NOTES ON ENERGY CHANGES

1. All chemicals stored their energy in the form of _______________

This energy is changed into other forms of energy such as _______
energy, _______energy,_________energy.

2. The unit for energy is ________.

3. During a chemical reaction, a new substance is formed and heat is

gained
or lost to the surrounding.

4. The surrounding refers to the reaction container, the laboratory room and
anything else other than the reactants and products.

5. Exothermic reaction:
a) It is a reaction where is heat is ____________to the surrounding.
b) It is accompanied to a temperature _____________.
c) The total energy content of the ___________is lower than the total
energy of the _________________.

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 d) H represents the ____________________ie the heat change that
occurs during a reaction. It is the difference between the energy content
of the products and that of the reactants.

e) H for exothermic reaction is negative

f) Examples of exothermic reactions include :

 combustion reactions,
 respiration,
 neutralization,
 converting anhydrous salt to hydrated salt
 acid added with water ( acidic salt added with water)
 alkali is added in water ( basic salt added with water)
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g) Endothermic Reaction
a. It refers to a reaction where heat is _______from the
surrounding.
b. It is accompanied with a ________ in temperature.
c. The total energy content of ____________ is lower than the
total energy content of _____________.

Energy /kJ

d. Examples of endothermic reactions include :

i. Thermal decomposition of salts
ii. Salts dissolving in water
iii. Dissociation of compounds
iv. Photosynthesis 3
v. Photography
 7) _________________and bond forming occur during a chemical reaction.
It is the breaking and making of bonds that cause energy changes in
chemical reaction.

8) Bond breaking is _____________ie energy is needed to break a bond.

H 2 →2H

9) The stronger the bond to be broken, the more energy is taken in . A triple
bond requires the most energy to break while a single bond is ________ to
break.

10) The bond energy indicates the amount of energy needed to break a
covalent bond and it refers to the energy released if the same bond is
formed.

11) During a chemical reaction,

A+ B → C + D
E bb= Total energy required to break bonds in the reactants
E bf = Total energy produced when bonds are formed in the products
a) If E bf > E bb, an __________ reaction has taken place, H = -ve
b) If E bf < E bb, an __________ reaction has taken place,  H= + ve
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 Example 1: H 2 + F 2 → 2HF
Bond energies of H 2 = 436 kJ/mol ; BB of H 2 =
Bond energies of F 2 = 158 kJ/mol ; BB of F 2 =
Bond energies of HF = 568 kJ/mol ; BF of HF =
H =

Example 2: 2NH → N 2 + 3 H 2
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Bond energies of N 2 = 945 kJ/mol

Bond energies of H 2 = 436 kJ/mol
Bond energies of N-H = 388 kJ/mol

Example 3: The equation below shows the reaction between nitrogen

and oxygen
N 2 + 2 O 2 → 2NO 2 H = +66kJ
a) Is this an exothermic or endothermic reaction? Explain your answer.
b) Draw an energy diagram to represent energy changes for this reaction.
c) How much is the energy change for the formation of 0.1 mole of nitrogen
dioxide ?

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 Example 4: The graph below shows the temperature changes that occur
when solid potassium iodide is stirred with water until the further change in
temperature is observed.

Room Temperature

a) Name the ions present in the final solution.

Temperature / C
b) Why does the temperature fall at the beginning of the expt?
c) Why does the temp rise again towards the end of the experiment?
d) The experiment is repeated using solid potassium hydroxide to replace the
potassium iodide. Sketch the graph to show how temperature changes with t
Time/ s

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