Just markschemey things- Bio

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1. 3 things veins have thats different to arteries: Veins have a 10. At Fertilisation a male _1__ fuses with a female_1___ to form a
lower pressure, Bigger Lumen, amd have valves(to keep blood _2___(fertilised egg). This zygote ends up with a full set
flowing in the right direction) of__3_. The zygote then undergoes cell division by__4__ and
2. 4stages of menstrual cycle: 1)Day one bleeding starts and the develops into an __5__. The__5__ inherets_6__ from both its
uterus lining breaks down till around day 4. 2)day 4-14 uterus parents. The fertilisation of gametes is random, this
lining builds up 3)at day 14 an ovum develops and is released produces__7___ in the offspring: 1)gamete
4)Wall is maintained until day 28. 'Ovulating'. If no fertilised 2)zygote
ovum has landed on uterus by day 28 cycle repeats 3)chromosomes
4)mitosis
3. 12 (a) Explain how plants absorb water from the soil and
5)embryo
transport the water to their leaves. 5: 1. osmosis;
6)features
2. dilute solution to concentrated solution / eq;
7)variation
3. root hair cells;
4. xylem; 11. Auxins: Produced in tips, and diffuses backwards to stimulate
5. transpiration / evaporation / diffusion of water cell elongation process.
from leaves; 12. (b) Describe the process of digestion in the mouth.
4. 14 Commercial flower growers keep their plants in 3 marks: 1. amylase;
greenhouses under artificial light. 2. starch;
Describe an investigation to find out if the length of time that 3. maltose / glucose;
plants are exposed to 4. physical digestion / mechanical digestion / chewing eq;
light affects how long it takes for flowers to appear. 13. Benedicts solution will turn.... and tests for....: turns from blue
(6): different light periods / eq; to cloudy orange or brick red ,glucose-fructose-maltose
same species / same variety / age / eq; 14. Body temperature is..: 37
repeat / eq;
15. break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble
M1 time to produce flowers /
molecules: digestion
number of flowers produced /
how long to produce flowers / eq; 16. Breathing in...x3: Intercostal muscles and diaphram contract.
M2 days / weeks / months / Thorax volume increases. Pressure decreases. Air drawn in.
use watch / clock / eq; 17. bundle of capillaries with holes that filter water, glucose,
S1+S2 same temperature / light intensity / salts, and urea from the blood(within the urinary/kidney
CO2 / water/ humidity / minerals / system): glomerulus
nutrients / soil / pH / eq;; 18. Calcium is needed to: make bones and teeth
5. absorption: Process of moving molecules through the walls of 19. Carbohydrates are made up of ___1__ . __2__ and __3___ are
the intestines into the blood large complex carbs which are made up of many smaller
6. Active transport definition:: Movement of particles against a units such as __4__ or __5__ joined up in a long chain.: 1)simple
concentration gradient using energy released during sugars
respiration. 2)Starch
7. Anaerobic respiration in animals. Word equation: Glucose--> 3)Glycogen
Lactic acid + energy 4)glucose or maltose

8. Anaerobic respiration in plants:: Glucose--> Ethanol + 20. Carbs are found in:x2
Co2+Energy And their function is:: Pasta, Rice. Function is to provide
energy
9. assimilation: when digested molecules have been absorbed
21. Carbs are made out of the following elements x3::
they are moved into body cells. The digested molecules then
carbon,hydrogen, oxygen
become part of the cell
22. carried blood from kidney to venous circulation(within the
urinary/kidney system): renal vein
23. carries blood from the aorta to the kidney(within the
urinary/kidney system): renal artery
24. carries urine to the bladder(within the urinary/kidney
system): ureter
25. (c) Describe how the tea grower could use a quadrat to 38. Definition of osmoisis:: Osmosis is the net movement of water
estimate the total mass of tea molecules through a partially ermeable membrane from an
plants growing in a large area of land. area of high water concentration to a region of low water
(3): 1. weigh / use a balance / eq; conc.
2. repeat / several quadrats / calculate average; 39. Denitrifying bacteria: Turn nitrates back to n2
3. random / eq;
40. Describe an investigation to find out if leaves growing at the
4. scale / multiply / eq;
bottom of trees are
26. (c) Describe two differences between selective breeding and greener than leaves growing at the top of trees.
natural selection. Your answer should include experimental details and be
(2): 1. farmer / humans / you (choose parents) / eq; written in full sentences and
2. faster process / eq; paragraphs.
3. does not affect survival / no survival of fittest / (6): C leaves from top and bottom;
no competition / O same species / same tree / same age of tree
adaptations may not improve survival / eq; /
27. Cell division in an organism can take place by mitosis or by eq;
meiosis. R repeat / many trees / many leaves / eq;
Give three ways in which mitosis differs from meiosis. M1 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT:
(3): 1. used in growth / used in repair / chlorophyll / colour / chromatography / eq;
used in asexual reproduction / eq; M2 METHOD OF EXTRACTION:
2. no genetic variation / clones / (heat with) ethanol / crush / eq;
genetically identical cells produced / S1+S2 same location / soil / time of year / day
exact genetic copies of cells / eq; /
3. chromosome number stays the same / eq; mass / surface area / eq;;
4. one round of division / 2 cells produced; 41. Describe a test you could use to identify the gas produced
5. diploid cells produced / when yeast respires
not used to make gametes anaerobically.
28. Chemicals in cigarette smoke cause mutations in cells which (2): imewater;
can lead to cancer. (clear to) cloudy / (clear to) milky / eq;
What is meant by the term mutation? 2: random change in or
cells hydrogen carbonate indicator;
29. Cloning dolly the sheep x4: 1)Nucleus of sheeps egg cell was (orange to) yellow / eq;
removed(enucleated). 2)A diploid nucleus(from another sheep) 42. Describe how farmers could use selective breeding to
was inserted in its place. 3)The cell was stimulated with develop sheep with bare legs
electricity, so it started dividing by mitosis. 4)dividing cell was and bare backsides.
placed in another uterus to develop (4): 1. Cheviot and East Friesian (chosen);
30. collects glomerular filtrate and passes it to the tubules(within 2.(parent sheep with) bare legs and
the urinary/kidney system): Bowman's capsule (parent sheep with) bare backsides;
3. cross / breed / mate / eq;
31. community: different types / different species / different
4. select/choose/use offspring with bare legs and
organisms in same place
bare back side;
32. Cones are..: sensitive to colours but arent good in dim light 5. repeat / many generations / eq;
33. Conjunctiva: lubricates+protects surface of eye 43. Describe how food is moved through the gut.: peristalsis;
34. Cornea: Refracts light into eye contraction;
35. Cuttings advantages: Can produces in mass quickly and muscles;
cheaply pushed / squeezed / waves / eq;
36. Cuttings method: x3: 1) A branch from the parent plant is cut 44. Describe how the green pigment in leaf cells is removed
off, its lower leaves removed and the stem planted in damp safely before testing
compost. 2)Plant hormones are often used to encourage new a leaf for the presence of starch.
roots to develop 3) After a few weeks, new roots develop and (3): boil (in ethanol) / heat (in ethanol)/ eq;
a new plant is produced. ethanol / alcohol;
37. Decomposers(Nitrogen cycle): Break down proteins and turn no naked flame / water bath / hot water / in water
them into ammonia / eq;
45. Describe how white blood cells are used by the body to 52. Digestive enzymes: X converts Lipids into Y and Z: Lipases
defend against infection.: 1 ingest / engulf / surround / convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
phagocytosis / eq; 53. Digestive enzymes: X converts starch into Y. And Z converts
2 enzymes; Y into W: Amylase(X) converts starch into maltose(Y). And
3 digest / breakdown / eq; Maltase(Z) converts Maltose(Y) into glucose(W)
4 lymphocytes;
54. Digestive enzynes: X converts Proteins into Y: Proteases
5 antibodies / antitoxins;
converts proteins into Amino acids
6 specific / eq;
7 antigen: 55. ducts within the kidney nephron that reabsorb salt and
8 memory / memory cell / eq; water(within the urinary/kidney system): collecting duct
56. Explain how coronary heart disease can lead to death: 1.
46. Describe how white blood cells are used by the body to
blocked / narrowed / clogged / eq;
defend against infection.
2. coronary artery;
(5): 1 ingest / engulf / surround / phagocytosis / eq;
3. clot;
2 enzymes;
4. fat / cholesterol;
3 digest / breakdown / eq;
5. less blood to heart;
4 lymphocytes;
6. less oxygen / less oxygenated;
5 antibodies / antitoxins;
7. muscle (cells);
6 specific / eq;
8. less respiration / anaerobic respiration;
7 antigen:
9. lactic acid / angina;
8 memory / memory cell / eq;
10. heart attack / heart stops / cardiac arrest / eq;
47. Describe the features of an insect pollinated flower that help
57. Explain how egestion differs from excretion: faeces versus
it to attract insects.
named excretory product;
(3): 1. large (petals);
undigested food versus metabolic waste product;
2. coloured / bright / white (petals) / eq;
anus versus kidney/lung/skin;
3. scent / smell;
not in cells versus in cells;
4. nectar / nectary;
58. Explain how having more red blood cells is an advantage to
48. ) Describe the stages that are used to genetically modify a
athletes who take
bacterium that is able to
part in long distance races.(4): more oxygen;
manufacture human growth hormone. x5: 1 human gene /
haemoglobin;
human DNA / human allele;
muscles;
2 restriction enzyme;
respiration;
3 plasmid;
(less) anaerobic respiration;
4 vector;
(less) lactic acid / (less) oxygen debt /(less)
5 same restriction enzyme;
fatigue / (less) cramp;
6 ligase;
more energy;
7 recombinant plasmid / recombinant DNA;
run faster / run longer / run further / less tired /
49. Describe ultrafiltration x4: 1)blood from renal artery flows
eq;
through glomerulus. 2)High pressure is built up which
squeezes water urea salts and glucose out of blood into 59. Explain how plants absorb water from the soil and transport
bowmans capsule 3)The membranes between the blood the water to their leaves.: 1. osmosis;
vessels in glomerlus and bowmans cpasule act like filters. 2. dilute solution to concentrated solution / eq;
4)big molecules like protein and blood cells are not squeezed 3. root hair cells;
out. They stay in the blood 4. xylem;
5. transpiration / evaporation / diffusion of water
50. Describe what is meant by the term excretion.: removal / eq;
from leaves;
waste products of cells / metabolism / respiration / chemical
reactions; 60. Explain how temperature is controlled in the fermenter.:
temperature recorder / eq;
51. The destruction of habitat can lead to extinction of species.
cooling jacket / cooling water
Give three other disadvantages of deforestation: 1 leaching /
eutrophication / run off / eq; 61. Explain the effects that deforestation has on the balance of
2 soil erosion / flooding / eq; oxygen and
3 rain(fall) / water cycle effect / less transpiration / carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
drought / desertification / eq; (3): idea of more CO2 / eq;
4 global warming / greenhouse (effect) / (less) photosynthesis;
(more) CO2 in air / less CO2 removed / eq; idea of less O2 / eq;
5 loss of medicinal plants / eq;
62. Explain the purpose of the paddles in the fermenter.: mixing / 70. Fermenter:
distributing oxygen / air; Vessels are sterilised between uses with ___1____ that kills
for respiration; unwanted microbes. Having __2__ conditions increases the
mixing / distributing nutrients / product yield because microorganisms arent ___3(a couple
microorganisms; of words)_____. It also means that the product doesnt get
for growth; __4____: 1)superheated steam
mixing / distributing heat / temperature; 2)aseptic
for respiration / enzymes; 3)arent competing with other organisms
63. Explain what is meant by the term saprotrophic nutrition.: 1 4)contaminated
(feed on) dead / rotting / decomposing / eq; 71. Gall Bladder: Where bill is stored
2 enzyme(s); 72. Gas exchange takes place in the gills.
3 extracellular / outside / external / eq; What is meant by the term gas exchange?
4 digests / digestion / digestive; (1): correct reference to oxygen + carbon dioxide;
5 absorption / eq;
73. habitat: place where an organism lives
64. Explain why temperature must be controlled in the
74. holds urine until ecreted(within the urinary/kidney system):
fermenter.: respiration produces heat;
bladder
enzymes;
75. Homeostasis: Maintaining a constant internal environment
denatured / destroyed / eq;
optimum; 76. How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange x4: 1)Large SA 2)
best growth / maximum growth / more Moist lining for gases to disolve in 3)Thin wall. 3)Permeable
product / eq; walls 4)Copious blood supply,
microorganisms killed / eq; 77. How are leaves adapted for effecient gas exchange x5: 1)
65. Farmers sometimes use pesticides to prevent flies attacking Leaves are broad, large SA for diffusion. 2)Leaves are thin, so
sheep. gases have a short travelling distance 3) Air spaces inside the
Give two problems with the use of chemical pesticides. leaf. 4)Stomata alllow diffusion and transpiration to happen
(2): 1. kills/harms other organisms / not specific / eq; through them. 5)Stomata can open and close for when they
2. affect food chain / bioaccumulation / eq; need and dont need water.
3. resistance; 78. How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis: 1)Leaves are
66. The female reproductive part of a plant is called a:___ and it broad so there is a large SA exposed to light 2) Most of
consists of___ which roles are_____: Carpel---> Stigma(where chlorplasts in palaside layer(near the top). 3)Upper epidermus
the pollen grains stick to). Style(supports stigma). is transparent and at the top. Light can pass through it.4)Waxy
Ovary(contains gametes) Cuticle helps reduce water loss by evaportation. 5)Stomata
67. Fermenter: allow direct diffusion of co2
Nutrients needed by the microorganism for growth are 79. How does a water loss result in concenctrated urine x4:
provided in the____1___: 1)Liquid culture medium 1)hypothalamus detects loss in water 2)Pituatry gland releases
68. Fermenter: more ADH 3)Adh makes kidneys reabsorb more water as ADH
The ___1___ is monitored and kept at the optimum level for makes the nephrones more permeable. 4)As kidneys is
the microorganisms ___2__ to work efficently. This keeps the absorbing moe water there isnt much water in the urine,
___3___ and ___4___ as high as possible: 1)ph henceforth resulting in it being concentrated.
2)enzymes 80. How does having to much water in blood result in dilute urine
3)rate of reaction x3: 1)Hypothalamus detects to much water in blood 2)pituatry
4)product yield gland releases less ADH 3)Kidneys remove more water from
69. Fermenter: blood, so there is more water in the urine
The temperature is also monitered and kept at an ___1____. A 81. how does hypothlamus control water content:
____2___ makes sure it doesnt get to hot so the enzymes dont http://gyazo.com/2958fa4438d2124358374f09ce5f70f7
_____3___: 1)optimum temperature 82. How does vaccination work x4: 1)Inject dead or inactive
2)water cooled jacket pathogens into body. 2)These carry antigens so even though
3)denature they are harmless, they still trigger an immune response.
3)Lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack them
4)Lymphocytes will remain in blood as memory cells.
83. How is starch digested: mouth / saliva; 90. ) In summer, oryx rest under trees during the day and feed at
mechanical digestion / chewing / night. Suggest why
mastication / eq; they do this.
amylase; ONCE Ignore carbohydrase (2): 1. avoid the sun / avoid high temperature /
(starch to) maltose; avoid heat / to shade / avoid overheating /
pancreas / pancreatic juice / eq; stay cool / cooler at night;
small intestine / duodenum / ileum; 2. avoid sweating / avoid water loss /
starch/maltose to glucose; avoid dehydration;
maltase; 91. Investigating osmosis experiment:: Cut potatoe up into
84. How is the small intestine adapted for absorbtion x3: 1)Long, cylinders and place them in some beakers with different sugar
so there is time for break down and absorbtion of food before solutions. One should be pure water and one bare sugary.
it reaches the tip 2) Large SA, as its covered with villi. 3)Villi Some inbetween. Measure length of cylinders. After a few
have a copious blood supply. hours pure water will have some fat potatoes sugar water with
85. How to set up a transpiration experiment: 1 cut under water; thin ones.
2 water tight / air tight / seal / eq; 92. Iodine solution will turn..... and tests for.....: blue black, starch
3 how bubble introduced; 93. Iris: Controls diameter of pupil
4 dry leaves / eq;
94. Iron is found in: And is needed to: make haemoglobin for
5 measure distance bubble moves /
healthy blood
length of bubble eq;
95. Large Intestine: Where excess water is absorbed
6 scale / ruler / cm / eq;
7 time / second / minute / hour / day; 96. Largest artery in body is..: aorta
8 repeat; 97. Largest Vein in body is...: Vena Cava
86. How to test for lipids x3: 1)the test substance is mixed with 2 98. Lens: FOcuses light onto retina
cm3 of ethanol 99. Levels of organisation. Cells are__1__. Similar cells are
2)an equal volume of distilled water is added organised into___2___which work together to carry out a
3)a milky-white emulsion forms if the test substance contains particular function. __2___ are organised into__3__ which
lipids group together to make up an____4____: 1)specialised
87. (ii) Explain what happens in a leaf when it is destarched. 2)tissues
2: starch removed / starch used / no starch / eq; 3)organs
(converted to) glucose; 4)organ systems
respiration / energy; 100. Lipids are found in x2:
88. INsertimg DNA x5: 1)Desired DNA is cut out with a restriction And their funciton is:: Butter, oily fish. Function: To provide
enzyme. 2)Vector DNA is then cut open using the same 'backup energy'
restriction enzyme 3)Vector DNA and desired DNA are stuck 101. Lipids are made up of the following elements:x3: Carbon,
together with ligase enzymes 4)Ligases join together the two hydrogen , oxygen
pieces of DNA to produce recombinant DNA 5)Recombinant
102. Lipids are made up of x and y: fatty acids and glycerol
DNA is inserted into other cells.
103. Liver: Where bile is produced
89. In some countries BST from genetically modified bacteria has
been injected 104. Looking at near objects x3: 1)cilary muscles contract
into cows to improve milk production. 2)Suspensory ligaments slacken 3)Lens becomes fat
In other countries selective breeding has been used to 105. Lymphocytes do what: Produce antibodies to mark out
improve milk production. pathogens for the phagocytes to ingest
Describe how selective breeding could be used to increase 106. The male reproductive part of a plant is called a:___ and it
milk production. consists of___ which roles are_____: Stamen---->
(3): 1 cow with high milk yield / eq; Anther(contains pollen grains). Filament(supports the anther)
2 male/bull with high milk yield daughters or
107. Meiosis produces:: Four different haploid cells.
high milk yield mother / eq;
3 reproduce / mate / breed / AI / eq;
4 repeat process with high milk yield offspring /
many generations / eq;
108. Meiosis: x4: 1)Before cells start to divide it duplicates its DNA. 121. Nitrogen fixing bacteria: Turn atmospheric n2 into nitrogen
One arm of each chromosome is an exact copy of the other compounds
arm. 2)In the first division the chromosome line up in pairs in 122. The nitrogen in a nitrate ion in the soil can become the
the centre of the cell. 3)The pairs are then pulled apart, so nitrogen in a protein
each new cell only has one copy of each chromosome. Some molecule in an animal.
of the fathers chromosomes and some of the mothers Explain how this happens.(4): 1. absorption by roots / root hair
chromosomes will go into each cell 4)In the second division, cell;
the chromosomes line up again in the centre of the cells and 2. active transport / active uptake;
are pulled apart, producing four haploid gametes with with a 3. (make) amino acids / (plant) protein;
single set of chromosomes. 4. assimilation / assimilate; ONCE
109. Micropropigation x5: 1)A plant with desireable characteristics 5. eaten / ingested by animal / herbivore;
is chosen. Explants are taken from it 2)Explants are sterilised to 6. digestion / digests / digested / eq;
kill off any micro-organisms 3)Explants are then grown in vitro, 7. protease / named protease;
in a pettri dish containing a nutrient medium 4) Cells in 123. Nitrous oxide is released from..: veichle engines and industry
explants divide and grow into a small plant. 5)PLants are taken
124. Oestrogen causes: lining of uterus to thicken and griow, and
out of the meium, planted in soil and put into greenhouses
stimulates re
110. Mitosis produces:: Two identical diploid cells
125. Optic nerve: carries impulses from receptors to brain
111. Mitosis:x6: 1)In a cell thats not dividing, the DNA is all spread
126. Optimum temp for enzymes: 37 degrees, same as human
out in long strings. 2)The dna forms x shaped chromosomes,
127. Oryx and humans can control water loss by making their
with each arm of the chromosome being an exact duplicate of
urine very concentrated.
the other. 3)The chromosmes lineup at centre of cell and the
Describe how this is done.
cell fibres pull them apart. 4)The two arms of each
(6): 1. (osmo)receptors;
chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell. 5)membranes
2. hypothalamus;
form around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become
3. pituitary gland;
nuclei of the two new cells. 6)The cyptoplasm divides.
4. ADH;
112. moving molecules through the walls of intestines to blood:
5. (ADH) increases / more (ADH);
absorption
6. kidney / nephron;
113. Name a product that could be produced in this type of 7. collecting duct;
fermenter.: nsulin / penicillin / antibiotic / Fusarium / 8. more permeable;
mycoprotein / any named GM product / eq; 9. reabsorption (of water) / water into blood;
114. Name the blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen.: 128. osmoregulation: Keeping the water and salt content of the
red blood cells. DO not acccept haemoglobin internal body environment constant
115. Name the molecule that makes algae look green: chlorophyll; 129. Other than preadtors name three other biotic factors(living)
116. Name the part of the gut where faeces are that can effect numberos of a species: 1. disease / eq;
(i) stored 2. plant availability / food ;
(1) 3. competition;
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
130. Other than temperature, name one condition that needs to
(ii) expelled be controlled in a
(1) fermenter and state why it needs to be controlled.: pH /
.............................................................................................................................................................................:
acidity / alkalinity;
(i) rectum; 1 enzymes;
(ii) anus; oxygen;
117. Name the type of organism that make antibiotics.: fungi / respiration;
bacteria / Penicillium; (other) microorganisms / sterility;
118. Name the type of pathogen that is killed by antibiotics.: competition /
bacteria contamination / less product / eq;
119. name three abiotic factors(not living) factors that can effect 131. Pancreas: Produces protease amalyase and lipase enzymes, to
numberos of a species: 1. temperature / cold / heat; release them into small intestine
2. humidity / water / rain / snow / drought; 132. Phagocytes do what: ingest pathogens
3. (sun)light; 133. Phloem transports...: food
4. pesticide / insecticide / pollution;
134. population: number of a species
120. Nitrifiying bacteria: Turn ammonia in decaying matter into
135. Progesterone causes: Maintaining the lining of the utureus,
nitrates
136. Proteins are found in: x2 and their function is:: Meat, Fish
Function: Needed for growth and repair of tissues
137. Proteins are made out of the following elements:x4: Carbon,
Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen
138. Proteins are made up of long chains of ______: amino acids
139. Proteins are tested for by what? and what colour does it
turn: Biuret reagent. This turns a mauve or purple colour when
mixed with protein.
140. the pulmonary artery: carries deoxygnated blood
141. the pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood
142. Putting food into your mouth: ingestion
143. reabsorbs water, ions, glucose and amino acids(within the
urinary/kidney system): loop of henle
144. Reabsorbtion happens after ultrafiltration. What happens
here? X3: 1)as the filtrate flows along the nephron, usefull
substances are selectivley reabsorbed into the blood. 2)all the
glucose is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule by
active transport. 3)sufficient salt is reabsorbed. 4)Sufficient
water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct into the
bloodstreem
153.
145. Red blood cells are _1_ and have a ___2___ shape to give a
154.
large surface area for __3__ and releasing oxygen. They
contain __4___ which is what gives blood its colour, as it
contains lots of _5__. In the lungs _4__ reacts with oxygen to 155.
become __6__. Red blood cells dont have a __7__ freeing up
space for more haemoglobin: 1)small 2)bioconcave
3)absorbing 4)haemoglobin 5)iron 6)oxyhaemoglobin
7)nucleus
146. Reflex arc: Stimulus->receptor->sensory->relay->Motor-
>effector-> response
147. regulates body fluid composition by absorbing and
reabsorbing(within the kidney): nephrons
148. Respiration definition: The process of releasing energy from
glucose, which happens in all living cells. 156.
149. respiration word equation: carbon dioxide + water;
glucose + oxygen;
150. Rods are..: sensitive in dim light but cant sense colour
151. Roots are:: Positvley geotropic
157.
152. Scientists obtain blood samples from an athlete's vein. To do
this they use a
sterile needle attached to a syringe.
(i) Suggest two reasons why scientists obtain blood samples
from a vein rather
than from an artery.(2)
(ii) Suggest one reason why the scientists could not obtain a
blood sample from
a capillary.(1)
(iii) Suggest why the needle used to obtain a blood sample
needs to be sterile.
(2): (b) (i)1. lower pressure / slower blood flow / less blood
flow /eq;
2. thinner wall;
3. easier to see / nearer surface / easier to access /
eq;
ii)4. wider lumen;
too small / eq;
iii)1. no pathogens / bacteria / virus / microorganism /
parasite / named virus / HIV / eq;
2. infection / disease / illness / AIDS;
Shoots are:: Positively phototropic, negatively geotropic
Small Intestine: Where nutrients are absorbed. Produces
protease amalyase and lipase enzymes
Some antibiotics are no longer effective in killing pathogens.
Use your
knowledge of natural selection to explain why.
(5): 1. mutation;
2. variation;
3. gene / allele / DNA;
4. survive / not killed / eq;
5. resistant;
6. reproduce / multiply / replicate / breed /
produce offspring / eq;
7. pass on gene / allele / DNA
A Standard Mark Scheme for Design an Investigation
Question. x6: 1. State how you are changing the Independent
Variable.
2. What are you keeping Constant here.
3. How are you measuring the Dependent Variable?
4. When are you measuring the Dependent Variable?
5. What are you keeping Constant here (2 e.g.s if you can)?
6. How are you making the investigation Reliable. Ie how are
you obtaining Repeat Results
Stomach: 1)pummels food with its muscular wakks. 2)produces
pespsin 3)produces hydrochloric acid to a)kill bacteria b)give
right ph for protease enzyme
158. A student suggested that purple flowers are more likely to
be visited by bees than
white flowers.
Use your knowledge of natural selection to suggest how this
might affect the
number of purple and white flowers in the wild.
(5): more purple pollen / less white pollen / eq;
carried to other (purple) flowers;
purple flowers (more likely to) reproduce / eq;
allele for purple in passed on in seeds/offspring;
more purple flowers;
less white flowers;
continues over generations / eq;
159. Suggest and explain how this difference in temperature
might affect the
growth of tea plants.
(2): 1. less growth / lower yield / smaller plants / eq;
2. enzymes / reactions / kinetic energy / collisions / less
photosynthesis / less respiration / eq;
160. Suggest how the students should maintain the water quality
in their pond.: (more) oxygen / prevent stagnation / eq ;
bubbling / paddles / pump / eq;
add water plants;
remove waste / remove faeces / remove dead fish
/ remove leaves / eq;
prevent eutrophication / don't fertilise nearby fields
/ prevent algal growth / eq:
161. Suggest the benefits of producing transgenic hearts.: (more)
hearts available / less shortage / less
waiting time / no need for donors / few donors
/ lowers demand / eq;
less immune response / less rejection / human
proteins / human DNA / human genes / tissue
type / better match / compatible / eq;
less deaths / live longer / eq;
162. Suggest why a clot that blocks the small blood vessels in the
lungs can cause
death.: (less/no) oxygen / oxygenated blood;
heart / brain / organ / body / cells / tissues
/ eq;
respiration / respire / respiring;
163. Suggest why a long distance athlete who trains at high
altitude may have a
better chance of winning than a long distance athlete who
trains at sea level(to do with haemoglobin levels) x5: 1. more
haemoglobin / more red blood cells;
2. (more) oxygen;
3. (more) respiration;
4. (more) energy / (more) ATP;
5. less lactic acid / oxygen debt / less anaerobic
respiration;
164. Suggest why blood flow in a leg vein is slow when there is
lack of movement.: (less/no) muscle(s);
contraction;
squeeze vein / push blood / eq;
165. Undigested stuff going out ya bum: Egestion
166. The use of a pesticide may result in an increase in the
number of pest organisms that
are resistant to the pesticide.
Use your knowledge of natural selection to explain the
increase in the number of
pest organisms that are resistant to the pesticide.
(5): 1 variation / variety;
2 rare / random;
3 mutation / mutant;
4 gene / allele / DNA / eq;
5 survive / not killed / live / eq;
6 reproduce / breed / have offspring / eq;
7 pass on (gene) / eq;
8 many generations / repeated over time / eq;
167. Vitiman A found in... x1 And its function is to:: Liver. Function is
to improve vision and keep your skin and hair healthy.
168. Vitiman C is found in: x1 and its needed to:: Citric fruits, to
prevent scurvy
169. Vitiman D is found in: And is needed to: fish liver oils, absorb
calcium
170. What are cell walls made from. Two possibilities:
Chitin/Cellulose
171. What are gametes: Sperm cells and egg cells
172. What are haploid cells?: Contains half the number of
chromosomes in a normal cell. Humans have a haploid number
of 23
173. What can the co2 in cigarette smoke do.: Reduce the amount
of oxygen the blood can carry. This leads to increased heart
rate, and an increase in blood pressure. High blood pressure
damages artery walls, making blood clots more likely.
Increases chance of cornoary heart disease.
174. What does deforestation lead too?x4: Leaching, disturbing
water cycle, soil erosion, disturbs o2/co2 balance.
175. What does emphysema do to alveoli x3: 1. less surface area;
2. slower diffusion / less diffusion / less gas exchange;
3. less oxygen / less carbon dioxide;
176. What does potassium do to plants And what will a lack of it
result in: To help enzymes needed for photosynthesis and
respiration. Discoloured leaves, and poor flower growth
177. What does smoking do to alveoli: Damages walls, reduces SA
for gas exchange, leads to diseases such as emphysema
178. WHat does tar in smoking do: Damages cilia in the lungs and
trachea. Cillia are little hairs, which catch bacteria and dust
reaching the luns. They also keep trachea clear by sweeping
mucuus back towards mouth. Damaged cillia, chest infections
are more likely
179. What does the Vacule contain: Cell sap, a solution of sugars
and salts.
180. What does urea contain: excess water, salts, urea, and
potassium
181. What do nitrates contain. And what will a lack of nitrates 200. yoghurt: 1)equipment sterilised to kill off unwanted organisms
result in: Contain nitrogen for making proteins and amino 2)milk is pasteurised
acids, needed for cell growth. Yellow old leaves 3)LactoBactillus bacteria are added and the mixture is
182. What do Phosphates contain. And what will a lack of incubated in a fermenter
phosphates result in: Contain phosphorus for making DNA 4)bacteria ferment the lactose sugar in the milk to form lactic
and cell membranes, needed for respiration+growth. Poor root acid
growth and purple older leaves 5)lactic acid causes milk to clot and solidify into yoghurt
183. What do plant cells have that animal cells dont.: Cell wall.
Vacule. Chloroplasts.
184. What four things is transpiration affected by: 1)Light intensity,
brighter the better. 2)Temp, warmer the better. 3) Wind speed.
The higher the better. 4) Humidity, the drier the better
185. What is magnesium needed for, and what will a lack of it
result in: Required for chlorphyll. Yellow leaves
186. What is the role of a vein: Carry deoxygnated blood to the
heart
187. What problems can tar from smoking cause to the
bronchioles and bronchi: It irratates them, encouraging mucus
to be produced. This cant be cleared very well by damaged
cilia, so can lead to chronic bronchitus
188. Whats so damaging about cfcs? Produced from?: damage
ozone layer, preventing UV radiation reaching earth. Old
fridges and aerosol sprays.
189. Whats the point of cell membrane.: Control what goes in and
out
190. Whats the point of cell wall.: Support and strengthen the cell.
191. What two things does bile do?: Neutralises
stomach(hydrochloric) acid to make it alkaline, the condition in
which enzymes in small intestine work best. It also emulsifies
fats, giving a bigger SA for the lipase enzymes to work on
192. When digested molecules have been absorbed theyre
moved into body cells. The digested molecules then become
part of the cells: Assimilation
193. When does active transport occur?: Digestivie system, where
there is a low conc of nutrients in gut but a high conc of
nutrients in blood.
194. Where are carcinogens found and what can they cause:
Tobacco smoke, cancer
195. where does this happen: blood pressure forces soluble
particles out of the glomerulus: glomerulus filtration
196. Why can longsighted people not focuse on near objects:
Cornea/lens doesnt bend the light enough. Or eyeball is to
short
197. Why cant shortsighted people focus on far objects:
Cornea/Lens bends to much light. Or eyeball is to long
198. Word + Symbol equation for photosynthesis.: Carbon
Dioxide( 6CO2) + Water( 6H2o) --> glucose(C6H12O6)
+oxygen(6O2)
199. Xylem transports...: water