Best Water Reuse Practices For Golf Course Irrigation

Best water reuse practices for
golf course irrigation
Dr. Valentina LAZAROVA

Suez Environnement, France
François BRISSAUD
Université Montpellier 2, France
Akiça BAHRI
International Water Management Institute, Ghana
Marrakech, May 28th, 2008
Outline
Main Drivers of Water Reuse and Challenges for

Sustainable Irrigation with Recycled Water
Principal Measures for Golf Course Irrigation
with Recycled Water
9 Wastewater treatment and storage
9 Control of recycled water application
9 Access restriction, human exposure control and
education
Conclusions
22 décembre 2005
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008,
2
Main Drivers of Water Reuse
Increased demand for water
Reduced availability of water supply
Environment protection
Impact of the new laws, policies &
regulations
Public awareness and politic pressure
¾ Increase in drinking water price
¾ Sustainable development
¾ Water reuse is included in several state/national policies
(Australia, California, Cyprus, Florida, Israel, Jordan, Spain,
Tunisia)
¾ More and more regulations introduce requirements for
water reuse (volume, %, given types of reuse as golf
22 décembre 2005
courses, high-rise buildings or industry)
3
Main Criteria Influencing the Choice of Recycled
Water Quality for Irrigation
Water Quality Criteria for Water Reuse

Public health Environmental
protection and agronomic Other concerns
impacts
• Microbiological • Environmental • Technical
parameters adverse effects constraints
short-term 1) on aquifers 1) irrigation systems
biological risk of 2) on soils 2) treatment trains
infection 3) on flora and fauna 3) storage&distribution
• Political or
• Chemical • Agronomic economic pressure
compounds aspects
long-term 1) on crops • Public perception
biological risk of 2) on soil properties 1) aesthetics
toxicity 2) safety of use
22 décembre 2005
4
Levels of risks associated with different types
of crops irrigated with recycled water
Lowest risk Medium risk Highest risk
to consumer, but field to consumer and handler to consumer, field worker
worker must be and handler
protected
• z Industrial crops not for • zPasture, fodder crops. zAny crops eaten uncooked
human consumption zCrops for human and grown in close contact
z Crops normally consumption that do not with wastewater effluent
processed by heat or come into direct contact with (fresh vegetables such as
drying before human wastewater and that spray lettuce or carrots, or spray-
consumption irrigation must not be used irrigated fruits)
z Vegetables and fruit zCrops for human
grown for canning or consumption normally eaten zSpray irrigation regardless
other process only after cooking of type of crop within 100 m
zFodder crops and other zCrops for human of residential areas or
crops that are sun-dried consumption, the peel of places of public access
and harvested before which is not eaten
consumption by animals zAny crop not identified as
high-risk if sprinkler irrigation 22 décembre 2005
is used
5
WHO 2006: Health protection measures
Thermo -
Log tolerant UNRESTRICTED RESTRICTED
pathogen
coliform IRRIGATION IRRIGATION
removal (or E. coli)
7 8 A B C D E F G* H*
0- 10 - 10
T
6 7 T
1- 10 - 10
T T
5 6
2- 10 - 10 T T T
4 5
Sub
3- 10 - 10
sur -
H face
3 4 T
4- 10 - 10 DO DI i irr.
10 3 (H) L g
5- 10 2 - 10 3
DO DI a h
W (L) b l
6- 10 - 10
2
o y
r
W
mec .
7- 0 - 10
int.
Root Leaf *Source: Kamizoulis, 2006
•= where children under 15 years are exposed

T = treatment; W = washing of produce; DO = die-off; DI = drip irrigation (L=low growing cops;2005
22 décembre H=high growing
crops)
6
WHO, 2006: Recommended minimum
verification monitoring of microbial parameters
22 décembre 2005
7
Landscape Irrigation and Other Urban Uses
Stringent regulations (principle of precaution)
E.coli Other Parameters
0/100 mL (Spain, 2007)
10 /100 mL (Victoria, Australia) Turbidity <1 to <5 NTU
TSS < 5 to < 30 mg/l
Fecal Coliforms BOD <5 to <20 mg/L
Not detected (USEPA) Clresidual 1 mg/L
2.2 /100 mL (Canada)
10 /100 mL (Japan)
14 /100 mL (90%) (EPA-UK, draft)
25 /100 mL (75%) (Florida)
100 /100 mL (Germany, draft) Total Coliforms
200 /100 mL (WHO, parcs) 2.2 /100 mL (California)
100 /100 mL (CEE, bathing water) 22 décembre
10 /100 mL (NSW,2005Australia)
8
Agronomic Parameters
Potential irrigation problems Unit Degree of restriction on use
None Slight to moderate Severe
SALINITY
ECw =Electrical conductivity at 25°C dS/m < 0.7 0.7 to 3.0 > 3.0
TDS mg / L < 450 450 to 2000 > 2000
SOIL WATER INFILTRATION: ifmultaneous influence of SAR and ECw
if SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) = 0 to 3 & ECw = > 0.7 0.7 to 0.2 < 0.2
if SAR = 3 to 6 & ECw = > 1.2 1.2 to 0.3 < 0.3
Nations, Water quality for irrigation, Irrigation and Drainage Paper n°29,
Adapted from FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
if SAR = 6 to 12 & ECw = > 1.9 1.9 to 0.5 < 0.5
if SAR = 12 to 20 & ECw = > 2.9 2.9 to 1.3 < 1.3
if SAR = 20 to 40 & ECw = > 5.0 5.0 to 2.9 < 2.9
SPECIFIC ION TOXICITY
by Ayers, R. S. and Wescot, D. W., Rome, Italy, 1985.

Root absorption SAR <3 3 to 9 >9
Sodium (Na) Foliar absorption meq / L <3 >3 -
mg / L < 70 > 70 -
Boron (B) mg / L < 1.0 1.0 to 2.0 > 2.0
Root absorption meq / L <2 2 to 10 > 10
mg / L < 70 70 to 355 > 355
Chloride(Cl)
Foliar absorption meq / L <3 >3 -
mg / L < 100 > 100 -
MISCELLANEOUS EFFECTS
Residual chlorine (Cl2) mg / L < 1.0 1 to 5 >5
Bicarbonate (HCO3) meq / L < 1.5 1.5 to 8.5 > 8.5
Foliar deposits mg / L < 90 90 to 500 22 décembre
> 500 2005
pH normal 6.5 to 8.4
9
Wastewater treatment and storage
Control of recycled water application
Access restriction, human exposure control
and education 22 décembre 2005
10
Code of Practices
Wastewater
Barrier to pathogens
Wastewater Treatment
Critical
step for Barrier to pathogens
health Storage
protection
Protection measure
Application, type of irrigation
Harvesting Human Exposure

Crop Restriction Control
Measures 22 décembre 2005
Protection measure Protection measure Protection measure
11
Guidance for Selection of Health Protection Measures
for Irrigation with Recycled Water
Good
Health Protection Measures Safety Credit Practices
Partial
Secondary
Wastewater
treatment Tertiary
Full
Mandatory
Surface& Low health risk

Sprinkler
Application Irrigation can be ensured
control Localized
Irrigation by a combination
Cultivation of control
practice
measures giving
On Crops
at least
Restriction
measures On Access
6 safety credit
units
22 décembre 2005
Exposure Education
control Signs 12
22 décembre 2005
13
Wastewater Treatment Levels
Pre-treatment Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment Tertiary Treatment
- Coarse Screens - Settling Tanks - Activated Sludge - Biofilters
- Fine Screens - Lamella - Clarifiers - Sand filters
- Grit Removal - Chemicals - Combined -Lamella
- Grease Removal technologies - Disinfection
Air
Removal of: Removal of: Removal of: Removal of:

• Rags • Suspended solids • Carbon pollution • Nitrogen
• Grit • Carbon pollution • N removal • Phosphorus
• Oil and grease (partial) • Suspended solids • Suspended solids
• Microorganisms
22 décembre 2005
14
Secondary (biological) treatment is required in
Europe and is mandatory before water reuse
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

PRETREATMENT PRIMARY BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT CLARIFICATION
SETTLING
SLUDGE
TREATMENT SYSTEM
FLOTATION
THICKNENING SLUDGE DIGESTION DEWATERING

22 décembre 2005
15
Evolution of wastewater quality during treatment
Secondary effluent
Tertiary effluent
Raw sewage
COD BOD5 Coliforms Fecal Streptococci

(mg/L) (mg/L) (log) coliforms
(log) (log)
30-90 5-20 5-9 4-8 3-6
22 décembre 2005
16
Water Reuse for Irrigation
Typical Treatment Schemes and Standards
No WHO, cat. B (< 1 helm.eg/L)
Fe3+, Al3+ exposure
Raw
sewage Industrial crops, forests
Human WHO, cat. A: <1 helm eg/L; <1000 FC/100 mL

Chlorination exposure
Pretreatment
Coagulation
flocculation Israel (60 mg BOD/L ; 50 mgSS/L)
Rapid sand
Raw filtration
sewage
Industrial crops, forests
Pasture, cooked vegetables, fruits
Cl, UV, O3
Australia (<3000 and <750 FC/100 mL)

Pretreatment Primary Activated sludge, Clarifier
Trickling filters California (<23 TC/100 mL)
settling Cl,UV,O3
Rapid filtration Catalonia (<1000 FC/100 mL)
EPA, US (<200 FC /100 mL)
Raw South Africa (<1000 FC/100 mL)
sewage WHO, cat. A: <1 helm eg/L; <1000 FC/100 mL
Infiltration /
percolation
Facultative Pasture, cooked vegetables,
Anaerobic stabilisation ponds fruits, vegetables eaten raw
ponds Maturation ponds
Raw Arizona, Florida (not detec.

sewage FC/100 mL)
California (<2.2 TC/100 mL)
Canary Islands (<2.2 TC/100 mL)
Disinfection Israel (<2.2 TC/100 mL)
Activated sludge Cl, UV, O3
Pretreatment Trickling filters
Primary Clarifier Coag/ 22 décembre 2005
settling flocculation Filtration
17
Infiltration-percolation
Non Conventional Technologies
z Applications: Irrigation (agriculture,
landscape)
z Target for disinfection: <1000 FC Rhizopur®
or E.coli/100 mL
z Optimum size: small to medium
treatment facilities
z Main advantages: Low operation
costs and ease of operation
Lagooning Rhizofiltration
22 décembre 2005
18
Noirmoutier Island,
France Agricultural and
urban irrigation
2 WWTP
(55,000 p.e.+30,000 p.e.) Salaisiere
WWTP
Polishing by maturation ponds Project for
irrigation of
Reuse of 30% of treated wastewater new areas
9215 000 m3/year
9Irrigation of 500 ha of potatoes
Project extension (710 ha)
WWTP
Casie
Objective: « Zero »
discharge of
wastewater in the sea
22 décembre 2005
19
Conventional Tertiary Treatment
Applications (non-potable uses) Coagulation-
9Landscape irrigation flocculation
9Urban uses
9Industrial uses
Targets for disinfection
90 to 200FC/100 mL)
Ozonation
Chlorination
UV
Sand
filtration 22 décembre 2005
20
Golf course irrigation in France
12 golf courses irrigated with recycled water since 1990
in the Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal areas
Secondary UV tertiary
treatment treatment
Golf course Sainte Maxime

8 000 m3/d
Golf course Saint Pierre d’Oléron,

22 décembre 2005 960 m3/d
21
Golf course of Tina, New Caledonia
Golf course of 90 ha, 18 holes

Treatment: sand filtration Sand UV
and UV disinfection
filtration
+
Capacity: 1700 m3/j
Operated since >20 years
by SE (Calédonienne des Eaux)
Covered storage reservoir
(bacterial regrowth)
22 décembre 2005
22
Golf course of Monte Orgegia,
Alicante, Spain
Golf course of 18 holes High rate
clarification Sand filtration
Capacity: 2,6 Mm3/year
Operated by SE (Agbar) +
since >15 years
Treatment:
9 coagulation, flocculation,
9 lamelar settling,filtration,
9 chlorination
22 décembre 2005
23
Advanced Tertiary Treatment Trains
2. Tertiary Treatment
Advanced Primary 2.1. Conventional scheme
Treatment Disinfection
lagoons/Cl/UV/O3
Pre-treatment
Coag/floculation/ Disinfection
clarification Filtration Cl/UV/O3
1. Secondary Treatment
Disinfection
Coag/floc/ Cl/UV/O3
Filtration
clarification
2.2. Submerged membranes
Pre-treatment
Activated sludge Clarification
3. Quaternary
C, N-DN treatment
(desalination)
Disinfection
UF / MF Cl/UV/O3 Brine
1+2. MBR 2.2. External membranes
Reverse osmosis
Pre-treatment
Filtration
EDI
Disinfection
MF/UF Electrodyalisis Reversal
Cl/UV/O3
MBR 22 décembre 2005
C, N-DN
24
Classification of membrane processes for
wastewater treatment
Low pressure membranes Microfiltration
9 Microfiltration (Memcor)
9 Ultrafiltration
9 Nanofiltration
High pressure membranes
9 Reverse osmosis
RO
22 décembre 2005
(Hydranautics)
25
Fields of Application of Membrane Treatment
and Repurification
Applications
9Unrestricted urban irrigation / golf courses
9Indirect potable reuse/Aquifer recharge
9Industrial uses
Targets for disinfection
90 to <200FC/100 mL) Microfiltration
Other Targets
9Trace organics, emerging parameters, Submerged membranes
desalination
Reverse
osmosis
Reversible
electrodialysis
22 décembre 2005
26
UF
Landscape and golf course
irrigation in Bora Bora
Project characteristics
9Secondary treatment (AS): 6250 m3/d
9Tertiary treatment (UF): 300 m3/d MBR
9Storage reservoir
9Chlorination
End users
The MBR building
22 décembre 2005
27
Golf course of Calafell, Spain
Sand
filtration MF RO
1600 10000
Golf course Calafell
Conductivity of
raw sewage
¾ Calafell Golf
Concentration of organics in raw
1200 7500
Course: 18 holes
Conductivity, µS/cm
¾ Target salinity
sewage, mg/L
Conductivity of
COD secondary effluent
800 5000 <1500 µS/cm
¾ Capacity: 4,700
400 2500
m3/d
¾ Disinfection
0
BOD <1,500 µS/cm
0
requirements:
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 <200
22 E.coli/100
décembre 2005 mL
Time of operation, number of weeks (Jan 2005 to May 2007)
28
22 décembre 2005
29
Best Practices for Landscape and Golf Course
Irrigation
z 1. Drainage
9 Good drainage, especially on the greens and other intensely played
surfaces
9 Methods: installation of drainage layer, drainage system, good
program of tillage for soil aeration
Greens: 300 mm/h
22 décembre 2005
30
Irrigation (2)
2. Selection of turfgrass and ornamentals
9 Selection of drought resistant, salt-tolerant grass species for use on
fairways and particularly on the greens and tees
3. Balanced fertilization
9 Accounting for the fertilizer value present in recycled water
4. Regulation of irrigation
9 Close attention to variations in
daily evapotranspiration (ETo)
and soil water depletion,
preferably using on-site
instrumentation
(soil moisture)
9 Best solution: automatic
irrigation system 22 décembre 2005
31
Irrigation (3)
5. Other recommandations in case of high salinity, sodicity
9 Use of amendments (gypsum, lime), as necessary, to adjust the SAR
of soil moisture, countering potentially higher irrigation water SAR
9 Provision of an adequate leaching fraction
9 Blending with lower-SAR, or lower-TDS water sources if necessary
and feasible, through seasonal use of alternate sources of water or
real-time blending with such waters
9 Dual plumbing to irrigate greens with potable water in cases of
excessively high SAR or high salinity, as a last resort
9 Adaptation of irrigation schedule and depth of irrigation to the quality
of irrigation water from a recycled water
6. Miscellaneous
9 Warning signs to alert golfers not to drink water from irrigation
sources—without arousing unnecessary fear of recycled
22 décembrewater
2005
32
Adjustment of Nutrients
Macro-, micro-nutrients and oligo-elements: as a rule in
concentrations that cover plant needs
9Principal nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, boron and
sulfur
N, P and K must be included the fertilisation programme
9Significant economic benefits
9Often, fertilization is not necessary
Warning: avoid potential excess of nitrogen
9Nitrogen is well assimilated by turfgrass: to reach 10 mgN-NO3/L in
drainage water to aquifer, irrigation volume must be >110±10
mm/week (>6 m/year !!!)
9During certain periods of plant growth, excess of N can lead to excess
plant development thus favouring some diseases
9Recommended measures: add growth regulators22 décembre 2005
33
Impact of excess nitrogen on turfgrass
22 décembre 2005
34
Problems of Salinity
Favorable conditions (no problems of salinity)
9 Temperate climate with frequent raining
9 Planting of salt-tolerant turfgrass (warm season)
9 Golf courses with well-drained sandy soils
Adverse (not favorable) conditions (high probability for salinity
problems)
9 Dry climate without raining
9 Planting of salt-tsensitive turfgrass (cold season)
9 Golf courses with poor drainage and clay soils
Factors to be considered
9 The effect depends not only on recycled water salinity, but also on soil
salinity, soil type and salt tolerance of turfgrass and ornamental plants
9 Typical recommended levels: 3000 µS/cm (3 mS/m), a “global” value
as several examples of irrigation with higher salinity are reported
9 In the case of clay soils and without good management practices,
salinity problems may appear even when salinity is in the range of 700
to 3000 µS/cm 22 décembre 2005
35
Example of variation of recycled water
conductivity
Source : F.Fernandez, 2004

Mois
Variations
depending on
wastewater
quality
Salt intrusion
Source : X. Millet, 2004

in sewers to be
considered in
coastal areas
22 décembre 2005
36
Example of salinity problem in a golf course
Salinity problems
observed in a loam salt-
incrusted soil irrigated
with recycled water of
moderate quality
9 ECw 1480-1770 µS/cm
9 SARadj 8-10
(Harivandi, 2007)
22 décembre 2005
37
Salt Tolerance of Turfgrass
Typical recommended values: <2000 - 3000 µS/cm (2-3 dS/m)

Salt tolerance varies and depend on several factors
¾ Environment (T°C, moisture), soil properties
¾ Stage of turfgrass growth
¾ Typical levels reported for Bermuda grass: from 12 to 33 dS/m
22 décembre
*Conductivity 2005
of soil extract
LAZAROVA et al., Water reuse for golf course irrigation, May 28th, 2008, Source :Harivandi, 2007
38
Combined effect of irrigation water SAR and EC
on soil infiltration rate
Salts and sodium do not act independently in the plant
environment: the effect of sodium on soil particle dispersion is
counteracted by high soluble salts concentration
35
Sodium Adsorbtion Ratio
30 Severe reduction in
Source : Lazarova et Bahri, 2005

soil infiltration rate
25
Slight to moderate
20 reduction in
15 soil infiltration
rate
10
No reduction in soil infiltration rate
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Electrical conductivity of irrigation water,
22 dS/m
décembre 2005
39
Sodicity
Sodium tolerance of turfgrass is significantly higher than other

plants
Most of ornamental plants
tolerate <70 mg/L of
sodium during
sprinkling irrigation Paspalum
Ö Sodium excess (SAR > 9)
leads to:
9 Problems of soil
texture
9 Yellow or brown spots,
or drying of turfgrass Bermudagrass
22 décembre 2005
Poor drainage
40
Recommendations for Irrigation Control
Implement automatic regulation of irrigation with sensors of soil
moisture
Provide sufficient storage capacity
¾ Use of water basins
9eutrofisation
9Need of filtration
¾ Use of closed reservoir
(less maintenance)
22 décembre 2005
41
Recommendations for Irrigation Control
Implement automatic regulation of irrigation with sensors of soil
moisture
Provide sufficient storage capacity
¾ Use of water basins
9Eutrofisation
9Need of filtration
¾ Use of closed reservoir
(less maintenance)
22 décembre 2005
42
22 décembre 2005
43
Good management practices are the keys of success of
golf course irrigation with recycled water
France: over 12 golf courses irrigated
with recycled water since 1990
Spain: over 30 golf courses irrigated with
recycled water since 1995
Tunisia: over 10 golf courses irrigated
with recycled water since 1980 Golf course of Sainte
Maxime, France
El Kantaoui Golf Course in

Tunisia, irrigated with secondary
treated water for the past 27 years Golf course of Costa Brava, Spain,
22 décembre 2005
irrigated with recycled water since 1998
44
California: the world leader in water recycling
Over 200 golf courses are irrigater with recycled water in

California since more than 20 years
The total number in the
USA is more than 1000
golf courses irrigated
with recycled water
No degradation of
greens quality was
reportes, but this in
conditions of good
management practices
Golf course of Pebble Beach in California,
irrigated since 1986 with recycled water
22 décembre 2005
45
Florida: the world leader in water recycling
for landscape irrigation
In 2005 in Florida, 49% of total volume of recycled water
(2,5 millions of m3) were used for landscape irrigation
with open public access such as parks and golf courses
52% of wastewater is recycled
In 2006, 201,465 residential lawns, 462 golf courses,
572 parks and 251 schools were irrigated with recycled
water
Irrigation of Walt Disney

World Resort Complex
with 5 golf courses
Irrigation of Kanapaha
Irrigation of Jacksonville golf course Botanical Gardens and
golf course 22 décembre 2005
46
Morocco: a future Mediterranean leader in
water recycling for irrigation ??!
22 décembre 2005
47
The Key of Success
Best Practices of Water Reuse
Negative impacts of salinity

Conductivity >3.0 dS/m
TDS > 3000-5000 mg/L
Cl- >150 mg/L
SAR >3-9
22 décembre 2005
48

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Best water reuse practices for

golf course irrigation

Dr. Valentina LAZAROVA

Main Drivers of Water Reuse and Challenges for

Water Quality Criteria for Water Reuse

Root Leaf *Source: Kamizoulis, 2006

•= where children under 15 years are exposed

by Ayers, R. S. and Wescot, D. W., Rome, Italy, 1985.

Application, type of irrigation

Harvesting Human Exposure

Surface& Low health risk

Removal of: Removal of: Removal of: Removal of:

WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

THICKNENING SLUDGE DIGESTION DEWATERING

COD BOD5 Coliforms Fecal Streptococci

Human WHO, cat. A: <1 helm eg/L; <1000 FC/100 mL

Australia (<3000 and <750 FC/100 mL)

Raw Arizona, Florida (not detec.

Golf course Sainte Maxime

Golf course Saint Pierre d’Oléron,

Golf course of 90 ha, 18 holes

1+2. MBR 2.2. External membranes

The MBR building

Greens: 300 mm/h

Source : F.Fernandez, 2004

Source : X. Millet, 2004

Typical recommended values: <2000 - 3000 µS/cm (2-3 dS/m)

Source : Lazarova et Bahri, 2005

Sodium tolerance of turfgrass is significantly higher than other

El Kantaoui Golf Course in

Over 200 golf courses are irrigater with recycled water in

Irrigation of Walt Disney

Negative impacts of salinity

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