Chapter 10

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What I already know about a quadratic equation..

2
Everything you always wanted to know about the parabola

Drag the correct label

Root
Vertex

y intercept

Axis of Symmetry

3
How do we find the X Intercept?

from the graph LOOK

from the equation y = 4x2-3x - 1

put y = 0, factorise and solve

The roots of an equation are the points where the graph cuts the x axis.
They are also the x intercepts.

4
How do we find the X Intercept?

from the graph LOOK

from the equation y = -3x2-5x + 2

put y = 0, factorise and solve

The roots of an equation are the points where the graph cuts the x axis.
They are also the x intercepts.

5
How do we find the Y Intercept?

from the graph LOOK

from the equation y = -3x2-5x + 15

put x = 0 and find y

The y intercept is the point where the graph cuts the y axis

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The general equation for any parabola is y = ax2 +bx + c

2
a = coefficient of x
b = coefficient of x coefficient just means number in front of
c = constant

Website link: http://tinyurl.com/34tkg7z

What happens to the shape / position of the parabola when:

a is changed?

c is changed?

b is changed?

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How do we find the axis of symmetry?

from the graph

Axis of symmetry is the average of the x intercepts

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How do we find the axis of symmetry?

from the equation y = ax2 +bx + c

If a quadratic cannot be factorised we can solve it by using the quadratic formula

-b + !b2 - 4ac
x=
2a

-b - !b2 - 4ac -b + !b2 - 4ac

x= x=
2a 2a

Axis of symmetry is the average of the x intercepts

-b
x=
2a

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example: find the axis of symmetry of y = 4x2-3x - 1

The axis of symmetry is a vertical line (parallel to the y axis) and is given by the
equation x = -b
2a

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How do we find the vertex?

MAX from the graph LOOK

MIN

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How do we find the vertex?

Where is the vertex in relation to the axis of symmetry?

eg. find the vertex of y = 4x2-3x + 1

Find the axis of symmetry x = - b

2a
and substitute this value of x into the equation to find the y coordinate.

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Match the picture with its description:

roots axis of symmetry vertex

y = 2x2 + 8x - 3

quadratic equation

parabola

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Questions:
1. Sketch the graph of the parabolas which have roots 3 and -1

2. What is the equation of each graph?

3. Is the axis of symmetry the same for each graph?

4. What is it?

5. Find the maximum and minimum for each graph.

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Questions:

1. Sketch the graph of the parabola y= x2 - 3x

2. What is the axis of symmetry?

3. Does the parabola have a maximum or minimum value?

Why?

4. What is this value?

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Solving quadratic
inequations

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-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

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Solving Quadratic Inequations

y=(x-5)(x+2)

(x-5)(x+2)>0

(x-5)(x+2)<0

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Solving Quadratic Inequations

y=(x+5)(2-x)

(x+5)(2-x)"0

(x+5)(2-x)#0

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Positive and Negative
Definites
or quadratic equations with no solutions

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How do we find the axis of symmetry?

What are the solutions (roots)?

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Solving Quadratic Inequations

y = x2- 4x + 9

x2- 4x + 9 > 0

x2- 4x + 9 < 0

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Solving Quadratic Inequations

y = - x2+ 4x - 5

-x2+ 4x - 5 > 0

-x2+ 4x - 5 < 0

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Positive Definite Quadratic Function Negative Definite Quadratic Function

function is always > 0 function is always < 0

(above x axis) (below x axis)

These quadratics have no solutions ( roots) because they do not touch the x axis.

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Indefinite Quadratic functions

indefinite functions because they are

sometimes > 0 (above x axis) and
sometimes < 0 ( below the x axis)

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Can be used to find the roots of
quadratic formula

3
y = ax2 + bx + c

A quadratic with no solutions

where a > 0 positive definite

5
A quadratic with no solutions
negative definite

4
where a < 0
2
The quadratic y = ax +bx + c
minimum point

2
where a > 0 will have a ....

2
The quadratic y = ax +bx + c
maximum point

6
where a < 0 will have a .....

2
The quadratic y = ax +bx + c
indefinite
7
which has two roots is called ...

The graph of a quadratic

parabola
1

function is always a ....

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How many solutions?

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How many roots are there for the equation: y = x2- 4x - 5.
What are they?
Sketch the graph.

Axis of symmetry x = 4/2 = 2

when x = 2 y = -9

coefficient of x2 is positive
concave up in shape.

x intercepts:
y = (x - 5) (x + 1)

(x - 5) (x + 1) = 0

x = 5 and x = -1 two solutions

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How many roots are there for the equation: y = x2- 4x + 4.
What are they?
Sketch the graph.

Axis of symmetry x = 4/2 = 2

when x = 2 y = 0

coefficient of x2 is positive
graph is concave up

y = (x - 2)2
(x - 2)2 = 0
x = 2 only 1 solution

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How many roots are there for the equation: y = x2- 4x + 5.
Sketch the graph.

y = x2- 4x + 5
4
axis of symmetry x = /2 = 2

when x = 2 y = 1

a >0 (coefficient of x2 ).
The graph has a minimum
point at (2,1)

hence the graph is positive

definite ( sits above the x axis)

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Find the roots of: y = 4x2- 3x - 5

-b + !b2 - 4ac
x= 3 + !(-3)2 - 4.4.-5
2a x=
8

3 + !9 +80
x=
8

3 + !89
x=
8

3 + !89 3 - !89
x= x=
8 8

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Find the roots of: 2
y = x - 4x + 4

-b + !b2 - 4ac
x= 4 + !(-4)2 - 4.1.4
2a x=
2

4 + !16 - 16
x=
2

4
x=
2

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Find the roots of: y = 2x2 - 3x + 5

-b + !b2 - 4ac
x= 3 + !(-3)2 - 4.2.5
2a x=
4

3 + !9 - 40
x=
4

No soln.

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34
The solutions (roots) for the general quadratic is y = ax2 +bx + c

-b + !b2 - 4ac
x=
2a
coefficient just means number in front of

-b - !b2 - 4ac 2
x= or -b + !b - 4ac 2 solutions
2a 2a

-b + 0
x= 1 solution
2a

-b + !negative number
x= No solution
2a

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 Discriminant

= b2 - 4ac

The discriminant gives information about the nature of solutions for the given
quadratic equation such as how many solutions (roots) and the type of solution .

<0 =0 >0
No real solutions 1 real (rational solution) 2 real solutions
(unreal / imaginary) equal roots

perfect square not perfect square

2 rational solutions 2 irrational solutions
a<0 a>0
negative definite positive definite

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Examples
1. Find the discriminant of 3x2 - 5x + 5 = 0 and determine whether the roots
are real / unreal (imaginary), rational / irrational, equal / unequal?

= b2 - 4ac

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Examples
2
2. Find k if 3x - 8x + k = 0 has equal roots

= b2 - 4ac

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Examples
2 2
3. Show that 4x + 3kx + k = 0 has no real roots whatever the value of k

= b2 - 4ac

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Summary

= b2 - 4ac

=0 equal roots
< 0 unreal (imaginary roots)
! 0 real roots

> 0 real and different

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Intersection of Curves and Lines

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 To find the point of intersection, the two equations are solved simultaneously.

We only have to show how many solutions.

Look at the discriminant when one pronumeral has been eliminated.
The discriminant shows how many solutions -
> 0 then there are 2 solutions ( 2 points of intersection)
= 0 then there is 1 solution (tangent)
< 0 then there are no points of intersection

eg. The line y = 3x - p + 1 is a tangent to the parabola y = x2. Find the value of p.
y = 3x - p + 1
y = x2
} 3x - p + 1 = x2 ie x2 -3x + p - 1 = 0
The discriminant of this quadratic = (-3)2 - 4.1.(p-1)
= 9 - 4p + 4
= 13 - 4p

We need to show the line is a tangent which means there is only one point of
intersection. This occurs when the discriminant is zero.

Solve 13 - 4p = 0 gives p = 13/4 = 3.25

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If two quadratic expressions are equivalent to each other then the corresponding
coefficients must be equal.

eg. Express x2 +2x - 2 in the form ax(x+1) + bx2 +c(x+1)

in other words find the values of a, b and c so that the expressions are equal.

x2 +2x - 2 = ax(x+1) + bx2 +c(x+1)

answer: x2 +2x - 2 = 4x(x+1) - 3x2 -2(x+1)

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If two quadratic expressions are equivalent to each other then the corresponding
coefficients must be equal.

eg. Find the equation of the parabola which passes through the points
(2,10) (1,1) and (0,-4)

As these points lie on the same parabola, then we need to find a, b and c so that
ax2 + bx + c = y
substitute each point into the general quadratic equation and solve for a, b and c

Required equation of the parabola is 2x2+3x -4 = y

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Sum and Product of the Roots of a
Quadratic Function

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Tell me everything you know about:

x2 - 5x + 6 = 0

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 If α and β are the roots of the general quadratic then

2
x - ( α + β) x + αβ = 0

ie. x2 - ( sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0

Example: The roots of a quadratic are 3 and -2. What is the equation of the quadratic?

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 2
If α and β are the roots of the ax + bx + c = 0

sum of the roots = α + β = -b

a

product of the roots = αβ= c

a

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Examples: For the quadratic 2x2 - 5x +1 = 0 find;

a) α + β

b) αβ

c) 1+1
α β

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Examples: For the quadratic 2x2 -5x +1 = 0 find; a = 2 , b = - 5, c=1

d) α 2 + β2

e) (α - 3 ) ( β- 3 )

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Example 2: Find k in x2 - (2 + k)x + 3k = 0 where the product of the
roots is 4 times the sum of the roots.

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Example 3: Find the value of k if the roots of 4x2 - 20x + k = 0 differ
by 2.

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Equations Reducible to Quadratics

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Some equations can be solved by making them into a quadratic
ax2 + bx + c = 0.

1. By multiplying every term by the denominator

Solve: m + 1 = 2
m

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2. By making a substitution

Solve: x4 -5x2 + 4 = 0 Solve: (2x - 1 )4 - (2x - 1 )2 - 6 = 0

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2. By making a substitution
x x
Solve: 9 - 10(3 )+ 9 = 0

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