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REAL TIME DETECTION MODEL IN BONTANG LESTARI LANDFILL
USING MICROCONTROLLER
Siti Hamnah Ahsan1, Salama Manjang2,Wihardi Tjaronge3 dan Syafaruddin4
ABSTRAK
This study aims to measure the level of concentration of production volume
methane (CH4) emissions from Bontang Lestari sanitary landfill in real time. One
of the efforts is to create a model system of measurement the amount of volume
concentration of methane (CH4) precisely on Waste Landfill in Bontang using
sensors MQ4 concentrations of methane gas (CH4) and micro controller Arduino
mega 2560R3. This research was conducted by measuring the methane gas in real
time with the accuracy of data transmission of 99.8%. Methane gas concentration
value for 26 days in landfill Bontang Lestari has a tendency almost the same and
does not have a significant increase, just at 30th June 2016 have a concentration
value above 50.78%, this is due to the slightly increased volume of waste in the
landfill Bontang Lestari. While, there are differences in the value of the
concentration at AM and PM is the average value of the concentration of AM is
48.86%, and the average value PM is 48.92%, this is due to differences in
temperature that affects a decrease and an increase in the concentration of methane
(CH4) in landfill Bontang Lestari.
Key words: Sanitary landfill, methane concentration, MQ4 sensor, Arduino micro
controller
1. INTRODUCTION
Bontang Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (TPA) is located in the south central Bontang within 9.5
km, precisely in the Bontang Lestari Village, south Bontang District and is situated at an altitude
of 75110 meters above sea level. Bontang Municipal Solid Waste Landfill using sanitary landfill
system is a garbage disposal system by way of a controlled landfill where garbage is dumped in
landfill sites leveled, compacted and then everyday of garbage covered with a layer of soil about
15cm to minimize any adverse effects on the environment. The planned sanitary landfill system
can cope with the negative impacts that may occur during the operation of the landfill. Bontang
landfill acreage overall is 15 hectares. The land is community land purchased by the City of
Bontang. Just north of the location of the protected area, the east is an area inland to the coast,
while the west and south is an area of hills.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The place of final processing Waste Bontang Lestari
Bontang waste management is currently carried out by the Department of Cleanliness and
Landscaping services. Operational services covering the entire territory of Bontang with an area of
147.8 km2 divided into three areas, namely west, south and North Bontang. Land use of Bontang
land area consists of: protected forest area / TNK: 9.025Ha (11.96%), the region of PT.Badak
NGL. Co: 1,572 Ha (3:15%), the region of PT. Pupuk Kaltim: 2,010 Ha (4:04%), and the
deloptment area: 1.950 Ha (10.56%). The waste management service system applied in Bontang
consists of five patterns of households (three types: direct individual patterns, the pattern of
indirect individual and communal patterns), the pattern of road management and market
management pattern.
Government Regulation No. 16/2005 on Development of Water Supply System, which is also
set garbage (the third part of Article 1922), that adequate waste management needs to be done for
the protection of drinking water and landfill shall be equipped with a buffer zone and disposal
method finally done sanitary landfill (large city/metropolitan) and controlled landfill
(medium/small city). It should also be monitoring the quality of the leachate treatment (effluent)
period. The provision came into force in 2008.
Following up this, required the landfill that meets the requirements, the planning of adequate
landfill, construction that meets planning and operating in accordance with the standards (SOP).
The problem of waste is an obligation and responsibility of the municipality/district urban waste
landfill site selection should be in accordance with the existing provisions (SNI 0332411994 on
procedures for the selection of the location of the landfill). Waste dumped in landfill location is
not the only urban waste coming from industrial and hospital waste that contain B3.
Final processing (TPA) Bontang Lestari is a field site located in the village of Bontang Lestari,
which will be used to fill the waste generated from community activities Bontang. TPA landfill in
Bontang Lestari conducted using sanitary landfill. Bontan Lestari landfill located on the KM 9.4
Flores Street Bontang Lestari Village, District of South Bontang. The land area is planned to be
used approximately 10 ha. Landfill area is vacant land planted with shrubs and bushes. Just north
of the location of a protected forest area, east is an area of the plains to the coast, while the west
and south is an area of hills. Topography of the landfill plan a plain area between two hills with
gradients of 5%. Elevation ranges from the landfill area to + 115m + 75m above sea level.
Sanitary Landfill
Sanitary landfill method is a method that is now used internationally where the closure of
garbage is done every day. Sanitary landfill is defined as a system of the landfill in a healthy
manner in which the waste is disposed of in a low place or a trench dug to accommodate the trash
and garbage covered with the earth that is done layer by layer such that the garbage not come out
in surface (Tchobanoglous, et al., 1993).
The trench methods is a method used in the Bontang Lestari landfill for laying the garbage in
sanitary landfills is a method in which the area of land used excavated and lined with a material
made of membrane synthesis, the clay with a low permeability (lowpermeability clay) or a
combination of both to restrict the movement of leachate and gas.
The establishment of gases in the landfill system
Landfill gas is produced from the decomposition of waste buried in landfills by microorganism
activity. The anaerobic decomposition process takes place through several stages; hydrolysis is
solving the long carbon chains into simpler carbon chains in the process of waste degradation by
microorganisms; acidogenesis, of compounds with shorter carbon chain acid is converted into
organic acids due to the activity of microorganisms acidogen; methanogenesis, is the stage of
degradation produces methane and other gases due to the activity of methaneforming
microorganisms. In the general decomposition of waste in landfills takes place in anaerobic.
The process of anaerobic decomposition of solid waste as mentioned above will form a gas. The
composition of the gas produced is strongly influenced by the microorganisms that decompose
waste and generally very tacit gas produced by the phases of the anaerobic decomposition of the
waste. At the initial stage is called the aerobic phase, which occurs when the initial accumulation
of waste in the landfill and oxygen is still in a pile of garbage. The second and third phase called
the transition phase acid are closely associated with the process acidogenesis and begin to form
CO2. Gas began to take shape on stage methagenesis is the fourth phase which produces CH4 and
CO2. Phase5 is the maturation phase where garbage has become more stable products.
Characteristics of gas produced from the decomposition of waste are determined by the
characteristics of the waste dumped. The composition of the gas produced is methane (CH4) and
carbon dioxide (CO2). These gases can be used as an energy source with huge potential and if not
managed properly will also cause pollution. Methane and CO2 is a gas that contributes to the
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Based on research data which has done a lot of methane has 21
times more powerful force to store heat than gas CO2.
The Control of Gases
Gas control is needed to prevent an explosion and fire at the landfill as a result of the
decomposition process of waste that produce gases are flammable. Most of the gas
produced is methane, CH4 and carbon dioxide CO2, a small portion is H2S, N2 and other
organic gases. Control is done by installing vent gas (pipeline by the hole) which can emit
gases from the landfill waste decomposition process. Ventilation ducts made of pipe (75
100mm diameter) having a hole (channel gas from the waste into the vents) and planted
ranging from basic landfill to about 1.5 2 m (diameter 300 mm) above the surface of the
landfill and the final layer is surrounded with gravel, Vent gas must be extended in
accordance with the height of piles of garbage, so the gas can flow out. The tip of
ventilation can be equipped with gas burners.
Sensor of Methane Gas MQ4.
The sensor is a device that can convert physical quantities into electrical quantities. MQ4 CH4
gas sensor is sensitive sensor types teardrop CH4 compound. The working principle of this sensor
is a sensor receives the resistance value changes (analog) when exposed to CH4 gas main.
Figure 1. Sensor Gas CH4 MQ4.
Figure 2. Structures and Measurement Networks Basic Configuration
The structure and configuration of the gas sensor MQ-4 are shown in the picture. 2 sensors
composed of micro Al2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode
and the heater are made of plastic and stainless steel net. Heaters provide the working conditions
necessary for the work of sensitive components. MQ-4 is made with 6 pin, 4 of them are used to
pick up the signal, and the other 2 are used for providing heating current.
Gas Sensitivity
When there CH4 gas sensor contact with a gas, then there will be a change in the conductivity
of semiconductors through a change in resistance and will be monitored in real time. A gas sensor
sensitivity is defined as a resistance or conductance change when the sensor is exposed to
concentrations of certain gases (Raul Diaz Delgado, 2002).
Figure 3. Sensitivity curves of methane gas sensor sensitivity curves MQ4
Microcontroller Model Real Time Detection of Methane Gas
Microcontroller is a complete system on a single chip microprocessor which has a support
component, namely the CPU, RAM. EEPROM / EPROM / ROM, port I / O serial & parallel,
timers, interrupt Controller4.
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of microcontroller model of real time detection of methane
the average microcontroller has bit manipulation instructions, access to I / O directly and
easily and interrupt the process efficient and fast, microcontroller serves as the 'brain' that controls
the input, process and output spade an electronic circuit.
3. METHODOLOGY
This section will explain the methodology used in this study begins with research procedures and
described in the flowchart in Figure 5.
Start
Literature
Review
Variables
Set up microcontroller
Set up Sensor Gas CH4
Proccess
?.
End
Figure 5. Researchers flow chart
There are some methods to achieve the purpose of this analysis,
a. Shelter Planning Methane.
At this stage the design of methane gas capture has been carried out by the Environment Agency
Bontang. Tests of methane gas have been carried out in collaboration with BLH PT. Badak NGL
Bontang, with 2261 NGPA method to determine the composition of methane in landfill Bontang
Lestari.
Figure 6. landfill biogas distribution facilities Bontang Lestari
(Source: Documents BLH Bontang, 2016)
b. Selection of Main System Components
a) Arduino Mega 2560R3
Arduino Microcontroller 2560R3 is a micro controller that has 54 inputs / digital
output, which 16 pins as PWM outputs, 16 analog inputs which contains a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, reset button, USB, ICSP. Micro controller Arduino Mega 2560R3
will be connected to a computer.
Figure 7. Arduino mega 2560R3 Micro controller
b) Design Software. The Arduino software serves as a place to write a program that will
be uploaded to the Arduino. Stages Arduino do programming that is writing the
program, check (compile) the program and upload the program to the micro
controller.
Figure 8. Stages Arduino Programming
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The composition testing and discharge of methane gas
2261 NGPA method used to measure the composition of methane, CH4 in landfill Bontang
Lestari. The average value of methane, CH4 composition of 50.47% and discharge of methane as
much as 3.57 ml / s (BLH Bontang, 2016).
system can function according to previous plans. Functional testing covers the ability to send
data into the database every 10 minutes and the appearance of data in real time or relative at
that time. power outage, data can be sent back to the database after the power is turned back.
Figure 10. Display of methane gas measurement database
CH4 Gas Detection Equipment Testing
Measuring instrument has been calibrated tested in Bontang Lestari landfill for 26 days.
Measuring devices as shown in Figure 11.
.
a. Datalogger Gas Methan b. Mikrocontroller Gas Methan
Figure 11. Testing CH4 Gas Detection Equipment
CH4 Gas Sensor Testing Results – MQ4
Figure 12. Graph the results of measurements of CH4 in landfill Bontang Lestari
Figure 13 is a view of the overall data CH4 measurement results for 26 days, in order to
facilitate the analysis of the data will require the calculation of average per day as shown in
Figure 13.
Figure 13. Graph average per day results of the measurement of CH4 in landfill Bontang Lestari
Figure 13 explains that the concentration of CH4 in landfill gas Bontang Lestari has a
tendency almost the same and does not have a significant increase, only on the date
06/29/2016 has the concentration above 50% this is due to the slightly increased volume of
waste in the landfill.
Figure 14. Graph of average AM and PM in landfill Bontang Lestari.
In Figure 14 explains that there are differences in the value of the concentration at AM and PM, it
appears that at 12:06:27 PM concentration values are in bawah48. 8%, while at 12:01:04 PM has a
value of about 49.1%, this is due to differences in temperature so the impact of impairment of
concentration of methane CH4.
5. CONCLUSION
From the results of the design and testing of methane gas detection model can be deduced as
follows; has successfully created models of real-time detection of methane in landfill gas Bontang
Lestari using micro controller as shown in Figure 11; The results of measurements of methane
successfully displayed in real time with the accuracy of data transmission of 99.8%; CH4 methane
gas concentration value for 26 days in landfill has a tendency almost the same and does not have a
significant increase, only on the date 06/30/2016 has concentration value above 50.78% this is due
to slightly increased volume of waste in the landfill. While there are differences in the value of the
concentration at AM and PM, it appears that at the average value of the concentration of PM that
is 48.86%, while the average value PM 48.92% this is due to differences in temperature that
affects the decline and increase the value of the concentration of methane (CH4) in landfill .
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