ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
(COMMUNICATION STREAM)
FINAL PROJECT PROPOSAL

TITLE:- DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CAMPUS FM

COMMUNICATION TRANSMITTER
NAME AND ID OF GROUP MEMBERS
NAME ID. NO.
1. ZERU YESUF …………………………… R/2403/04
2. ZEKARIAS KAHINU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R/1960/04
3. SOLOMON ABEBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R/5597/03
4. ZELALEM DEME ....................... R/5844/03
5. YOHANNES TILAHUN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R/2390/04
6. MATEWOS MEKONEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R/5341/03

Submission Date: 14/03/2016

PROJECT PROPOSAL ASTU MAR-2016

Abstract
The design of campus frequency modulation (FM) communication transmitter is an efficient and
reliable FM transmitter using radiofrequency (RF) communication. This project is used for
informing, notifying campus communities about the whole information within the campus which
intern reduces wastage of time and human labor. Our project contains the transmitter which
consists of discrete bipolar junction transistors, capacitors, inductors, resistors and antenna. Using
this components the audio signal modulate with the carrier signal and using antenna the audio will
take to the desired place. We use modulated signal of a frequency 103.3 MHz, hence we expect to
listen the transmitted message signal at the receiver. The design is specifically more effective to
aware campus communities in a way to get the desired information in the desired time from the
university.

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Table of Contents Page

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... i
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
2. Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................................... 2
3. Objective ............................................................................................................................................... 3
3.1. General objective .......................................................................................................................... 3
3.2. Specific objective .......................................................................................................................... 3
4. Scope of the project .............................................................................................................................. 3
5. Literature review ................................................................................................................................... 3
6. Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 8
6.1. Methods of Generating FM Signal................................................................................................ 8
6.1.1 Direct method............................................................................................................................... 8
6.1.2 Indirect method ............................................................................................................................ 8
7. Components Required ......................................................................................................................... 10
8. Work Plan ........................................................................................................................................... 11
9. Cost Breakdown .................................................................................................................................. 12
10. References ........................................................................................................................................... 13
11. Appendix ............................................................................................................................................. 14

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1. Introduction
Frequency modulation (FM) is a technique for wireless transmission of information where the
frequency of a high frequency carrier is changed in proportion to message signal which contains
the information. FM was invented and developed by Edwin Armstrong in the 1920’s and 30’s.
Frequency modulation was demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for
the first time in 1940, and the first commercial FM radio station began broadcasting in 1945. FM
is not a new concept. However, the concept of FM is essential to a wide gamut of radio frequency
wireless devices and is therefore worth studying in 2007.
Frequency Modulated radio has been used for years in high-fidelity music and speech
broadcasting, offering excellent sound quality, signal robustness, and noise immunity. Recently,
FM radio has witnessed an explosion of interest from the market for its applications in mobile and
personal media players; however, the traditional FM design approach requires a long antenna, such
as a wired headphone, which limits its usefulness for many users who do not carry the wired
headset. Also, as wireless usage models continue to be a growing trend in portable devices, more
customers can benefit from wire-free FM radio reception using other FM antennas while listening
with either a wireless headset or a speaker output.
This article introduces an FM radio receiver solution that enables the antenna to be integrated or
embedded inside the portable device enclosure, making the headphone cable optional. It starts with
the goal of maximizing sensitivity; follows with methods for achieving the maximum sensitivity,
including maximizing efficiency at the resonant frequency, maximizing antenna size, and
maximizing efficiency.
The FM Transmitter uses FM waves (frequency modulated waves) to send sound. Frequency
modulation transmits data (in our case an audio signal) over a carrier wave by changing the
frequency of the carrier wave, where the frequency of the carrier wave corresponds to the voltage
level of the audio signal.
In order to use electromagnetic transmission, the audio signal must first be converted into an
electric signal. The conversion is accomplished by a transducer, in our case the microphone. After
conversion, the audio signal is used to modulate a carrier.
The process of modulation means to systematically use the information signal what we want to
transmit to vary some parameter of the carrier signal. In this case, the information signal changes
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the frequency of the carrier wave without changing its amplitude or phase. The carrier signal can
be a sinusoidal, but in our case the carrier signal will be a square-wave that is generated by voltage
controlled oscillator (VCO).

2. Statement of the problem

When notices publish in the campus, college, school and department notice board, they are
accessible only by the students and teachers, who visit the college on a daily basis. If we are
implementing campus notice annunciated system by using FM transmitter, campus communities
do not need to go to notice board. In this project, we designed, we intend to eliminate the
challenges faced when working with cable or wired microphones, the advantage is to give the
user greater mobility when using the microphone, the problem of restriction of distance of
transmission when using cable microphones will also be solved. Our design of the frequency
modulation is expected to have high signal to noise ratio since the performance of the system is
determined by its signal to noise ratio.

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3. Objective
3.1. General objective
The objective of this paper is to explain the design and construction of a simple FM transmitter
and to introduce a low cost of FM with a frequency of 103.3 MHZ in any campus premises. FM
Transmitter can be used at any place to transmit audio signals using FM transmission, especially
at institutions and organizations.
3.2. Specific objective
 To address full information for the whole community in the campus.
 To minimize human labor and wastage of materials.
 To give effective information in a short period of time and provide fast response for any
situation happening in campus.
 To disseminate fair information for campus communities by specified FM station other
than notice board.
 To entertain campus communities in some particular occasions.

4. Scope of the project

FM Transmitter can be used at any place to transmit audio signals using FM transmission,
especially at institutions and organizations. Since an FM is a line of sight communication system
,this campus communication transmitter covers campus area (about 1km radius) to share
university’s and community’s ideas by using this FM broadcasting system.

5. Literature review
FM is an abbreviation for Frequency Modulation. Modulation is how information is imparted to a
radio frequency signal. In the case of FM the audio signal modulates what is called the carrier
frequency (which is the frequency of the broadcast signal) by causing it to shift up and down ever
so slightly in response to the level of the audio signal. An FM radio receives this signal and extracts
the audio information from the radio frequency carrier by a process called demodulation.
The more advanced models operate on a user selectable frequency to avoid interference. The two
most important analogue methods for transmitting and receiving signal are frequency modulation
and amplitude modulation (AM). In order to transmit information in the form of modulation, we
vary some parameters of a basic electromagnetic wave usually called a carrier wave. A radio
frequency signal is normally used, as the original information which is in a form that is not suitable
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for distance transmission directly due to some factors and it is necessary to convert it to higher
frequency through modulation.
Frequency modulation is the process whereby one varies the frequency of an RF signal in
accordance with the changes in amplitude of an analog signal. In its simplest manifestation, one
can produce an FM signal by modulating a voltage-controlled oscillator with a modulating signal
of varying voltage. Demodulation of an FM signal is a two-step process of differentiation followed
by envelope detection. One aspect of differentiation, though, is amplification of high-frequency
noise and consequent degradation of signal-to-noise ratio. To balance that out, FM broadcast
signals use a high-pass transfer function called “pre-emphasis” that amplifies high-frequency
content, and FM receivers apply a low-pass compensation transfer function, called “de-emphasis”
that attenuates both the amplified high-frequency content and the high-frequency noise. The audio
of audio devices is converted to FM radio signals by means of FM Transmitter and then these
frequency modulated signals are picked by FM Receivers (radios) and audio can be then played
on receiver. FM Transmitter is connected to audio output of audio devices.

The basic Frequency Modulation communications system has:

 Transmitter: which is the sub-system that takes the information signal and processes it
prior to transmission. The transmitter modulates the information onto a carrier signal and
broadcasts it over the channel.

 Channel: The medium which transports the modulated signal to the receiver.
 Receiver: That is the sub-system that takes in the transmitted signal from the channel and
processes it to retrieve the information signal. The receiver must be able to discriminate
the signal from other signals which may use the same channel medium, amplify the
signal for processing and demodulate (remove the carrier) to retrieve the information.

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FM Transmitter Block Diagram

Modulator
Carrier oscillator generates a stable sine wave for the carrier wave. Linear frequency even when
modulated with little or no amplitude change Buffer amplifier acts as a high impudence load on
oscillator to help stabilizes frequency. The process of combining an audio frequency (AF) signal
with a radio frequency carrier wave. The AF is also called a modulating wave and the resultant
wave produced is called modulated wave

Frequency multiplexers
Frequency multiplexers, tuned_ out put RF amplifiers.in which the output resonance circuit is
tuned to a multiple of the input. Frequency multiplier is an electronic circuit that generates an
output signal whose output frequency is a harmonic (multiple) of its input frequency. Frequency
multipliers consist of a nonlinear circuit that distorts the input signal and consequently generates
harmonics of the input signal. A subsequent band pass filter selects the desired harmonic
frequency and removes the unwanted fundamental and other harmonics from the output.

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Power output section

In radio transmission, transmitter power output (TPO) is the actual amount of power (in watts) of
radio frequency energy that a transmitter produces at its output. This develops the final carrier or
to be transmitter .Also included here is an impedance matching network, in which the output
impedance is the same as that in the load (antenna).

Pre-emphasis
Pre-emphasis is the first part of a noise reduction technique in which a signal's weaker, higher
frequencies are boosted before they are transmitted or recorded onto a storage medium.
Upon playback, a de-emphasis filter is applied to reverse the process. The result is a higher
signal to noise ratio (SNR); the original frequencies are restored, but noise that was introduced
by the storage medium, transmission equipment, or analog/digital conversions is quieter than it
would have been if no filtering had been done. Pre-emphasis improving the SNR (signal to noise
ratio) in FM can be achieved by filtering, but no amount of filtering will remove the noise from
RF circuit. But noise controls achieved in the low frequency (audio) amplifiers through the use
of a high pass filter as a transmitter (pre-emphasis) and a low pass filter in receiver (de-
emphasis) the measurable noise in low frequency electronic amplifier is most pronounced over
the frequency range 1 KHz-2 KHz.

Oscillator
The carrier oscillator is used to generate a stable sine wave at the carrier frequency when no
modulating signal is applied to it if when fully modulated it must change frequency linearly like
a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). At frequencies higher than 1KHZ Colpitt (split capacitors
configurations) or Hartley oscillator (split inductor configurations) may be deployed.
Local oscillator
A local oscillator is an electronic oscillator used to generate a signal normally for the purpose of
converting a signal of interest to a different frequency using a mixer. This process of frequency
conversion also referred to as heterodyning, produces the sum and difference frequencies of the
frequency of the local oscillator and frequency of the input signal of interest.

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The local oscillator must remain stable in frequency. It must produce enough output power to
effectively drive subsequent stages such as mixers or frequency multipliers. A crystal oscillator
is one common type of local oscillator that provides good stability and performance at relatively
low cost, but changing the frequency then requires changing the crystal. Tuning to different
frequencies requires a variable-frequency oscillator which requires compromise between stability
and tenability. With the advent of high-speed digital microelectronics, modern systems can use
frequency synthesizers to obtain a stable tunable local oscillator, but care must still be taken to
maintain adequate noise characteristics in the result.

Buffer amplifier
A type of preamplifier and its job is to match impedance to prevent the input of a device from
loading the output of a device that is connected to it and trashing the tone or output. The buffer
amplifier acts as a high input impedance with a low gain and low output impedance associated
with it. The high input impedance prevents loading effects from the oscillator section.

Power output amplifier

Power amplifier takes the energy drawn from the DC and converts to AC signal power that is to
be radiated. The efficiency or the lack of it in most amplifiers affected by heat being dissipated in
the transistor and surrounding circuitry. Therefore the choice of amplifier type depends greatly
on the output power and intended range of the transmitter

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6. Methodology

This project used three major steps to implement project starting from planning, implementing and
testing. All the methods used for finding and analyzing data regarding the project related.

PLANNING
To identify all the information and requirement such as hardware and software, planning must be done in
the proper manner. The planning phase have two main elements namely data collection and the
requirements of hardware and software.
Data collection
Data collection is a stage in any area of study. At this stage we planned about the projects resources
and requirements, literature studies and schedule to get more information, by visiting FM station,
in this study. All the materials are collected from texts book and research papers gathered from
libraries and Internet.

6.1. Methods of Generating FM Signal

There are basically two methods of generating an FM signal. The direct method and the indirect
method.

6.1.1 Direct method

Voltage controlled oscillator (VCOs) is used to vary the frequency of the carrier signal in
accordance with the base amplitude variation. These oscillators use devices with reactance that
can be varied by the amplification of voltage, where the reactance causes the instantaneous
frequency of the VCO to change proportionally by incorporating such devices into a standard
Harley or croupiest oscillator; FM signal can be generated.

6.1.2 Indirect method

This is based on approximating a narrow base FM signal and a single sideband (SSB) signal where
the side band is 90 degree out of phase with the carrier.

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7. Components Required

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Resistor 18K,22K,90K,5K,540Ω, 9 K, 40K, (rating 1

0.5w), 1 K, 20 K(rating 2w)
2 Inductor 0.2µH (1A) 2

3 Antenna 0.689M Long wire(telescopic antenna) 1

4 Battery 9v 1

5 Microphone Audio input 1

6 Capacitor 5µF,47µF,0.01 µF,15 µF (electrolyte) (rating 1,1,2,1
15V)
7 Capacitor 20pF (Ceramic) (rating 22V) 2
8 Capacitor 10 pF,5 pF(variable) (rating 20V) 1,1

9 PCB Board ------- 1

10 Tranisistor NPN BC109, NPN 2N222, PNP 2N2369 3

Table 7.1 Component required

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8. Work Plan
Month March: Introduction
Activities Responsiblity
Week No.
Searching for thesis title and writing ALL
Week 1&2 proposal
Week 3&4 Finishing and submission of the proposal ALL
Table 8.1 work plan March

Month April, FM Transmitter design

Responsiblity Remark
Week No. Activities
Collecting resources and All
Week 2(12-16) studying each problem
Circuit design All students participate on
different part of the
Week 4 (25-29) circuit(separately)
Table 8.2 work plan on April

Month May, Finilizing Documentation and Simulation

Week No. Activities Responsibility Remark

Week1 (2-7) Finalizing design All (dividing each topic)
Simulation & Run Zekarias, Yohannes and
Week2 (9-11) The Simulation Matias
Zelalem, Zeru and
Week 3 (16-21) Documentation Zekarias
Prepare available Zeru, Yohannes and
Week 4 (23-27) component Solomon with Advisor
Table 8.3 work plan on May

Month June, Hardware design and Presentation

Week No. Activities Responsibility Remark

Week 1 (1-6) Hardware design &complete All

project

Week 3 (20-22) Project submission and defending All

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9. Cost Breakdown
No. Components Total quantity
Unit price Total Cost

1 Resistor 9 3.00 27 birr

2 Electrolyte Capacitor 5 20.00 100birr

4 Ceramic Capacitor 4 12.50 50 birr

5 Inductot 2 25.00 50 birr

6 Antenna 1 300.00 300 birr

7 Battery 1 200.00 200 birr

8 Transistor 3 24.30 73 birr

9 Total 800 birr

Table 9.1. Cost breakdown of required components

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10. References
[1]. Modern digital and analogue communication systems 3rd edition by B.P. Lathi, New
York, Oxford University Press, 1998.
[2]. Modern electronic communication (9th edition) by Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary
M.Miller English 2014.
[3]. Electronic communications: modulation and transmission, 2nd Edition by Robert
J. Schoenbeck, Devry Institute of Technology Phoenix, 1992
[4]. Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_the_USA
[5]. Sistemas De communication 2nd Edition B.P.Lathi published 1998

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11. Appendix

AF: audio frequency

AM: amplitude modulation
FCC: federal communications commission.
FM: frequency modulation
MIC: microphone
PSK: phase shift keying
QAM: quadrature amplitude modulation
RF: radio frequency
RSSI: Received signal strength indicator
SNR: signal to noise ratio
SSB: single side band
SWR: standing wave ratio
TPO: transmit power out put
VCO: voltage controlled oscillator

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