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Effects of the type of recovery training on the

concentric strength of the knee extensors
I. G. Amiridis , G. Cometti , B. Morlon , L. Martin & A. Martin
Published online: 18 Nov 2010.

To cite this article: I. G. Amiridis , G. Cometti , B. Morlon , L. Martin & A. Martin (1997) Effects of the type of
recovery training on the concentric strength of the knee extensors, Journal of Sports Sciences, 15:2, 175-180,
DOI: 10.1080/026404197367443

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 Jour nal of Sports Sciences, 1997, 15, 175 -180

Effects of the type of recovery training on the

concentric strength of the knee extensors
I.G. A M IR ID IS,* G . C O M E T T I, B. M O R L O N , L . M A RT IN and A . M A RT IN
G roupe Analyse du M ouvem ent, UFR-STAPS, U niversitÂe de B ourgogn e, B P 138, 21004 Dijon C edex, France

Accepted 3 July 1996

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of speci® c concentric and eccentric training on concentric
muscular strength following an initial standardized period of excessive training that com bined concentric and
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eccentric actions. For a period of 12 weeks, 37 young elite female basketball players perform ed standardized
training, which included concentric and eccentric actions at 70% and 110% of one-repetition m aximum
(1-RM), respectively. They were then divided into three groups that followed 12 week program mes which
included concentric (C-E/C, n = 13), eccentric (C-E/E, n = 13) or a com bination of both concentric and
eccentric (C-E/C-E, n = 11) exercises. The standardized and speci® c training programmes consisted of 16 and
8 sets of eight repetitions respectively, performed four times a week. Eleven players who did not participate in
either the standardized or speci® c training programm es served as controls (n = 11). Following the initial 12
weeks of standardized training, the concentric strength of the knee extensors was evaluated isokinetically and
using leg-press and squat-jum p tests. Signi® cant (P < 0.05) reductions in isokinetic torque, and leg-press and
squat-jump performance, were seen. The C-E/C group showed signi® cant (P < 0.05) increases in isokinetic
torque, and leg-press and squat-jump performance, after 24 weeks of training when compared with pre-
training values. Conversely, no signi® cant differences were noted for the C -E/E and C-E/C-E groups. These
® ndings con® rm the m ode speci® city principle, as only the concentric speci® c training program me improved
the concentric strength of the knee extensors.

K eywords : Concentric and eccentric training, isokinetics, knee extensors, torque/angular velocity.

Introduction for long-term strength training program m es. Regener-

T he m agnitude of strength gains and the nature of neu-
rom uscular adaptations (neural activation, hypertro-
phy) are believed to vary with the intensity, duration
and type of strength training stim ulus (H aÈ kkinen et al.,
1988). Increases in strength show a tendency to pla-
teau, and a dependency upon pre-training status or
training m ethod when program m es last for extended
periods. Previous studies have shown that a com bina-
tion of types of m uscular action provides better results
than concentric or eccentric actions alone (Pletnev,
1976; H aÈ kkinen and Kom i, 1981). Indeed, training
which com bines both types of m uscular action has
been proposed for program m es lasting several
m onths.
The `overload’ principle is generally recom m ended
* Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed.
0264 -0414/97 ©1997 E. & F.N. Spon
ative recovery and adaptation follow excessive increases
in training, with the latter being show n as a reduction
in perform ance (Jakem an et al., 1994). Reductions in
training and in training modalities are likely to have
different effects on muscular perform ance during the
recovery period. Som e authors have reported that
recovery is longer after an eccentric than a concentric
training session (Lyleire and Pertuzon, 1988; Golden
and D udley, 1992). Therefore, eccentric training is not
recom mended during the recovery period. Yet, there is
a lack of information regarding recovery training m od-
alities follow ing long periods of intensive training.
T he aim of this study was to examine the effects of
concentric, eccentric and a combination of both types
of exercise on the concentric strength of the knee
extensors following an intensive training program me
that com bined concentric and eccentric m uscular
actions.
 176
M ethods
General procedure
T he study lasted 28 weeks. T he ® rst week of the study
was reser ved for familiarizing the subjects with the test
equipm ent (isokinetic dynam om eter, leg-press
m achine, Abalakow vertical jum p device). D ata collec-
tion was performed in weeks 2, 15 and 28. Two blocks
of 12 weeks (weeks 3 -14 and 16 -27) were devoted to
training. T he subjects and their parents were inform ed
of the risks associated with the study before giving their
voluntary written consent to participate.
Subjects
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Forty-eight adolescent fem ales with a mean (± S . D .)
age of 16.4 ± 0.6 years, height of 181.4 ± 7.1 cm and
body m ass of 74.7 ± 9.9 kg participated in the study.
T hey were random ly assigned to one of four groups:
concentric-eccentric/concentric (C-E/C, n = 13), con-
centric-eccentric/eccentric (C-E/E, n = 13), concen-
tric-eccentric/concentric-eccentric (C -E/C -E, n = 11)
and control (n = 11). D uring the ® rst 12 weeks of
training, the subjects in the experim ental groups
undertook the sam e standardized training program m e.
D uring the second 12 weeks of training, they under-
took exercise-speci® c program m es which included con-
centric actions (C -E/C ), eccentric actions (C -E/E) or a
com bination of concentric and eccentric actions (C -E/
C -E). All subjects had been pre-selected for the French
Junior N ational Basketball Team .
Training protocol
In addition to their norm al basketball training (four
sessions per week), the subjects in the C -E/C , C-E/E
and C -E/C -E groups com pleted 96 training sessions
over a 24 week period. The control subjects partici-
pated in the norm al basketball training sessions only.
For the weight training protocol, a leg-press m achine
(M ulti-form Tannac, 13350 Charleval, France) was
used. D uring the ® rst period of standardized training,
the subjects perform ed eight sets of eight concentric
m ovem ents at 70.4 ± 4.5% (m ean ± S . D .) of each sub-
ject’s one-repetition m axim um (1-R M ), and eight sets
of eight eccentric m ovem ents at 110 ± 6% of 1-R M .
T he subjects’ 1-RM was determ ined during the ® rst
week of the study using increm ents that they chose
them selves (the initial load was at least 70 kg). A rest
period of 3 -5 m in was allowed between leg presses. The
70% 1-R M was chosen for the concentric m ovem ents
based on the recom m endations of Schm idbleicher and
Buerle (1987). T he 110% 1-R M was chosen for the
eccentric movem ents based on a review of the literature
Amiridis et al.
of other eccentric training program m es (H aÈ kkinen and
Kom i, 1983a, b; Schm idbleicher and Buerle, 1987;
Pousson et al., 1990). The same number of repetitions
was perform ed for the concentric and eccentric move-
m ents. At the beginning of the training session, the
subjects were able to perform all eight repetitions at
70% and 110% 1-R M . W hen they becam e fatigued,
they were som etim es unable to com plete all eight repe-
titions in a set. If a m inim um of ® ve repetitions was not
com pleted, the load was reduced by 5 -10% and the set
continued to eight repetitions. For the eccentric m ove-
m ents, the investigators and assistant coaches helped
the subjects to reach their starting position. A rest
period of 3 -5 min was allowed between the sets of eight
repetitions.
D uring the second period of speci® c training, the
C-E/C group com pleted eight sets of eight concentric
m ovem ents, the C-E/E group eight sets of eight eccen-
tric m ovem ents, and the C-E/C-E group four sets of
eight concentric and four sets of eight eccentric move-
m ents at the sam e percentages of 1-R M .
Experimental test conditions
Isokinetic test. D uring week 1, the subjects were fam il-
iarized (three sessions of 20 min) with the Biodex iso-
kinetic dynam ometer (Biodex Corporation, Shirley,
N Y, USA) validated by Taylor et al. (1991). T hey were
positioned and secured in the apparatus according to
the B iodex M ulti-Joint System User M anual. Following a
standardized warm -up, the subjects performed three
m axim al voluntar y knee extensions at four angular
velocities (1.05, 2.09, 3.14 and 4.19 rad s -1 ) presented
in a randomly selected order and three isometric con-
tractions at 1.13 rad w ith their kicking leg. A rest
period of 3 -5 m in was allowed between trials. C onstant
angular torque values at 1.13 rad were obtained directly
from the Biodex apparatus. All tests, both pre- and
post-training, were perform ed at the sam e tim e of
day.
Leg-press test. The leg-press test was perform ed w ith
the subject supine (trunk about 0.35 rad above the hor-
izontal) and the weights sliding along a 0.87 rad
incline. T he initial position of the subject (about 1.57
rad ¯ exion at the knees and the hips, 0.17 rad ankle
dorsi¯ exion) was m arked on the leg-press apparatus for
each subject’s reference. Performances were recorded if
the subject realized a complete concentric m ovem ent of
the quadriceps (from 1.57 to 3.14 rad at the knees).
The 1-R M load was determ ined within 2 -5 lifts using
increm ents selected by the subject. The leg-press test
was preceded by three subm axim al warm-up trials and
followed by 3 m in rest periods.
 Recover y training and concentric strength of the knee extensors 177

Squat-jump test. T he Abalakow vertical jum p device

(G rosser and Starischka, 1981) was used to com plete
the squat-jum p test as previously described by Asm us-
sen and Bonde-Petersen (1974). T he jum p was per-
form ed from an initial two-foot standing position
without a step into the jum p, w ith a knee angle of 90¡
and the hands resting on the hips. The value recorded
was considered to represent jum ping ability (difference
between the position achieved by the jum p and the
standing position). Three test jumps were com pleted
over a period of about 3 m in and the greatest height
was recorded.

Statistical analysis
T he distribution of the results was assessed using
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M ann-W hitney and W ilcoxon non-param etric statisti-

cal U-tests. For each group, the effect of training on the
isokinetic, leg-press and squat-jum p tests was obtained
by com paring the pre-training values with those
obtained after 12 and 24 weeks of training, using the
W ilcoxon non-parametric U-test. T he M ann-W hitney
non-p aram etric test was used to com pare the results of
the two groups. A large num ber of statistical tests were
performed in this study. However, the 5% level of sig-
ni® cance was not com prom ised, because although the
probability of obtaining random signi® cant effects
increases w ith the num ber of tests perform ed, the prob-
ability of obtaining meaningful patterns of predicted
effects does not.

Results

Before training, no signi® cant differences in isokinetic

leg-press or squat-jum p perform ance were observed
between the four groups of subjects. For each group,
the isokinetic torques developed before and after 12
weeks of standardized training were com pared. T he
results showed, at all angular velocities, a signi® cant
reduction in isokinetic torque, ranging from
7.2 ± 3.2% at 2.09 rad s -1 (P = 0.033) to 19.6 ± 2.9%
at 4.18 rad s -1 (P = 0.0019) for the C-E/C group,
from 8.4 ± 2.0% at 2.09 rad s -1 (P = 0.0058) to
13.7 ± 1.2% at 0 rad s -1 (P = 0.0033) for the C -E/
C -E group, and from 8.2 ± 1.6% at 2.09 rad s -1
(P = 0.003) to 11.7 ± 2.0% at 4.18 rad s -1
(P = 0.0015) for the C -E/E group. Similar reductions Figu re 1 Variations in the isokinetic torque of the knee
were noted for leg-press and squat-jum p perform ance, extensors for the four groups of subjects after standardized
ranging from 13.0 ± 2.5% ( P = 0.0027) for the C-E/E training of 12 weeks (dark bars) and after standardized plus
group to 17.6 ± 2.8% ( P = 0.0033) for the C-E/C speci® c training of 24 weeks (light bars). The values (m ean
group in the leg press, and from 9.1 ± 2.9% ± S . D .) are expressed as percentages of pre-training values.
*Signi® cantly different from pre-training values (P < 0.05);
(P = 0.0128) for the C-E/C group to 14.2 ± 1.2%
**signi® cantly different from values recorded at 12 weeks
(P = 0.0033) for the C -E/C -E group in the squat
(P < 0.05).
jum p.
 178 Amiridis et al.

Table 1 Leg-press and squat-jump perform ance before training, following standardized (ST)
training, and following standardized plus speci® c (ST + SP) training (mean ± S . D .)

Group

C-E/C C-E/E C-E/C-E Control

( n = 13) ( n = 13) (n = 11) (n = 11)

L eg-press (kg)
Before 142.7 ± 7.7 134.2 ± 5.1 137.3 ± 6.6 140.5 ± 6.0
After ST training 117.7 ± 7.1 a 116.2 ± 4.2 a
115.0 ± 7.2 a
144.1 ± 7.1
After ST + SP training 198.9 ± 12.6 a ,b,c 127.3 ± 3.7 b
143.0 ± 7.9 b,c
144.6 ± 6.5

Vertical jum p (cm )

Before 39.1 ± 1.9 37.8 ± 1.3 37.1 ± 1.1 38.1 ± 1.4
a a a
After ST training 35.2 ± 1.2 32.4 ± 1.3 32.1 ± 1.1 39.2 ± 1.1
a ,b,c b b
After ST + SP training 45.1 ± 1.8 38.9 ± 1.5 36.2 ± 1.0 39.6 ± 1.4
a
Signi® cantly different from values before training (P < 0.05).
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b
Signi® cantly different from values after standardized training (P < 0.05).
c
Signi® cantly different form C-E/E group (P < 0.05).

After 24 weeks of standardized and speci® c training,
the isokinetic torques of the C -E/C group increased at
all angular velocities compared with pre-training
values; the increases were 10.9 ± 6.6% ( P = 0.0033),
27.3 ± 7.9% ( P = 0.0131), 43.4 ± 12.7% ( P =
0.0024), 40.9 ± 11.3% ( P = 0.0024) and 35.1 ±
10.9% (P = 0.0131) at 0, 1.04, 2.09, 3.14 and 4.18
rad s -1 , respectively. T he leg-press and squat jum p per-
form ances of this group were also im proved after stan-
dardized and speci® c training, with im provem ents of
40.4 ± 6.9% ( P = 0.0051) and 16.0 ± 2.5%
(P = 0.0051) for the leg press and squat jum p, respec-
tively. In contrast, there were no signi® cant im prove-
m ents in isokinetic torque, or leg-press or squat-jum p
performance, for the C-E/E and C -E/C -E groups after
standardized and speci® c training (see Fig. 1 and Table
1). However, the isokinetic torque of the C-E/C-E
group increased signi® cantly w hen compared to the
values recorded after the standardized training only,
ranging from 8.3 ± 3.1% at 1.04 rad s -1 (P = 0.041)
to 19.5 ± 2.8% at 4.18 rad s -1 (P = 0.004) (see Fig.
1). T he leg-press and squat-jump perform ances of this
group also im proved signi® cantly w hen com pared to
the values recorded after the standardized training only,
by 143 ± 7.9 kg ( P = 0.003) and 36.2 ± 1.0 cm
(P = 0.002), respectively. Signi® cant increases in con-
centric isokinetic torque, ranging from 13.3 ± 2.4% at
1.04 rad s -1 (P = 0.002) to 19.2 ± 2.3% at 4.18 rad
s -1 (P = 0.002), were noted for the C-E /E group. Leg-
press and squat-jum p perform ance also im proved sig-
ni® cantly for this group after standardized and speci® c
training, com pared with perform ance after standar-
dized training only, by 127 ± 3.0 kg and
38.9 ± 1.5 cm, respectively ( P = 0.006 for both tests).
Finally, the leg-press perform ances of the C-E/C-E
group were signi® cantly better (P = 0.046, M ann-
W hitney non-param etric test) than those of the C-E/E
group after standardized and speci® c training (see
Table 1).
D iscussion
To investigate the effects of training m odalities during
recovery, athletes were subjected to an initial 12 weeks
of overtraining. T he concentric strength of the knee
extensors at week 14 indicated that the initial 12 weeks
of eccentric and concentric training resulted in a reduc-
tion in perform ance. T his reduction con® rmed that the
athletes had been exposed to a program m e of over-
training. W hile the standardized program m e (64 con-
centric and 64 eccentric m ovem ents in each weight
training session, four sessions per week) m ay not have
been excessive in itself, it is likely that its com bination
with regular basketball training m ade the overall train-
ing program m e excessive. T his was supported by the
results of the control group, who showed no changes in
perform ance after the ® rst 12 weeks. T he use of eccen-
tric exercise in the standardized combined training m ay
also have been responsible for the signi® cant reduction
in strength. It is well docum ented that series of repeti-
tions that include m axim al eccentric contractions
expose the knee extensors to considerable stress per
unit cross-sectional area. Thereby, they m ay have com -
prom ised force output through m uscle soreness and
structural dam age (Sargeant and D olan, 1987; K roon
and N aeije, 1988). C om plete recovery and restoration
of m uscle function m ay take as long as a week following
a single eccentric training session. M uscles have been
show n to adapt gradually (Ebbeling and Clarkson,
1990; G olden and D udley, 1992).
 Recover y training and concentric strength of the knee extensors
The objective of the second period of 12 weeks train-
ing was to exam ine the effect of different training m od-
alities during the recover y period following excessive
training. It should be noted that the performances of
the control group rem ained unchanged during that
period. T he results indicate that a 50% reduction in
training leads to som e recover y of the strength of the
knee extensors independent of the type of muscular
exercises perform ed, concentric or eccentric. H owever,
the m agnitude of the recover y for each test param eter
depended upon exercise type. T he exclusive use of
eccentric exercises during the second 12 week period
led to im provem ents in perform ance in all tests. How-
ever, at the end of the recovery program m e, the iso-
m etric torque and leg-press perform ances of the C-E/E
group were inferior to those of the subjects w ho per-
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form ed a combination of concentric and eccentric
actions or concentric actions alone. The use of com -
bined training during the recover y speci® c training pro-
gram m e had sim ilar effects, the perform ance of athletes
in that group being identical to their perform ance
before training. C onversely, the effect of concentric
training was bene® cial to all knee extensor perform an-
ces. After standardized and speci® c training, the knee
extensor strength of the C -E/C group was signi® cantly
better than that before training and signi® cantly better
than that of the other groups after 24 weeks. T his m ay
be exp lained by human m uscles adapting their contrac-
tile properties to the type of action that is perform ed
during training (Friden et al., 1983; D uncan et al.,
1989; Hortobagyi et al., 1994). Indeed, it has been
shown that concentric training induces an increase in
concentric m uscular performance with little effect on
eccentric m uscular performance (Tom berlin et al.,
1991). This phenom enon has been term ed the `mode
speci® city principle’ (Sale and M acD ougall, 1981).
O ur results are in ag reement with previous observa-
tions (Friden et al., 1983; Bishop et al, 1991; Tom berlin
et al., 1991), and con® rm that eccentric training m ay
not lead to imm ediate improvements in strength,
because of the induced m uscle soreness that prohibits
the developm ent of tension (Ellenbecker et al., 1988).
It is also possible that the reduction in the strength of
the knee extensors, and its recovery after 24 weeks,
re¯ ected muscular dam age and repair. Investigators
have con® rm ed that, after eccentric contractions, the
tim e-course of m uscle regeneration is very long
(M cC ully and Faulkner, 1985).
In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that,
in adolescent fem ales, after an excessive training pro-
gram m e of concentric and eccentric exercises that led
to a decrease in the strength of the knee extensors, sub-
sequent avoidance of eccentric m uscle actions
im proved concentric strength. T he m ode speci® city
principle was supported. Thus we suggest the incor-
179
poration of concentric actions into long-term pro-
gram mes that follow periods of heavy combined
training. However, coaches have to consider training
loads, types of action, frequency and am ount of train-
ing when constructing a long-term optimal training
prog ram m e.
Acknowledgem ents
We would like to thank the French Basketball Federa-
tion, coaches J. Vernerey and F. Prud’ hom me for their
vital assistance during the experim ents, and all the
players who participated in the study. We sincerely
thank M . Lafortune (University of G elph, Canada) and
V. Baltzopoulos (The M anchester Metropolitan U ni-
versity, U K) for advice and criticism s. I.G. Am iridis is
supported by a scholarship from the Greek M inistry of
Sport.
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