 V
When the rms output voltage of a
bridge full-wave rectifier is 20 V.
the peak inverse voltage across
the diodes is (neglecting the diode
drop)
28.3 V
The ideal dc output voltage of a
capacitor-input filter is equal to
the peak value of the rectified
voltage
A certain power-supply filter
produces an output with a ripple of
100 mV peak-to-peak and a dc
value of 20 V. The ripple factor is
0.005
A 60 V peak full-wave rectified
voltage is applied to a capacitor-
input filter. If f = 120 Hz,
R load = 10 kilo ohms, and C = 10
microfarad, the ripple voltage is
5.0 V
If the load resistance of a
capacitor-filtered full-wave rectifier
is reduced. the ripple voltage
increases
Line regulation is determined by
changes in output voltage and
input voltage
Load regulation is determined by
changes in load current and
output voltage
A 10 V peak-to-peak sinusoidal
voltage is applied across a silicon
diode and series resistor. The
maximum voltage across the
diode is
10 V
If the input voltage to a voltage
tripler has an rms value of 12 V,
the dc output voltage is
approximately
50.9 V
If one of the diodes in a bridge full-
wave rectifier opens, the output is
a half-wave rectified voltage
If you are checking a 60 H7 full-
wave bridge rectifier and observe
that the output has a 60 Hz ripple,
there is an open diode
The cathode of a zener diode in a
voltage regulator is normally
more positive than the anode
(b) more negative than the anode
(c) at +0.7 V
(d) grounded
If a certain zener diode has a
zener voltage of 3_6 V, it operates
in
zener breakdown
For a certain 12 V zener diode, a
10 mA change in zener current
produces a 0.1 V change in zener
voltage. The zener impedance for
this current range is
10 ohms
The data sheet for a particular
zener gives Vz = 10 V at Izt = 500
mA. Zz for these conditions is
20 ohms
A no-load condition means that
 the load has infinite
resistance
 the output terminals are open
A varactor diode exhibits
a variable capacitance that
depends on reverse voltage
An LED
emits light when forward-
biased
Compared to a visible red LED, an
infrared LED
produces light with longer
wavelengths
The internal resistance of a
photodiode
decreases with light intensity
when reverse-biased
2|F L O Y D
A diode that has a negative
resistance characteristic is the
tunnel diode
An infrared LED is optically
coupled to a photodiode. When
the LED is turned off, the reading
on an ammeter in series with the
reverse-biased photodiode will
decrease
In order for a system to function
properly, the various types of
circuits that make up the system n
must be
 properly biased
 properly connected
 properly interfaced
The three terminals of a bipolar
junction transistor are called
base, emitter, collector
In a PNP transistor, the p regions
are
emitter and collector
For operation as an amplifier, the
base of an npn transistor must be
positive with respect to the
emitter
The emitter current is always
 greater than the base current
 greater than the collector
current
The {3DC of a transistor is its
current gain
If Ic is 50 times larger than Ib then
Beta dc is
50
The approximate voltage across
the forward-biased base-emitter
junction of a silicon BIT is
0.7 V
The bias condition for a transistor
to be used as a linear amplifier is
called
forward-reverse
If the output of a transistor
amplifier is 5 V rms and the input
is 100 m V rms, the voltage gain is
50
When operated in cutoff and
saturation, the transistor acts like
a In a voltage-divider biased pnp
switch
In cutoff, Vce is
equal to Vcc
In saturation, Vce is
minimum
To saturate a BIT,
Ib > lc sat/Beta Dc
Once in saturation, a further
increase in base current will
not affect the collector current
If the base-emitter junction is
open, the collector voltage is
V cc
The maximum value of collector
current in a biased transistor is
Ic sat
Ideally, a de load line is a straight
line drawn on the collector
characteristic curves between
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Vce(cutoff) and Ic sat
If a sinusoidal voltage is applied to
the base of a biased npn transistor
and the resulting sinusoidal
collector voltage is clipped near
zero volts. the transistor is
 being driven into saturation
 operating nonlinearly
The input resistance at the base of
a biased transistor depends
mainly on
Beta dc and R e
In a voltage-divider biased
transistor circuit such as in Figure
5-13, R in(base) can generally be
neglected in calculations when
R in(base) > 10 * R2
In a certain voltage-divider biased
npn transistor, VB is 2.95 V. The
dc emitter voltage is approximately
2.25 V
Voltage-divider bias
can be essentially independent
of beta dc
The disadvantage of base bias is
that
it is too beta dependent
Emitter bias is
 essentially independent of
beta dc
 provides a stable bias point
In an emitter bias circuit, R E = 2.7
kilo ohms and V ee = 15 V. The
emitter current
is 5.3 mA
Collector-feedback bias is
based on the principle of
negative feedback
In a voltage-divider biased npn
transistor. if the upper voltage-
divider resistor (the one connected
to V cc ) opens,
the transistor goes into cutoff
In a voltage-divider biased npn
transistor. if the lower voltage-
divider resistor (the one
connected to ground) opens,
the transistor may be driven
into saturation
transistor, there is no base
current. but the base voltage is
approximately correct. The most
likely problem(s) is
 the base-emitter junction is
open
 the emitter resistor is open
A small-signal amplifier
uses only a small portion of its
load line
The parameter hfe corresponds to
Beta ac
If the dc emitter current in a
certain transistor amplifier is 3 mA,
the approximate value of r e
prime: is
8.33 ohms
A certain common-emitter
amplifier has a voltage gain of
100. If the emitter bypass
capacitor is removed,
the voltage gain will decrease
For a common-collector amplifier,
R e = 100 ohms, r e prime; = 10
ohms, and Beta ac = 150. The ac
input resistance at the base is
16.5 kilo ohms
If a 10 mV signal is applied to the
base of the emitter-follower circuit
in Question 5, the output signal is
approximately
10 mV
For a common-emitter amplifier, R
c = 1 kilo ohms, R e = 390 ohms, r
e prime; = 15 ohms, and Beta ac =
75. Assuming that Re is
completely bypassed at the
operating frequency, the voltage
gain is
66.7
In the circuit of Question 7, if the
frequency is reduced to the point
where Xc bypass = Re , the
voltage gain
is less
In a certain emitter-follower circuit,
the current gain is 50. The power
gain is approximately
 50 * Av
 50
In a Darlington pair configuration,
each transistor has an ac beta of
125. If Re is 560 ohms, the input
resistance is
8.75 Mega ohms
The input resistance of a common-
base amplifier is
very low
In a common-emitter amplifier with
voltage-divider bias, R int (base) =
68 kilo ohms, R 1 = 33 kilo ohms,
and R 2 = 15 kilo ohms. The total
input resistance is
8.95 kilo ohms
A CE amplifier is driving a 10 kilo
ohms load. If Re = 2.2 kilo ohms
and r e prime = 10 ohms, the
voltage gain is approximately
180
Each stage of a four-stage
amplifier has a voltage gain of 15.
The overall voltage gain is
50,625
The overall gain found in Question
14 can be expressed in decibels a
94. 1 dB
A differential amplifier
 is used in op-amps
 has two outputs
When a differential amplifier is
operated single-ended.
one input is grounded and a
signal is applied to the other
In the differential mode,
opposite polarity signals are
applied to the inputs
In the common mode,
an identical signal appears on
both inputs
The JFET is
 a unipolar device
 a voltage-controlled device
The channel of a JFET is between
the
drain and source
A JFET always operates with
the gate-to-source pn junction
reverse-biased
For V GS = 0 V, the drain current
becomes constant when V DS
exceeds
Vp
The constant-current area of a
FET lies between
pinch-off and breakdown
ldss is
the maximum possible drain
current
Drain current in the constant-
current area increases when
the gate-to-source bias voltage
decreases
In a certain FET circuit. V GS = 0
V, V DD = 15 Vo ldss = 15 mA and
Rd = 470 ohms. If Rd is decreased
to 330 ohms, ldss is
15 mA
At cutoff, the JFET channel is
completely closed by the
depletion region
A certain JFET data sheet gives
VGS(off) = -4 V. The pinch-off
voltage V p ,
is +4 V
The JFET in Question 10
is an n channel
For a certain JFET, I GSS = 10 nA
at V GS = 10 V. The input
resistance is
1000 Mega ohms
For a certain p-channel JFET.
VGS(off) = 8 V. The value of V GS
for an approximate midpoint bias
is
2.34 V
A MOSFET differs from a JFET
mainly because
the JFET has a pn junction
A certain D-MOSFET is biased at
V GS = 0 V. Its data sheet
specifies loss = 20 mA and VGS
(off) = -5 V. The value of the drain
current
is 20 mA
An n-channel D-MOSFET with a
positive V GS is operating in
the enhancement mode
A certain p-channel E-MOSFET
has a V GS th = -2 V. If V GS = 0
V, the drain current is
0A
A TMOSFET is a special type of
E-MOSFET
In a common-source amplifier, the
output voltage is
 180 0 out of phase with the
input
 taken at the drain
In a certain common-source (CS)
amplifier. V ds = 3.2 V rms and V
gs = 280 mV rms. The voltage
gain is
11.4
3|F L O Y D
In a certain CS amplifier, R D =
1.0 kilo ohms. Rs = 560 ohms, V
DD = 10 V. and gm = 4500
microSeimens. If the source
resistor is completely bypassed,
the voltage gain is
4.5
Ideally, the equivalent circuit of a
FET contain
a current source between drain
and source terminals
The value of the current source in
Question 4 is dependent on the
transconductance and gate-to-
source voltage
A certain common-source
amplifier has a voltage gain of 10.
If the source bypass capacitor is
removed.
the voltage gain will decrease
A CS amplifier has a load
resistance of 10 kilo ohms and R
D = 820 ohms. If gm = 5 mS and
Vin = 500 mV, the output signal
voltage is
1.89 V
If the load resistance in Question 7
is removed, the output voltage will
increase
A certain common-drain (CD)
amplifier with Rs = 1.0 kilo ohms
has a transconductance of 6000
microSeimens. The voltage gain is
0.86
The data sheet for the transistor
used in a CD amplifier specifies l
gss = 5 nA at Vas = 10 V. If the
resistor from gate to ground. Ra, is
50 Mega ohms, the total input
resistance is approximately
50 Mega ohms
The common-gate (CG) amplifier
differs from both the CS and CD
configurations in that it has a
much lower input resistance
If you are looking for both good
voltage gain and high input
resistance, you must use a
CS amplifier
For small-signal operation, an n-
channel JFET must be biased at
- Vgs(off) < Vgs < 0 V
Two FET amplifiers are cascaded.
The first stage has a voltage gain
of 5 and the second stage has a
voltage gain of 7. The overall
voltage gain is
35
If there is an internal open
between the drain and source in a
CS amplifier, the drain voltage is
equal to
V dd
An amplifier that operates in the
linear region at all times is
Class A
A certain class A power amplifier
delivers 5 W to a load with an
input signal power of 100 m W.
The power gain is
50
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The peak current a class A power
amplifier can deliver to a load
depends on the
quiescent current
For maximum output, a class A
power amplifier must maintain a
value of quiescent current that is
one-half the peak load current
A certain class A power amplifier
has V CEQ = 12 V and ICQ = 1 A.
The maximum signal power output
is
12 W
The efficiency of a power amplifier
is the ratio of the power delivered
to the load to the
power from the dc power supply
The maximum efficiency of a class
A power amplifier is
25%
The transistors in a class B
amplifier are biased
at midpoint of the load line
Crossover distortion is a problem
for
class B amplifiers
A BJT class B push-pull amplifier
with no transformer coupling uses
complementary symmetry
transistors
A current mirror in a push-pull
amplifier should give an I cq that is
equal to the current in the bias
resistors and diodes
The maximum efficiency of a class
B push-pull amplifier is
79%
The output of a certain two-supply
class B push-pull amplifier has a V
cc of 20 V If the load resistance is
50 ohms, the value of Ic(sat) is
0.4 A
The maximum efficiency of a class
AB amplifier is
slightly less than a class B
The power dissipation of a class C
amplifier is normally
very low
The efficiency of a class C
amplifier is
greater than classes A, B, or AB
The transistor in a class C
amplifier conducts for
a very small percentage of the
input cycle
The low-frequency response of an
amplifier is determined in part by
the coupling capacitors
The high-frequency response of
an amplifier is determined in part
by
the internal transistor
capacitances
The bandwidth of an amplifier is
determined by
the input capacitance
The gain of a certain amplifier
decreases by 6 dB when the
frequency is reduced from 1 kHz
to 10 Hz. The roll-off is
- 3 dB/decade
The gain of a particular amplifier at
a given frequency decreases by 6
dB when the frequency is doubled.
The roll-off is
 -20 dB/decade
 -6 dB/octave
The Miller input capacitance of an
amplifier is dependent, in part, on
the voltage gain
An amplifier has the following
critical frequencies: 1.2 kHz, 950
Hz, 8 kHz. and 8.5 kHz. The
bandwidth is
6800 Hz
Ideally, the midrange gain of an
amplifier
remains constant with
frequency
The frequency at which an
amplifier's gain is I is called the
unity-gain frequency
When the voltage gain of an
amplifier is increased, the
bandwidth
decreases
If the f t of the transistor used in a
certain amplifier is 75 MHz and the
bandwidth is 10 MHz, the voltage
gain must be
7.5
In the midrange of an amplifier's
bandwidth, the peak output
voltage is 6 V. At the lower critical
frequency, the peak output voltage
is
4.24 V
At the upper critical frequency,
the peak output voltage of a
certain amplifier is 10 V. The peak
voltage in the midrange of the
amplifier is
14.14 V
In the step response of a non-
inverting amplifier, a longer rise
time means
a narrower bandwidth
The lower critical frequency of a
direct-coupled amplifier with no
bypass capacitor is
0 Hz
A thyristor has
three pn junctions
Common types of thyristors
include
diacs and triacs
A 4-layer diode turns on when the
anode to cathode voltage exceeds
the forward-breakover voltage
Once it is conducting, a 4-layer
diode can be turned off by
 reducing the current below a
certain value
 disconnecting the anode
voltage
An SCR differs from the 4-layer
diode because
it has a gate terminal
An SCR can be turned off by
 forced commutation
 anode current interruption
In the forward-blocking region, the
SCR is
in the off state
The specified value of holding
current for an SCR means that
the device will turn off when the
anode current falls below this
value
The diac is
 a thyristor
 a bilateral. two-terminal
device
 like two parallel 4-layer
diodes in reverse directions
The triac is
like a bidirectional SCR
The SCS differs from the SCR
because
it has two gate terminals
The SCS can be turned on by
 a positive pulse on the
cathode gate
 a negative pulse on the
anode gate
The SCS can be turned off by
 a negative pulse on the
cathode gate and a positive
pulse on the anode gate
 reducing the anode current
to below the holding value
Which of the following is /lot a
characteristic of the UJT?
bilateral conduction
The PUT is
triggered on and off by the gate-
to-anode voltage
An IGBT is generally used in
high-voltage applications
In a phototransistor, base current
is
directly proportional to light
In a fiber-optic cable, the light
travels through the
core
If the angle of incidence of a light
ray is greater than the critical
angle, the light will be
reflected
The critical angle of a reflective
material is determined by the
index of refraction
An integrated circuit (IC) op-amp
has
two inputs and one output
Which of the following
characteristics does not
necessarily apply to an op-amp?
Low power
A differential amplifier
 is part of an op-amp
 has two outputs
When an op-amp is operated in
the single-ended mode,
one input is grounded and a
signal is applied to the other
In the differential mode.
opposite polarity signals are
applied to the inputs
In the common mode.
4|F L O Y D
an identical signal appears on
both inputs
Common-mode gain is
very low
If Av(d) = 3500 and Acm = 0.35,
the CMRR is
 10,000
 80 dB
With zero volts on both inputs, an
op-amp ideally should have an
output equal to
zero
Of the values listed, the most
realistic value for open-loop gain
of an op-amp is
100,000
A certain op-amp has bias
currents of 50 microA and 49.3
microA. The input offset current is
700 nA
The output of a particular op-amp
increases 8 V in 12 microseconds.
The slew rate is
0.67 V/ microseconds
The purpose of offset nulling is to
zero the output error voltage
For an op-amp with negative
feedback, the output is
fed back to the inverting input
The use of negative feedback
 reduces the voltage gain of
an op-amp
 makes linear operation
possible
Negative feedback
increases the input impedance
and the bandwidth
A certain non inverting amplifier
has an R input of 1.0 kilo ohms
and an Rf of 100 kilo ohms. The
closed-loop gain is
101
If the feedback resistor in
Question 17 is open. the voltage
gain
increases
A certain inverting amplifier has a
closed-loop gain of 25. The op-
amp has an open-loop gain of
100,000. If another op-amp with
an open-loop gain of 200,000 is
substituted in the configuration,
the closed-loop gain
remains at 25
A voltage-follower
 has a gain of 1
 is noninverting
 has no feedback resistor
The bandwidth of an ac amplifier
having a lower critical flequency of
I kHz and an upper
critical frequency of 10 kHz is
9 kHz
The bandwidth of a dc amplifier
having an upper critical frequency
of 100 kHz is
100 kHz
The midrange open-loop gain of
an op-amp
extends from 0 Hz to the upper
critical frequency
Proverbs 3:5 – “Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge Him, and He will make your paths straight.”
The frequency at which the open-
loop gain is equal to I is called
the unity-gain frequency
Phase shift through an op-amp is
caused by
the internal RC circuits
Each RC circuit in an op-amp
 causes the gain to roll off at -
6 dB/octave
 causes the gain to roll off at -
20 dB/decade
When negative feedback is used,
the gain-bandwidth product of an
op-amp
stays the same
If a certain op-amp has a
midrange open-loop gain of
200,000 and a unity-gain
frequency of 5 MHz, the gain-
bandwidth product is
5,000.000 Hz
If a certain op-amp has a closed-
loop gain of 20 and an upper
critical frequency of 10 MHz, the
gain-bandwidth product is
 200 MHz
 the unity-gain frequency
In a zero-level detector, the output
changes state when the input
crosses zero
The zero-level detector is one
application of a
comparator
Noise on the input of a comparator
can cause the output to
change back and forth
erratically between two states
The effects of noise can be
reduced by
 using positive feedback
 using hysteresis
A comparator with hysteresis
has two trigger points
In a comparator with hysteresis,
a portion of the output is fed
back to the noninverting input
Using output bounding in a
comparator
limits the output levels
A summing amplifier can have
any number of inputs
If the voltage gain for each input of
a summing amplifier with a 4.7 kilo
ohms feedback resistor is unity,
the input resistors must have a
value of
4.7 kilo ohms
An averaging amplifier has five
inputs. The ratio Rf /Ri must be
0.2
In a scaling adder, the input
resistors are
each proportional to the weight
of its input
In an integrator, the feedback
element is a
capacitor
For a step input, the output of an
integrator is
a ramp
The rate of change of an
integrator's output voltage in
response to a step input is set by
 the RC time constant
 the amplitude of the step
input
 the current through the
capacitor
In a differentiator, the feedback
element is a
resistor
The output of a differentiator is
proportional to
 the RC time constant
 the rate at which the input is
changing
When you apply a triangular
waveform to the input of a
differentiator, the output is
a square waveform
To make a basic instrumentation
amplifier, it takes
three op-amps and seven
resistors
Typically. an instrumentation
amplifier has an external resistor
used for
setting the voltage gain
Instrumentation amplifiers are
used primarily in
high-noise environments
Isolation amplifiers are used
primarily in
 applications where there are
high voltages and sensitive
equipment
 applications where human
safety is a concern
The two parts of a basic isolation
amplifier are
input stage and output stage
The stages of many isolation
amplifiers are connected by
a capacitor
The characteristic that allows an
isolation amplifier to amplify small
signal voltages in the presence of
much greater noise voltages is its
CMRR
The term OTA means
operational transconductance
amplifier
In an OTA, the transconductance
is controlled by
a bias current
The voltage gain of an OTA circuit
is set by
the transconductance and the
load resistor
An OTA is basically a
voltage-to-current amplifier
The operation of a logarithmic
amplifier is based on
the logarithmic characteristic of
a pn junction
If the input to a log amplifier is x,
the output is proportional to
 In x
 2.3 log x
If the input to an antilog amplifier
is x, the output is proportional to
e^x
The term pole in filter terminology
refers to
a single RC circuit
A single resistor and a single
capacitor can he connected to
form a filter with a roll-off rate of
 -20 dB/decade
 -6 dB/octave
A band-pass response has
two critical frequencies
The lowest frequency passed by a
low-pass filter is
0 Hz
The quality factor (Q) of a band-
pass filter depends on
the center frequency and the
bandwidth
The damping factor of an active
filter determines
the response characteristic
A maximally flat frequency
response is known as
Butterworth
The damping factor of a filter is set
by
the negative feedback circuit
The number of poles in a filter
affect the
roll-off rate
Sallen- Key filters are
second-order filters
When filters are cascaded, the
roll-off rate
increases
When a low-pass and a high-pass
filter are cascaded to get a band-
pass filter, the critical frequency of
the low-pass filter must be
greater than the critical
frequency of the high-pass filter
A state-variable filter consists of
a summing amplifier and two
integrators
When the gain of a filter is
minimum at its center frequency. it
is
 a band-stop filter
 a notch filter
If the critical frequency of a low-
pass filter is increased, the
bandwidth will
increase
If the critical frequency of a high-
pass filter is increased, the
bandwidth will
decrease
If the Q of a band-pass filter is
increased, the bandwidth will
decrease
An oscillator differs from an
amplifier because
it requires no input signal
Wien-bridge oscillators are based
on
positive feedback
One condition for oscillation is
5|F L O Y D

a phase shift around the
feedback loop of 0 degree
A second condition for oscillation
is
a gain of 1 around the feedback
loop
In a certain oscillator, Av = 50. The
attenuation of the feedback circuit
must be
0.02
For an oscillator to properly start,
the gain around the feedback loop
must initially be
greater than 1
In a Wien-bridge oscillator, if the
resistances in the positive
feedback circuit are decreased,
the frequency
increases
The Wien-bridge oscillator's
positive feedback circuit is
a lead-Iag circuit
A phase-shift oscillator has
three RC circuits
Colpitts, Clapp, and Hartley are
names that refer to
types of LC oscillators
An oscillator whose frequency is
changed by a variable dc voltage
is known as
a VCO
When the two inputs of a multiplier
are connected together, the device
operates as a
squaring circuit
Amplitude modulation is basically
a used to implement designs in
multiplication of two signals
The frequency spectrum of a
balanced modulator contains
 a sum frequency
 a difference frequency
The IF in a receiver is the
difference of the local oscillator
frequency and the carrier RF
frequency
When a receiver is tuned from one
RF frequency to another.
the IF stays the same
The output of the AM detector
goes directly to the
audio amplifier
If the control voltage to a VCO
increases, the output frequency
increases
A PLL maintains lock by
comparing
the phase of two signals
In the case of line regulation.
when the input voltage
changes, the output voltage
stays constant
memory into which reconfiguration
data are stored is the
shadow RAM
A circuit technology commonly
FPAAs is
switched-capacitor circuits
A typical setup for programming
an FPAA must include
a computer, an FPAA chip on a
development board,
development software, and a
standard
interface to connect the
computer and development
board
The dynamic reconfiguration of an
FPAA is the same as
on-the-fly reprogramming
A CAM is
a configurable analog module
For best results, you should
implement the software design of
an analog circuit in an FPAA by
 selecting appropriate CABs
 interconnecting them to each
other and to inputs and
outputs, running a
simulation.
 downloading to the FPAA if
the simulation is successful,
and testing the FPAA

The main feature of a crystal In the case of load regulation,

oscillator is when the load changes, the
stability output voltage stays constant

The operation of a relaxation All of the following are parts of a

oscillator is based on basic voltage regulator except
the charging and discharging of voltage-follower
a capacitor
The basic difference between a
Which one of the following is /101 series regulator and a shunt
an input or output of the 555 regulator is
timer? the position of the control
Clock element

In amplitude modulation. the In a basic series regulator V OUT

pattern produced by the peaks of is determined by
the carrier signal is called the  the sample circuit
envelope  the reference voltage

Which of the following is not a part The main purpose of current

of an AM superheterodyne limiting in a regulator is
receiver? protection of the regulator from
DC restorer excessive current

In an AM receiver, the local In a linear regulator, the control

oscillator always produces a
frequency that is above the
incoming RF by
455 kHz
An FM receiver has an
intermediate frequency that is
greater than the IF in an AM
receiver
The detector or discriminator in an
AM or an FM receiver
recovers the audio signal
In order to handle all combinations
of input voltage polarities, a
multiplier must have
four-quadrant capability
The internal attenuation of a
multiplier is called the
scale factor
Proverbs 3:5 – “Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge Him, and He will make your paths straight.”
transistor is conducting
all of the time
In a switching regulator, the
control transistor is conducting
part of the time
The LM317 is an example of an IC
 switching regulator
 linear regulator
An external pass transistor is used
for
increasing the current that the
regulator can handle
The acronym FPAA stands for
fast-programmable analog array
FPAAs contain CABs, which are
configuration analog blocks
During reprogramming of an FPAA
running in a system, the first