WORKED SOLUTIONS

13 Circular functions

Answers 5

Skills check
You should know these values,without using your –90°

GDC.
(0, –1)
2
1 a b 3
2 sin(–90°) = –1, cos(–90°) = 0,
c −
3
d −
2 tan(–90°) does not exist
2 2
6
3
2 a b –1
2
c –1 d –0.5 (–1, 0)

3 a –1.48 b ±2 –180°

4 a –0.182, 2.40 b ±1.14

Investigation sin(–180°) = 0, cos(–180°) = –1, tan(–180°) = 0

1 7
(0, 1)

90°
(1, 0)

sin90° = 1, cos90° = 0, tan90° does not exist sin0 = 0, cos0 = 1, tan0 = 0

8
2 (0, 1)

r
(–1, 0) 180° 2

π
sin180° = 0, cos180° = –1, tan180° = 0 sin π = 1, cos π = 0, tan 2 does not exist
2 2
3 9

270° (–1, 0) r

(0, –1)

sin270° = –1, cos270° = 0, tan270° does not exist sinπ = 0, cosπ = –1, tanπ = 0
10
4
3r
2
360°
(1, 0)

(0, –1)

3π
sin 3π = –1, cos 2 = 0, tan 3π does not exist
sin360° = 0, cos360° = 1, tan360° = 0 2 2

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 1
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

11 c d
(0, 1)

r 11r
– 3r 2 6
2

e f
sin⎛⎜ − 3π ⎞⎟ = 1, cos ⎛⎜ − 3π ⎞⎟ = 0, tan − 3π does not exist
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

12
r 5r
3 6
4r

(1, 0)

g h

sin4π = 0, cos4π = 1, tan4π = 0 2r 3

Exercise 13A
1 a b
For questions 3–8, there are many other
possible correct answers.
75° 110°
3 a

60°
O

c d

250° 330° 120°, –240°, –300°

b

200°
e f

100° 270° 340°, –20°, –160°

c

g h
75°

40°

180°
255°, 285°, –105°
d
2 a b
115°
5r
3
r
6

65°, –245°, –295°

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 2
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

4 a d

25°
35°

–35°, ±325° 155°, 335°, –205°

b 6 a

r
130° 3

2π 4π 5π
,− ,−
–130°, ±230° 3 3 3
c b

5r
4
295°

7π π 3π
–295°, ±65° ,− ,−
4 4 4
d
c

240° 4:1

240°, ±120° 3π – 4.1, 4.1 – 2π, π – 4.1

5 a d

50°

230°, –130°, –310° π + 3, 2π – 3, 3 – π

b 7 a

r
100° 6

π 11π
280°, – 80°, – 260° − ,±
6 6
c
b

220°
1

40°, –140°, –320°

–1, ±(1 – 2π)

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 3
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

c
2 a sin ⎛⎜ 7π ⎞⎟ = − sin ⎛⎜ π ⎞⎟ = − 1
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝6⎠ 2
2.5
b cos ⎛⎜ 5π ⎞⎟ = − cos ⎜⎛ π ⎞⎟ = − 3
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝6⎠ 2

c sin ⎜⎛ − π ⎟⎞ = − sin ⎛⎜ π ⎞⎟ = − 1
⎝ 6⎠ ⎝6⎠ 2

–2.5, ±(2.5 – 2π) d cos ⎛⎜ − 11π ⎞⎟ = cos ⎛⎜ π ⎞⎟ = 3

⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝6⎠ 2
d
3 a sin (180 − A ) = sin ( A ) = 0.8
b cos ( − A ) = cos ( A ) = 0.6

3r
c cos ( 360 − A ) = cos ( A ) = 0.6
5
d sin (180 + A ) = − sin ( A ) = −0.8

3π 7π e tan ( A ) = sin( A ) 0.8 4

= =
,± cos ( A ) 0.6 3
5 5
f tan ( − A ) = − tan ( A ) = − 4
3
8 a
g sin ( 360 − A ) = − sin ( A ) = −0.8
r
4 h tan (180 + A ) = tan ( A ) = 4
3
4 a tanθ = sin θ = a
cos θ b
b sin (π −θ ) = sinθ = a
5π 3π 7π
4
,−
4
,−
4
c cos (π + θ ) = − cosθ = −b

b
d tan (π + θ ) = tanθ = a
b
e sin (π + θ ) = − sinθ = −a
1.3
f cos ( −θ ) = cosθ = b
g sin ( 2π −θ ) = − sinθ = −a
h cos (θ − π ) = − cosθ = −b

1.3 + π, 1.3 – π, 1.3 – 2π Exercise 13C

c 1 a
5r
7
60°
O

12π 2π 9π
7
,−
7
,−
7
x = –300°, –240°, 60°, 120°
b
d
120°

x = ±120°, ±240°
2π – 5, π – 5, –5 – π
c
Exercise 13B
1 a sin110 = sin 70 = 0.940 45°

b cos ( −70 ) = cos 70 = 0.342

c cos 250 = − cos 70 = −0.342
d sin 290 = − sin 70 = −0.940
x = –315°, –135°, 45°, 225°
© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 4
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

d d

r
2

x = –360°, –180°, 0°, 180°, 360° π 3π

θ= − ,
2 2

e cos x = ± 1 e tan 2 θ = 3
2
tanθ = ± 3

45° r
3

x = ±45°, ±135°, ±225°, ±315°

π 2π 4π 5π
θ = ±3,± 3
,±
3
,±
3
1
f tan x = ±
3
f tan = 1

30° r
4

x = ±30°, ±150°, ±210°, ±330° 7π 3π π 5π

θ=− 4
,− , ,
4 4 4
2 a
3 a
r
6

11π 7π π 5π
θ=− 6
,− , ,
6 6 6 θ = 0°, 360°, 720°
b
b

45°

θ = −135°, −45°, 225°, 315°, 585°, 675°

θ = 0, ±π, ±2π
c c tan θ = −1

r
6

45°

π 11π
θ= ± ,±
6 6 θ = −225°, −45°, 135°, 315°, 495°, 675°

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 5
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

d 3 tan2 θ = 9 Exercise 13D

3 tan θ = 32
1 a
tanq = ± 3
30°

60°

2x = ±30, ±330
θ = ±60°, ±120°, 240°, 300°, 420°, 480°, x = ±15°, ±165°
600°, 660°
b 6sin(2x) = 3
4 a
sin ( 2 x ) = 1
2

30°

π
x= 2

b 2sin x = −1
sin x = −1 2x = −330, −210, 30, 150
2
x = −165°, −105°, 15°, 75°

r c sin ⎛⎜ x ⎞⎟ = cos ⎛⎜ x ⎞⎟
6 ⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠

tan ⎛⎜ x ⎞⎟ = 1
⎝2⎠

x =− 5π , − π
6 6
5 1 45°
c sin 2 x = =
10 2
sin x =± 1
2

x
= 45
2
r
4 x = 90°

d tan 2 ⎛⎜ x ⎟⎞ = 3
⎝3⎠

tan ⎛⎜ x ⎞⎟ = ± 3
x = ± p , ± 3p ⎝3⎠
4 4
3 3
d 4cos2 x = 3 cos2 x = 4 cos x = ±
2
60°

r
6

x
= ± 60
3

x = ±180°
x = ± p , ± 5p
6 6

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 WORKED SOLUTIONS

2 a b (2sin x + 1)(sin x +1) = 0

sin x = − 1 or sin x = −1
r 2
6

r
7p 3p 11p
6
x = , ,
6 2 6
2q = − 5p , − p , 7p , 11p
6 6 6 6
5p p 7p 11p
q = − ,− , ,
12 12 12 12
c (tan x + 1)(tan x + 1) = 0
b tan x = −1

r
4
r
3p 7p
4 x = ,
4 4

3q = − 11p − 7p , − 3p , p , 5p , 9p
4 4 4 4 4 4 d sin2 x − 6 sin x + 5 = 0
q = − 11p , − 7p , − p , p 5p 3p
, , (sin x − 1)(sin x − 5) = 0
12 12 4 12 12 4
The second factor gives sin x = 5, which has
no solution.
c cos ⎛⎜ q ⎞⎟ = ± 1
⎝2⎠ 2 sin x −1 = 0

r
p
4
x =
2

q
= ±p Exercise 13E
2 4
q = ±p 1 a sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
2 2 2
⎛5⎞
⎜ ⎟ + cos2 q = 1 → cos2 q = 1 − ⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟ = 11
d sin ⎛⎜ 2q ⎞⎟ = ±1 ⎝6⎠ ⎝6⎠ 36
⎝ 3 ⎠ 11
cosq =
6
⎛ 11 ⎞
sin ( 2 ) = 2 sin cos = 2 ⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 5 11
2q
= ±p ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎟⎠
6 18
3 2 2
b cos ( 2 ) = 1 − 2 sin2  = 1 − 2 ⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟ = 1 − 50 = − 7
⎝6⎠ 36 18

⎛ 5 11 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
sin ( 2q ) ⎝ 18 ⎠
q = ± 3p c tan ( 2q ) = = = −5 11
cos ( 2q ) ⎛ 7 ⎞ 7
4 ⎜− ⎟
⎝ 18 ⎠
3 a (2cos x + 1)(cos x −3) = 0 2 a sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
2 2
⎛ 2⎞
The second factor gives cos x = 3, which has sin 2 x + ⎜− ⎟ = 1 → sin 2 x = 1 − ⎜⎛ − 2 ⎞⎟ = 5
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 9
no solution. 5
sin x =
cos x = − 1 3
2
⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
sin ( 2x ) = 2 sin x cos x = 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ = −4 5
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ 9
2r 2
3
2p 4p b cos(2x) = 2cos 2 x −1 = 2 ⎛⎜ − 2 ⎞⎟ −1 = 8 −1 = − 1
x = , ⎝ 3⎠ 9 9
3 3
⎛ 4 5⎞
⎜⎜ − ⎟
sin ( 2 x ) 9 ⎟⎠
c =
tan ( 2x ) =
cos ( 2 x )
⎝
=
⎛ 1⎞
4 5
⎜− ⎟
⎝ 9⎠

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 7
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

3 a sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 c sin ( 4 x ) = 2 sin ( 2x ) cos ( 2x ) = 2 ⎛⎜ 24 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ − 7 ⎞⎟ = −

336
⎛5⎞
2 2
⎝ 25 ⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠ 625
sin q +
2
⎜ ⎟ = 1 → sin q = 2
1 − ⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟ = 11
⎝6⎠ ⎝6⎠ 36 2
d cos ( 4 x ) = 1 − 2 sin 2 ( 2 x ) = 1 − 2 ⎛⎜ 24 ⎞⎟ = − 527
11 ⎝ 25 ⎠ 625
sinq =
6
7 a
⎛ 11 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
sin q ⎝ 6 ⎠ 11 √a2 + b2
tanq = = = a
cosq ⎛5⎞ 5
⎜ ⎟
⎝6⎠ X
⎛ ⎞ b
b sin ( 2 ) = 2 sin cos = 2 ⎜⎜ 11 ⎟⎟ ⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟ = 5 11
a
⎝ 6 ⎠⎝ 6 ⎠ 18 sin x =
2 a2 + b 2
c cos ( 2 ) = 2 cos2  −1 = 2 ⎛⎜ 5 ⎞⎟ −1 = 50
−1 = 7
⎝6⎠ 36 18 b
b cos x =
⎛ 5 11 ⎞ a2 + b 2
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
sin ( 2q ) ⎝ 18 ⎠
d tan ( 2q ) = = = 5 11
c sin ( 2x ) = 2 sin x cos x = 2 ⎜
⎛ a ⎞⎛
⎟⎜ 2
b ⎞
⎟
cos ( 2q ) ⎛7 ⎞ 7 ⎝ a 2
+ b 2
⎠⎝ a + b 2
⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 18 ⎠ 2ab
=
4 a sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 a2 + b 2
2 2
2 2 ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛ a ⎞
⎛ 1⎞
⎜− ⎟ + cos2 x = 1 → cos2 x = 1 − ⎜⎛ − 1 ⎞⎟ = 63 d cos ( 2x ) = cos2 x − sin2 x = ⎜ 2 2
⎟ − ⎜ 2 2
⎟
⎝ 8⎠ ⎝ 8⎠ 64 ⎝ a +b ⎠ ⎝ a +b ⎠
63 b 2 − a2
cos x = − =
8 a2 + b 2
⎛ 63 ⎞
sin ( 2x ) = 2 sin x cos x = 2 ⎛⎜ − 1 ⎞⎟ ⎜⎜ − ⎟ = 63
⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 8 ⎟⎠ 32
Exercise 13F
2

b cos ( 2x ) = 1 − 2 sin2 x = 1 − 2 ⎛⎜ − 1 ⎞⎟ = 1− 1 = 31
1 a 2sin x cos x = cos x
⎝ 8⎠ 32 32
2sin x cos x − cos x = 0
⎛ 63 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ cos x (2sin x − 1) = 0
sin ( 2 x ) ⎝ 32 ⎠
c tan ( 2x ) = = = 63
cos x = 0 or 2sin x −1 = 0
cos ( 2 x ) ⎛ 31 ⎞ 31
⎜ ⎟ 1
⎝ 32 ⎠ cos x = 0 or sin x =
2
d sin ( 4 x ) = 2 sin ( 2x ) cos ( 2x ) x = 90° or x = 30°, 150°
⎛ ⎞ tan(2x) = 1
= 2 ⎜⎜ 63 ⎟⎟ ⎛⎜ 31 ⎞⎟ = 31 63 b
32 ⎠ ⎝ 32 ⎠ 512
⎝ 2x = 45, 225
5 a x = 22.5°, 112.5°
5 c sin x + cos x = 0
3
sinx = −cos x
i tan x = −1
4 x = 135°
3
sinq = d cosx = ± 1
5 2
4
b cosq = x = 45°, 135°
5
3
c sin ( 2 ) = 2 sin cos = 2 ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 4 ⎞⎟ = 24 2 a sin2 x =
2
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ 25
2
2x = −300, −240, 60, 120
d cos ( 2 ) = 2 cos2  −1 = 2 ⎛⎜ 4 ⎞⎟ −1 = 32
−1 = 7
⎝5⎠ 25 25 x = −150°, −120°, 30°, 60°
6 a sin 2 (2x) + cos 2 (2x) = 1 b sin x − sin2 x = cos2 x
2 sin x = sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
⎛ 24 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + cos2 ( 2x ) = 1 x = 90°
⎝ 25 ⎠
2

→ cos2 ( 2x ) = 1 − ⎛⎜ 24 ⎞⎟ = 49
c cos2 x − sin 2 x = 1
⎝ 25 ⎠ 625 2
1
cos ( 2x ) = − 7 cos2x =
25 2

⎛ 24 ⎞ 2x = ±60, ±300
sin ( 2 x ) ⎜ ⎟
b tan ( 2x ) = = ⎝ 25 ⎠ = −
24 x = ±30°, ±150°
cos ( 2 x ) ⎛ 7 ⎞ 7
⎜− ⎟
⎝ 25 ⎠

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 8
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

d 1 − 2 sin2 x = sin x b 1
= sinq sinq
+ cosq
cosq cosq
2 sin2x + sinx −1 = 0
(2 sin x −1)(sin x + 1) = 0) 1 sin 2q
= + cosq
cosq cosq
sin x = 1 or sin x = −1
2
1 = sin2 θ + cos2 θ
x = 30°, 150° or x = − 90°
3 a
sin x
= sin x c cos4x − sin4x = (cos2x − sin2x)(cos2x + sin2x)
cos x cos2x × 1 = cos2x
sinx = sinx cosx
sinx cosx − sinx = sinx (cosx −1) = 0 6 2sin3x cos3x = sin 2(3x)
sin x = 0 or cosx = 1 = sin 6x
x = 0, π ⇒k=6
b cos 2x = 1 7 cos4x = cos2(2x)
2
p 7p = 1 − 2sin2(2x)
2x = ,
= 1 − 2(sin(2x))2
4 4
p 7p = 1 − 2(2sin x cos x)2
x = ,
8 8
= 1 − 2(4sin2 x cos2 x)
c 2 cos2 x −1 = cos x = 1 − 8sin2 x cos2 x
2 cos2 x − cos x −1 = 0 ⇒b=8
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x −1) = 0
cos x = − 1 or cos x = 1 Exercise 13G
2
2
x = or x =0 1
3

d 2 sin (2x) cos(2x) = sin(2x)

2 sin (2x) cos(2x) − sin(2x) = 0
(sin(2x))(2 cos(2x) −1) = 0
sin(2x) = 0 or 2cos(2x) −1 = 0
sin(2x) = 0 or cos(2 x ) = 1
2
 5
2x = 0,  , 2 or 2x = ,
3 3 −346°, −194°, 14°, 166°
x = 0,  ,  or x =  5
,
2
2 6 6
4 a sin2 2x + 2 sin 2x cos 2x + cos2 2x = 2
2 sin 2x cos2x + 1 = 2
sin 4x = 1
4 x = p , 5p
2 2
p 5p
x = ,
8 8
b sin x −1 = 1 − sin2 x ±27°, 333°
sin2 x + sin x −2 = 0
3
(sin x − 1)(sin x + 2) = 0
sin x = 1 or sin x = −2 which is invalid
x =p
2
c cos 2 x = 2 cos2 x −1
cos 2 x = 1
cos x = ±1
x = 0, π
d sin 2 x = 1 244°, 296°
2
1
sin x = ±
2
p 3p
x = ,
4 4
5 working may vary
a sin2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos2 x = 1 + sin(2x)
LHS: 1 + 2 sin x cos x = 1 + sin(2x) RHS

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 9
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

4 Investigation: graphing tan x

1
Angle Tangent
measure (x) value
(degrees) (tan x)
0 0
1 1
-30, +30 − ,
3 3
55°, 235°, 415° -45, +45 -1, 1
5 -60, +60 - 3 , 3
120 - 3
135 -1
1
150 -
3
180 0
1
210
3
−5.33, −4.10, 0.955, 2.19 225 1
240 3
6
300 - 3
315 -1
1
330 −
3
360 0
3 tan ± 90° and tan ± 270° are undefined. The limit of the
tangent as the angle approaches ± 90° or ± 270° is infinite.
Asymptotes are often shown on graphs for values that do
±1.71, 4.58 not exist.
7
Exercise 13H
1

−0.739
8
−297°, −117°, 63°, 243°
2

−0.637, 1.41

−107°, 73°, 253°

3

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 10
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

124° , 304° Investigation – transformations

4 of sinx and cosx

38°, 142°, 398°, 502°

5
1

−5.88, −2.74, 0.405, 3.55

2
6

−1.88, 1.26 3
7

4
4.55
8

−4.66, 1.20, 2.28, 4.77

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 11
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

Exercise 13I 10 Sine curve shifted upwards by 1 unit. y = sin x + 1

 ⎛ π⎞
1 y 11 Tangent curve shifted right by 4 . y = tan ⎜ x − 4 ⎟
1 ⎝ ⎠

–2r –r 0 r 2r x 12 Cosine curve shifted right by 4 and downwards by
units. y cos ⎛⎜ x − π ⎞⎟ −1.5
–2
1.5=
⎝ 4⎠
–4

–6 Exercise 13J
1 y
2 y
4
–0.5
3
2
1 –2r –r 0 r 2r x
–0.5
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
2 y
4
3 y
4 2
2
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
0 –2
–2r – 3r –r – r r r 3r 2r x
2 2 –2 2 2
–4
–4 3 y
4
4 y
2
1
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
–2
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
–1 –4
4 y

y 1
5
1 –2r – 3r –r – r 0 r r 3r 2r x
2 2 –1 2 2
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
5 y
–1
2

6 y 1

–2r –r 0 r 2r x
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
–2
–1
–4
–2
7 y 6 y
–2r –r 0 r 2r x 3
–1
1
–2
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
–1
–3
8 –3
y

8 7 y

4 3

1
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
–4 –2r – 3r –r – r –10 r r 3r 2r x
for questions 9 − 12, answers may vary. 2 2 2 2
–3
2
9 Cosine curve shifted to the right by 3
.
y = cos ⎛⎜ x − 2π ⎞⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 12
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

8  5
y Horizontal shift: c  ,r 
2 4
1
    , y 5cos  2  x 
So y 5sin  2  x 
 5  

3 2  3 4 
–2r –r 0 r 2r x
2
–1 5 Amplitude = 3, period: x
= 1,
3
2
9 Sine graph, amplitude of functions is 7.5. x  = 6π.
1
y = 7.5 sin x 3
5 1
10 Cosine graph, period of functions is 8π. Vertical shift = 2
= 2, horizontal shift =  .
6
y = cos(0.25x) y
6
11 Tangent graph, period of functions is 4π.
4
y = tan(0.25x)
2
12 Cosine graph, reflected in x-axis, amplitude is 3,
period is 4π. y = −3 cos(0.25x) –3r –2r –r –10 r 2r 3r x

Exercise 13K 6 Amplitude = 1, period:

2
= −2, x = −π.
x
1 Want to write as y = asin(b(x + c)) + d and 02 
Vertical shift = = −1, horizontal shift =  4 .
y = pcos(q (x + r)) + s 2
2  ( 5) y
Amplitude: a = p = 2
= 3.5
2 –r –r 0 r r x
Period = 2π. So b = q = 2 = 1. 2 –1 2
2  ( 5)
Vertical shift = 2 = −1.5 = d = 5. –2

Horizontal shift: c = 2 , r  5 7 Amplitude = 1.5, period: 2

 3, x 
2
.
3 6 x 3
 2 
Soy 3.5sin  x    1.5, Vertical shift = 0, horizontal shift =   .
 3 
2
y
y = 3.5cos x + 5 1.5 –2
6
–1
2 Amplitude: a = p = 1
5
  7   12 0 x
Period = 4 –r r
3  3  3 –1
So b = q = 2  1 –2
4 2
2
Vertical shift = 3  1
= −2 = d = s 8 Amplitude = 2, period:  1 , x = 4π.
x 2
2


Horizontal shift: c 4 ,r  Vertical shift = 4, horizontal shift = 0.
3 3
y
1 4  
So 
y sin   x     2 ,
2 3  6
 

y cos  1  x   2 4
2 3 
2
3 Amplitude: a = p = 3 − (−1) = 2.
2
 –3r –2r –r 0 2r 3r x
  3  = π.
r
Period =
4  4 
So b = q =
2
= 2. Exercise 13L

31 1 a period: 2 − 0 = 2
Vertical shift: d = s = 2
=1
 amplitude: 11.8 − 2.2 = 4.8
Horizontal shift: c = 0, r  2
4
11.8 + 2.2

So y = 2sin(2x) + 1, y 2cos  2  x   
1 vertical shift : =7
 2
  4 
5  ( 5)
horizontal shift: 0 (first maximum)
4 Amplitude: a = p = 2
= 5. b
2
y = 4.8cos ⎛⎜ x ⎞⎟ + 7 ⎝ 2 ⎠
Period = 2π − (−π) = 3π.
2
So b = q = 2
3 3
Vertical shift: d = s = 0

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 13
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

c d

d
3 a period: 20 − 4 = 16
amplitude: 2.1 − 0.5 = 0.8
2
2 .1 + 0 .5
vertical shift: = 1 .3
2
horizontal shift: 4 (first maximum)
b y = 0.8cos ⎛⎜ 2 ( x − 4 ) ⎞⎟ + 1.3
⎝ 16 ⎠
c

2 a period: 55 − 25 = 30
21.9 − 9.3
amplitude: = 6 .3
2

vertical shift: 21.9 + 9.3 = 15.6

2
horizontal shift: 25 (first maximum)
b y = 6.3cos ⎛⎜ 2 ( x − 25) ⎞⎟ + 15.6
⎝ 30 ⎠
c
d

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 14
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

Exercise 13M
2π
1 a period:
0.5236
approximately 12 hours
b d(0) = 5.6 sin(0.5236(0 − 2.5)) + 14.9 ≈ 9.49 m
c d(14) = 5.6 sin(0.5236(14 − 2.5))
+ 14.9 ≈ 13.5 m
d about 90 days
3 a after 10 minutes, the wheel will be at the
maximum height, 46 m
b period: 20 min
amplitude: 46 − 1 = 22.5
2
vertical shift: 46 + 1 = 23.5
2
horizontal shift: 5 min
2
ht 22.5sin t 5 23.5
20
2
c h3 22.5sin 3 5 23.5 10.3 m
20
d

first maximum at about 05:30

2 a T (32) = 17.5 cos(0.0172(32 − 187))
+ 12.5 ≈ − 3.06 °C
b high temp: 12.5 + 17.5 = 30 °C

4.8 minutes
4 a period: 12
37 − 5
amplitude: = 16
2

vertical shift: 37 + 5 = 21
2
horizontal shift: 1 (first minimum)
or 7 (first maximum)
g ( x ) = −16 cos ⎛⎜ 2p ( x −1) ⎟⎞ + 21
⎝ 12 ⎠
day 187 (about 6 July)
c
b g(x ) = −16 cos ⎛⎜ 2p
⎝ 12
( 4 −1) ⎟⎠⎞ + 21 = 21 gallons
c

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 15
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

⎛ 21 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
sin ( x ) ⎝ 5 ⎠ 21
b tan ( x ) = = =
cos ( x ) ⎛2⎞ 2
⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠

⎛ 21 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
c sin ( 2x ) = 2 sin x cos x = 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 4 21
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ 25
7 y

early May and late August –3 –2 –10 1 2 3 4 5 x

–2

Review exercise
✗
–4

–6
1 a cos110 = − cos70 = −0.342
b cos250 = − cos70 = −0.342 Review exercise
c cos(−290) = cos70 = 0.342 1 a

2 a sin 140 = sin 40 = 0.643

b sin 320 = − sin 40 = −0.643
c sin(−140) = − sin 40 = −0.643
3 a cos x = − 1
2
x = ±120°, ±240°
b tan x = 1 48.6°, 131.4°
3
b
x = −330°, −150°, 30°, 210°
c 2 sin2 x − sin x = 1
2 sin2 x − sin x −1 = 0
(2 sin x +1)(sin x −1) = 0
sin x = − 1 or sin x = 1
2

x = −150°, −30°, 210°, 330°,

or x = −270°, 90° ±129°, 231°
4 sin 2x + sin x = 0 c
2 sin x cos x + sin x = 0
sin x (2 cos x +1) = 0
1
sin x = 0 or cos x = −
2
2
x = 0, or x =
3
11 − 1
5 a i amplitude: a = =5
2
−70.3°, 109.7°, 289.7°
horizontal shift: c = 4 2 a
11 + 1
vertical shift: d = =6
2
2p 2p p
ii b= , and the period is 8. b = =
period 8 4

b 4<x<8
6 a sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
2 2

sin 2 x + ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ = 1 → sin 2 x = 1 − ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ = 21
⎝5⎠ ⎝5⎠ 25 −3.36, 0.515, 2.85 , 6.06
21
sin x =
5

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 16
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

b 4 a amplitude: P = 14 − 6
=4
2
10 + 4
horizontal shift: Q = =7
2

b D ( t ) = 4 sin ⎛⎜  ( t − 7 ) ⎞⎟ + 10
⎝6 ⎠
y
14

10
0.607
6
c
2
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 x

c t = 2, at 2:00
d from 2:00−6:00, and again from
14:00−18:00
8 hours
±1.89, 0 5 a amplitude: A = 15 − 9.35
= 2.825
2
7 − ( −1)
3 a amplitude: = 4 → a = −4 vertical shift: B = 15 + 9.35
= 12.175
2 2
2p 2p p
period: 4 − 0 = 4 → b = = = b h(x) = 2.825 sin(0.0172(x − 86)) + 12.175
period 4 2
7 + ( −1) h(32) = 2.825 sin(0.0172(32 − 86))
vertical shift: =3
2 + 12.175 ≈ 9.91 hours
b f ( x ) = − 4 cos ⎛⎜  x ⎞⎟ + 3 = 1
⎝2 ⎠

0.667, 3.33, 4.67

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 13 17