Equilibrium Flash Vaporization

The Fortran (90) code is given in Program 12.2 providing the isothermal flash
calculations of a mixture having nonidealities in both vapour and liquid phases.
El código Fortran (90) se proporciona en el Programa 12.2 que proporciona los cálculos
de flash isotérmicos de una mezcla de no ideales en ambas fases vapor y líquida.
The feed is introduced in a simulated debutanizer column just after splitting the
feed into vapour and liquid streams.
La alimentación se introduce en simultaneo a la columna de debutanizacion justo
después de dividir la alimentación en corrientes de vapor y líquido.
In the present study, the Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK) equation of state has been
used to predict the nonidealities.
En el presente estudio, la ecuación de estado de Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) se ha
utilizado para predecir las no idealidades.
It means the SRK model determines also the vapour–liquid equilibrium coefficient
at nonideal condition.
Here, the vapour pressure has been calculated using Equation (13.115).
Significa que el modelo SRK también determina el coeficiente de equilibrio vapor-líquido
en condiciones no ideales.
Aquí, la presión de vapor se ha calculado usando la ecuación (13.115).
PROGRAM 12.2 Computer Program (subroutine) for Isothermal Flash Calculations
(nonideal mixture)
PROGRAMA 12.2 Programa de computadora (subrutina) para cálculos de flash
isotérmicos (no ideal mezcla)
F), Pc (Psi), F
! (lbmol/h)
! Outputs: VF (lbmol/h), LF (lbmol/h), YF (mole fraction), XF (mole
! fraction)w
! delta = VF/F
! F = Feed flow rate
! Kay = Vapour-liquid equilibrium coefficient
! LF = Flow rate of exit liquid (from the flash drum)
! NC = Number of components in the feed
! P = Flash pressure
! Pc = Critical pressure
! Pckp = Critical pressure in kPa
! Press4 = Vapour pressure in kPa
! Pvp = Vapour pressure in Psi
! R = Universal gas constant (= 1.987 Btu/(lbmol)(degree R))
! TcF = Critical temperature
! TcK = Critical temperature in degree K
! TcR = Critical temperature in degree R
! TF = Flash temperature
! Tk = Flash temperature in degree K
! TR = Reduced temperature (degree R/degree R)
! TRK = Reduced temperature (degree K/degree K)
! TTR = Flash temperature in degree R
! VF = Flow rate of exit vapour (from the flash drum)
! W = Acentric factor
! X = Feed composition
! XF = Composition of exit liquid
! YF = Composition of exit vapour
SUBROUTINE NONIDEAL_FEED_FLASH(TF,P,X,F,W,TcF,Pc,VF,LF,XF,YF)
IMPLICIT NONE
INTEGER::i,Loop,j
INTEGER,PARAMETER::NC=8
REAL*8,INTENT(in)::TF,P,F
REAL*8,INTENT(out)::VF,LF
REAL*8,DIMENSION(NC),INTENT(in)::X,W,TcF,Pc
REAL*8,DIMENSION(NC),INTENT(out)::XF,YF
REAL*8::Tk,TTR,VAR,LAR,ZL1,CaL,CbL,ZL2,ZL3,Z_Liq,delta
REAL*8::ZV1,ZV2,ZV3,CaV,CbV,Z_Vap,AAL,AAV,BL,BV,SUMY,SUMX
REAL*8::VAR3,VAR4,LAR3,LAR4,Sumdelta,Func,Derivative
REAL*8,DIMENSION(NC)::Press1,Press2,Press3,Press4,Pvp,Kay,YFalt
REAL*8,DIMENSION(NC)::TR,TRK,TcR,TcK,Pckp,Ym,af,A,B
REAL*8,DIMENSION(NC)::ac,bc,AbarV,AbarL,Derivative1,Derivative2
REAL*8,DIMENSION(NC)::VAR1,VAR2,VVAR,LAR1,LAR2,LLAR
REAL*8,PARAMETER::R=1.987 D0,GA=0.42747 D0,GB=0.08664 D0
!—Unit (temperature) conversion from degree F to degree R and K—!
DO i=1,NC
TcR(i)=TcF(i)+460.0
TcK(i)=((5.0/9.0)*(TcF(i)-32.0))+273.0
END DO
!—Unit (pressure) conversion from Psi to kPa—!
DO i=1,NC
Pckp(i)=Pc(i)*6.89479.................! 1 Psi = 6.89479 kPa
END DO
Tk=((5.0/9.0)*(TF-32.0))+273.0
TTR=TF+460.0
DO i=1,NC
TRK(i)=TK/TcK(i)
END DO
DO i=1,NC
Press1(i)=5.92714-(6.09648/TRK(i))-(1.28862*DLOG(TRK(i)))+
& (0.169347*(TRK(i)**6))
Press2(i)=15.2518-(15.6875/TRK(i))-(13.4721*DLOG(TRK(i)))+
& (0.43577*(TRK(i)**6))
Press3(i)=Press1(i)+(W(i)*Press2(i))
Press4(i)=Pckp(i)*EXP(Press3(i))
Pvp(i)=0.145037*Press4(i)...................! 1 kPa = 0.145037 Psi
Kay(i)=Pvp(i)/P
END DO
DO i=1,NC
Ym(i)=0.480+(1.574*W(i))-(0.176*W(i)*W(i))
END DO
Loop=0
delta=1.0 D0
111 Loop=Loop+1
IF(Loop .GT. 1000) GO TO 133
VF=F*delta
LF=F-VF
DO i=1,NC
XF(i)=X(i)/(1-(delta*(1-Kay(i))))
YFalt(i)=Kay(i)*XF(i)
END DO
SumY=0.0 D0
SumX=0.0 D0
DO i=1,NC
SumY=SumY+YFalt(i)
SumX=SumX+XF(i)
END DO
IF((ABS(SUMY-1) .LT. 1.0D-4) .AND. (ABS(SUMX-1) .LT. 1.0D-4))THEN
DO i=1,NC
YF(i)=YFalt(i)
END DO
RETURN
DO i=1,NC
YF(i)=YFalt(i)/SUMY
END DO
DO i=1,NC
TR(i)=TTR/TcR(i)
af(i)=1+(Ym(i)*(1-(TR(i)**0.5)))
ac(i)=GA*R*R*TcR(i)*TcR(i)/Pc(i)
bc(i)=GB*R*TcR(i)/Pc(i)
A(i)=((ac(i)**0.5)*af(i))/(R*TTR)
B(i)=bc(i)/(R*TTR)
END DO
VAR=0.0 D0
LAR=0.0 D0
DO j=1,NC
VAR=VAR+(YF(j)*A(j))
LAR=LAR+(XF(j)*A(j))
END DO
DO i=1,NC
AbarV(i)=A(i)*VAR
AbarL(i)=A(i)*LAR
END DO
CALL First_Root_Z_Liq(TTR,P,XF(1:NC),W(1:NC),TcF(1:NC),
& Pc(1:NC),ZL1,CaL,CbL)
CALL Optimum_Z_liq(ZL1,CaL,CbL,ZL2,ZL3,Z_Liq)
CALL First_Root_Z_Vap(TTR,P,YF(1:NC),W(1:NC),TcF(1:NC),
& Pc(1:NC),ZV1,CaV,CbV)
CALL Optimum_Z_Vap(ZV1,CaV,CbV,ZV2,ZV3,Z_vap)
AAL=CaL/P
AAV=CaV/P
BL=CbL/P
BV=CbV/P
!—For vapour—!
DO i=1,NC
VAR1(i)=(B(i)/Bv)*(Z_vap-1)
VAR2(i)=(AAv/Bv)*((2*Abarv(i)/AAv)-(B(i)/Bv))
VAR3=DLOG(1+(Cbv/Z_vap))
VAR4=DLOG(Z_Vap-Cbv)
VVAR(i)=EXP(VAR1(i)-(VAR2(i)*VAR3)-VAR4)
END DO
!—For liquid—!
DO i=1,NC
LAR1(i)=(B(i)/BL)*(Z_liq-1)
LAR2(i)=(AAL/BL)*((2*AbarL(i)/AAL)-(B(i)/BL))
LAR3=DLOG(1+(CbL/Z_liq))
LAR4=DLOG(Z_Liq-CbL)
LLAR(i)=EXP(LAR1(i)-(LAR2(i)*LAR3)-LAR4)
END DO
!—Equilibrium coefficient (Kay) at nonideal condition—!
DO i=1,NC
Kay(i)=LLAR(i)/VVAR(i)
END DO
!—Iteration using the Newton–Raphson method—!
Sumdelta=0.0 D0
DO i=1,NC
Sumdelta=Sumdelta+(X(i)/(1-(delta*(1-Kay(i)))))
END DO
Func=Sumdelta-1.0
Derivative=0.0 D0
DO i=1,NC
Derivative1(i)=X(i)*(1-Kay(i))
Derivative2(i)=((1-(delta*(1-Kay(i))))**2)
Derivative=Derivative+(Derivative1(i)/Derivative2(i))
END DO
delta=delta-Func/Derivative
END IF
GO TO 111
133 STOP
END SUBROUTINE NONIDEAL_FEED_FLASH

12.3 ADIABATIC FLASH (FLASH ADIABATICO)

The feed mixture to the flash drum may not contain the correct amount of heat
needed for vaporization.
In such situations, the energy is to be added or withdrawn at the drum as required
for the flash operation. In practice, the heat content of the feed mixture is required
to adjust precisely before the feed reaches the flash chamber so that the partial
vaporization occurs adiabatically. That means the heat (Q) added at the flash drum
is equal to zero. This flash process is usually termed as adiabatic flash. It can be
described (Holland, 1981) by an enthalpy balance equation in addition to
Equations (12.1) and (12.2) that represent the isothermal flash process.

The enthalpy balance gives:

La mezcla de alimentación al tambor de flash puede no contener la cantidad correcta de
calor necesaria para la vaporización. En tales situaciones, la energía se debe agregar o
retirar en el tambor según sea necesario para la operación del flash. En la práctica, se
requiere el contenido de calor de la mezcla de alimentación para ajustar con precisión
antes de que la alimentación llegue a la cámara de evaporación, de modo que la
vaporización parcial se produce adiabáticamente. Eso significa que el calor (Q)
agregado en el tambor de flash es igual a cero. Este proceso de flash generalmente se
denomina flash adiabático. Puede describirse (Holland, 1981) mediante una ecuación
de balance de entalpía además de las ecuaciones (12.1) y (12.2) que representan el
proceso de destello isotérmico.
El balance de entalpia nos da:

where H is the feed enthalpy, and HF and hF are the enthalpies of the exit vapour
and liquid streams, respectively. When the produced vapour and liquid streams
form ideal solutions, the enthalpies maybe computed as follows:

Donde h es la alimentación de laentalpia, y hf y hf son las entalkpias de salida de vapor

y muestra liquida respectivamente. Cuando las muestras de producto liquido vapor
forman soluciones ideales, las entalpias quizá se calculen de la siguiente forma:

For a nonideal case, we may use Equations (13.32) and (13.34) for the calculations
of vapour and liquid enthalpies respectively.
It is worthy to point out that the equations required to represent the adiabatic flash
are of precisely the same form as those required to represent the separation
process that occurs on the plate of a distillation column in the process of
separating a multicomponent mixture.
In the present section, two sets of problems have been taken to illustrate the
adiabatic flash process. The first set follows the problem statement for ideal
mixtures defined in Subsection 12.2.1.
In the second set, instead of known flash temperature, the feed enthalpy is
assumed as a known quantity. The other given and unknown terms are the same
with those terms mentioned in the first set of problem. Let us discuss the problems
and their solution techniques in details.
Para el caso de no ideales, nosotros deberíamos usar las ecuaciones (13.32) y (13.34)
para los cálculos de las entalpias de líquido y vapor respectivamente.
Esto trabaja para dar un punto de partida para la ecuación requerida para representar
el flash adiabático estos precisamente son de la misma forma q requiere la separación
del proceso que ocurre en el plato de la columna de destilación en el proceso de
separación multicomponente de una mezcla.
En la presente sección, 2 secciones de problemas vienen trayendo las ilustraciones de
proceso flash adiabático. La primera sección sigue los enunciados de los problemas
para mezclas ideales divididas en la subsección 12.2.1
En la segunda sección da a conocer la temperatura del flash, la entalpia de alimentación
es asumida como una cantidad conocida. Los otros dan y desconocen términos son los
mismos con los otros términos mencionados en la primera sección de problemas.
Nosotros discutiremos los problemas y sus soluciones técnicas en detalles.

12.3.1 First Set of Problem

Problem statement:
Given (Nc + 3): P, F, H, ZFi
Unknowns (2Nc + 5): T, VF, HF, LF, hF, yFi, xFi
where i = 1, 2, 3, ..., Nc.
Solution technique: The present problem can be solved for both ideal and nonideal
mixtures. In the following, the solution algorithms are outlined in details.
Case 1 (ideal mixtures): Actually, the total number of unknowns is 2Nc + 3 since
at ideal condition, the component enthalpy is assumed as a function of
temperature only. So, total 2Nc + 3 unknowns are needed to compute from the
equal number of available equations [(12.1), (12.2) and (12.12)]. The computational
steps to perform the adiabatic flash calculations are given below.
Enunciado del problema:
Nos dan (Nc + 3): P, F, H, ZFi
Desconocidos (2Nc + 5): T, VF, HF, LF, hF, yFi, xFi
Donde i = 1, 2, 3, ..., Nc
Solución técnica: el presente problema puede resolverse por ambos mezcla ideal y no
ideal. En los siguientes, los algoritmos de solución son en detalles.
Caso 1 (mezcla ideal): actualmente, el número total de desconocidos es 2Nc + 3 desde
la condición ideal, la entalpia de composición es asumida como una función solo de la
temperatura. Por lo que, total 2Nc + 3 desconocidos son necesarios para resolver el
igual número de variables de la ecuación [(12.1), (12.2) y (12.12)]. El paso
computacional del rendimiento flash adiabático calculados son los dados.
Step 1: Assume 􀀀.
Step 2: Assume T.
Step 3: Calculate kFi’s based on assumed T and given P. For this, we can see Step
1 of Problem set of Subsection 12.2.1.
Step 4: Calculate VF since 􀀀 = VF/F, and then compute LF from Equation (12.4).
Step 5: Calculate xFi’s and yFi’s according to the descriptions given in Steps 4
and 5 of Problem set of Subsection 12.2.1, respectively. Then use these calculated
xFi’s and yFi’s to update kFi’s.
Step 6: Calculate H by using Equation (12.12). The values of HF and hF are known
since HFi and hFi are the functions of assumed T (updated T from the second
iteration onwards).
Step 7: Update T and 􀀀. Equation (12.8) can be rewritten as:

And let

where Hn is computed for each Tn, and suffix ‘n’ denotes the trial number.
Employing an iterative convergence algorithm 􀀀 (as discussed in Problem set of
Subsection 12.2.1) and T can be updated. If the convergence conditions, including
|F1| and |F2| less than the tolerance limit(s), are satisfied, then go to next step,
otherwise go to Step 4.
Step 8: Stop.
Paso 1: asumir
Paso 2: asumir la temperatura T
Paso 3: calcular kFi basado en T asumida y P dada. Para esto nosotros podemos ver el
paso 1 de la subsección 12.2.1
Paso 4:calcula VF desde 􀀀 = VF/F, y su ecuación lf

Step 4: Calculate VF since 􀀀 = VF/F, and then compute LF from Equation (12.4).
Step 5: Calculate xFi’s and yFi’s according to the descriptions given in Steps 4
and 5 of Problem set of Subsection 12.2.1, respectively. Then use these calculated
xFi’s and yFi’s to update kFi’s.
Step 6: Calculate H by using Equation (12.12). The values of HF and hF are known
since HFi and hFi are the functions of assumed T (updated T from the second
iteration onwards).
Step 7: Update T and 􀀀. Equation (12.8) can be rewritten as: