Journal of Materials Processing Tech.

256 (2018) 78–86

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Materials Processing Tech.

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmatprotec

Microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stress of a 2205DSS/ T

Q235 rapidly formed LBW joint
⁎
Chengchao Dua, Xue Wanga,b, , Lei Hua
a
School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
b
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Welding seam (WS) of a 2205DSS/Q235 laser-beam welded (LBW) joint consisted of a martensitic phase and a
Duplex stainless steel small amount of residual austenite. The microstructure of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the 2205DSS side was
Dissimilar joint ferrite-dominated. The HAZ of the Q235 side consisted of a coarse-grained zone (near the WS) and a fine-grained
Laser beam welding zone which was a result of the thermal cycling. The WS had the was highest hardness, and the hardness value of
Martensitic transformation
the HAZ was slightly higher than that of the respective base metal. The strength of these welding joints was
Residual stress
approximately 460 MPa. The residual stress was investigated using a finite element method, hole-drilling
method, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results revealed two high stress regions on either side of the WS. The
residual stress of the WS was relieved substantially because of the martensitic transformation at 400 °C.

1. Introduction toughness properties, when considering the required specifications re-

Duplex stainless steel (2205DSS) consists of ∼50 vol. % austenite
and ∼50 vol. % ferrite. Moura et al. (2010) showed that compared to
steels of conventional austenitic grades (AISI 304L, 316L, 317L),
2205DSS steels present higher strength levels and are more resistant to
Cl− environments. Owing to these characteristics, 2205DSS have been
widely employed to manufacture pressure pipes and vessels for the in
oil, gas, and chemical industries. Recently, the welding process used in
joining 2205DSS steels has attracted increasing attention. Many
welding methods, such as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), laser beam
welding (LBW), and friction welding, have been employed to join
2205DSS steels. Badji et al. (2011) characterized the texture evolution
of the base metal, HAZ, and weld metal during welding (via GTAW) and
annealing. Subsequently, an optimal annealing treatment was de-
termined based on a micromechanical model. Zhang et al. (2017) stu-
died the effects of the addition of nitrogen to the shielding gas used
during GTAW on the microstructural evolution and localized corrosion
behavior of duplex stainless steel (DSS) welds. Lai et al. (2016) also
showed the beneficial effect of the addition of nitrogen to the shielding
gas on the corrosion resistance. Mourad et al. (2012a, b) compared
welds formed via LBW and GTAW. The results showed that welds
formed using LBW offer superior corrosion resistance, small HAZ, and
high efficiency. Meinhardt et al. (2017) also joined 2205DSS steels via
friction welding. The results showed that this welding technique is
adequate for maintaining satisfactory microstructural, corrosion, and
quired for the equipment used in oil and gas exploration. The above
investigations show that 2205DSS steels can be joined using many
methods. However, in the case of dissimilar joints of 2205DSS, a rela-
tively traditional welding method is used. Moteshakker and Danaee
(2016) joined the 2205DSS and 316L steels via GTAW and investigated
the microstructural and corrosion properties of the dissimilar joints.
The use of an ER 309L welding wire was determined to be most ap-
propriate for such dissimilar joints. Verma and Taiwade (2016) joined
2205DSS and 316L steel via shielded metal arc welding (SMAW).
Bettahar et al. (2015) joined 2205DSS and 13Cr supermartensitic
stainless steel (SMSS) via GTAW and investigated the microstructural
and mechanical properties of the dissimilar joint. An investigation on
the dissimilar joint of 2205DSS and 16MnR steel (low-alloy high-
strength steel) was conducted by Wang et al. (2011). Here, GTAW and
submerged arc welding (SAW) methods were used, and the weld metals
of ER2209 and E2209 were employed. Based on the results, GTAW was
considered to be the most suitable method for the joining of 2205DSS
and 16Mn steel. Based on previous studies, the GTAW method is con-
sidered the most appropriate for the joining of 2205DSS with other
steels. However, the welding efficiency of GTAW is found to be very
poor. In the study by Moteshakker and Danaee (2016) and Wang et al.
(2011), the welding speeds for GTAW were determined to be only
60 mm/min and 100–120 mm/min, respectively.
In the present study, the LBW method, without the use of a filler
metal, was employed to join 2205DSS and Q235 steel plates. A welding

⁎
Corresponding author at: School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
E-mail address: wangxue2011@whu.edu.cn (X. Wang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.02.007
Received 21 June 2017; Received in revised form 23 November 2017; Accepted 5 February 2018
Available online 07 February 2018
0924-0136/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
C. Du et al.
Table 1
Chemical compositions of the 2205DSS and Q235 steels (wt. %).
Steel C Si Mn
2205DSS 0.025 0.570 1.250
Q235 0.16 0.21 0.55
Fig. 1. (a) Assembly of the Q235 steel and 2205 duplex steel plates; (b) Schematic of the Q235 steel and 2205DSS dissimilar joint formed via LBW; (c) dimensions of the tensile samples
used in this study.
speed of 1200 mm/min was used. The microstructures of the WS and
HAZ were investigated. The residual stress of the dissimilar joint, and
stress evolution of the WS were also investigated.
2. Materials and experiments
The compositions of the 2205DSS and Q235 steels used in this in-
vestigation are shown in Table 1. The prepared 2205DSS and Q235 steel
plates had identical dimensions of 200 mm × 150 mm × 6.5 mm. A
diagram showing the assembly of the 2205DSS and Q235 steel is shown
in Fig. 1(a). The longitudinal direction (LD), transverse direction (TD),
and normal directions (ND) are also defined in Fig. 1 (a). Laser powers
of 3.2 kW, 3.7 kW, and 4.2 kW, and a welding speed of 1.2 m/min were
employed. The defocusing distance was 0 mm. Moreover, the Ar gas
with a flow rate of 25 L/min, was employed as a shield gas. A schematic
of the joint following LBW is shown in Fig. 1(b). It can be observed that
the WS constitutes the melted 2205DSS and Q235 steel. The macro
morphology and microstructure of the 2205DSS/Q235 dissimilar joint
were observed by optical microscopy (OM) and transit electron mi-
croscopy (TEM). The composition of WS was analyzed by energy dis-
persion spectroscopy (EDS). The phases of the WS were analyzed using
X-ray diffraction (XRD). The strengths of these joints were measured
using a universal mechanical tester. The dimensions of the tensile
samples used are shown in Fig. 1(c). The tensile speed was 2 mm/min.
The hardness values of these joints were measured using a micro-
hardness tester with a load of 200 g, and a holding time of 5 s. The
hardness values of the austenite and ferrite were measured using a
nano-indentation tester. The loading/unloading rate and maximum
load used during the nano-indentation tests were 160 mN/min and
80 mN, respectively (Table 1).
The temperature field of the 2205DSS/Q235 dissimilar joint was
calculated using ABAQUS software (Version 6.13). The physical para-
meters of the 2205DSS and Q235 steels were acquired from a study by
Journal of Materials Processing Tech. 256 (2018) 78–86
Ni Cr Mo N S P
5.300 22.570 3.040 0.140 0.002 0.030
– – – – 0.02 0.030
Zeng (2003). The physical parameters of the WS are discussed in Sec-
tion 3.3. The stress field of the joint was calculated based on the tem-
perature field shown in Section 3.3. The residual stress was measured
using the hole-drilling method and XRD method, which were demon-
strated by Li et al. (2017).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Microstructure of LBW joint
The cross-sectional morphologies of the 2205DSS/Q235 joints are
shown in Fig. 2. The WS was narrow, and was present throughout the
base-metal plate. The central width of the WS was approximately 1 mm.
The top and lower portions of the WS were wider than the central
width. The width of the top portion was ∼2.4 mm. The width of the
lower portion increased from 1.2 mm to 2.2 mm as the laser power was
increased from 3.2 kw to 4.2 kw, respectively. Moreover, an obvious
HAZ was observed on the Q235 side of every joint as shown in Fig. 2.
The width of the HAZ was less than 1 mm. The microstructures of the
2205DSS/Q235 joints obtained via LBW with a laser power of 3.7 kW
were investigated in detail.
The microstructures of the 2205DSS/WS are shown in Fig. 3(a) and
(b). The HAZ, which contained large quantities of ferrite, was very
narrow (∼30 um) as shown in Fig. 3(b). During welding, the peak
temperature of the HAZ of the 2205DSS/WS was very high. The duplex
phases microstructure (ferrite and austenite) transformed in to a single
phase (ferrite) (Nowacki and Łukojć, 2005). Owing to the rapid cooling
rate of the HAZ, there was insufficient time for the ferrite to transform
into austenite. Therefore, a large quantity of ferrite remained in the
HAZ of the 2205DSS/WS.
The microstructure the of WS/Q235 is shown in Fig. 3(c) and (d). A
coarse-grained region (coarse-grain heat-affected zone, CGHAZ) and a
fine grain region (fine-grain heat-affected zone, FGHAZ) can be
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C. Du et al. Journal of Materials Processing Tech. 256 (2018) 78–86

Fig. 2. Cross-sectional morphologies of the 2205DSS/Q235 dissimilar joints obtained via LBW (a) 3.2 kW, (b) 3.7 kW, (c) 4.2 kW.

observed in the HAZ, as shown in Fig. 3(c). The average size of the
coarse grains was approximately 60 μm, as shown in Fig. 3(d). More-
over, a bainite phase can be observed within the coarse grains as shown
in Fig. 3 (e). In the case of the CGHAZ of the Q235 steel, during the
welding process, the peak temperature was greater than the austeni-
tizing temperature. The microstructure completely transformed into
austenite. Subsequently, owing to the rapid cooling rate of the CGHAZ,
the bainite phase was obtained. In the case of the FGHAZ, which has a
lower rate speed and lower peak temperature compared with those of
the CGHAZ, the austenite (at high temperature) transformed into fine
ferrite and pearlite.
The microstructure of the WS was shown in Fig. 4. It is difficult to
identify the microstructure from the optical images. Based on EDS
results determined for the WS obtained with a laser power of 3.7 kW,
the concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Mo were 8.6 wt.%, 2.2 wt.%, and
1.2 wt.% respectively. All of the Cr, Ni, and Mo originated from the
2205DSS during the LBW process, therefore, the 2205DSS fraction of
the WS is estimated to be 39 wt.%. Therefore, the chemical composition
of the WS was calculated based on the chemical compositions of the
2205DSS and Q235 steels, which are shown in Table 2; the metal can be
considered to be 9% Cr steel. The XRD patterns are shown in Fig. 5. It
can be observed that the peak locations of the three WSs are similar to
those of T/P91 steel, which was investigated by Hao et al. (2016).
Therefore, the microstructures of the three WSs should consisted of a
martensitic phase. To verify our theory regarding the WS micro-
structure, TEM images were captured, as shown in Fig. 6. Martensitic

Fig. 3. Microstructure of the fusion zone of the 2205DSS/Q235 joint (a) and (b) 2205DSS side; (c), (d), and (e) Q235 side.

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Fig. 4. Microstructure of the welding seam.

Table 2 from high temperature.

Chemical composition of the WS (wt. %).

C Si Mn Ni Cr N S P Mo 3.2. Hardness and strength

0.107 0.350 0.823 2.067 8.80 0.055 0.013 0.03 1.186
The hardness distributions of the three 2205DSS/Q235 joints form
via LBW are shown in Fig. 7. It can be observed that the hardness of the
WS (∼600 HV) is much greater than that of the 2205DSS (∼320 HV).
The hardness of the 2205DSS is higher than that of the Q235 steel
(∼180 HV). The high hardness of the three WSs can be attributed to the
martensitic phase. Pandey and Mahapatra (2016) showed that the
hardness value of the martensitic weld metal of a T/P91 welding joint
could reach 470 HV.
The hardness of the HAZ of the 2205DSS/WS was slightly higher
than that of the 2205DSS. This can be attributed to the high ferrite
fraction of the HAZ. The hardness of the austenite and ferrite, as a
function of the load during testing, is demonstrated in Fig. 7(b). The
indentations are shown in Fig. 7(c). The nano-indentation tests per-
formed on the ferrite and austenite phases showed that the hardness of
the ferrite (3.7 GPa) is greater than that of the austenite (2.8 GPa).
Therefore, the HAZ of the 2205DSS/WS, with a high ferrite fraction,
was harder than the 2205DSS base metal.
The hardness of the HAZ of the Q235/WS side was greater than the
of Q235 steel. During welding, in the case of the FGHAZ, the hardness
increased as the grain size decreased. In the case of the CGHAZ, the
Fig. 5. X-ray diffraction patterns. hardness further increased again compared with that of the FGHAZ; this
was owed to the generation of the bainite phase during welding.
laths can be observed, as shown in Fig. 6(a). Moreover, a small quantity The strength of these joints was ∼460 MPa. The fractured welding
of a residual γ phase can also be observed, as shown in Fig. 6(a) and (b). joints are shown in Fig. 7. It can be observed that the Q235 steel base
The formation of the residual γ phase relied upon the rapid cooling metal fractured. Based on the hardness measurement results, the
2205DSS base metal and WS were harder than the of Q235 steel.

Fig. 6. Transmission electron microscopy images of the WS.

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Fig. 7. (a) Micro-hardness distribution of the 2205DSS/Q235 joints, (b) load-displacement curves of ferrite and austenite, (c) morphology of the indentations.

⎧6
⎪π
⎪
3 f1 × f11 × q
π a1 × c11 × h1
exp ⎡−3
⎣
( x2
a12
+
y2
h12
+
z2
2
c11 ) ⎤⎦ (h + h + h ≥ y
1 2 3

⎪ ≥ h2 + h3, z ≥ 0)
⎪
⎪6
⎪π
3 f1 × f12 × q
π a1 × c12 × h1
exp ⎡−3
⎣
( x2
a12
+
y2
h12
+
z2
2
c12 ) ⎤⎦ (h + h + h ≥ y
1 2 3

⎪
Q= ≥ h2 + h3, z < 0)
⎨ 3×f ×q 3
⎪ π × h2 × r 2 exp ⎡− r 2 (x 2 + z 2) ⎤ (h2 + h3 > y ≥ h3 )
⎪ 2 0 ⎣ 0 ⎦
⎪ 6 3 f3 × f21 × q x 2 y2 z2
⎪ π π a × c × h exp ⎡−3 ⎛ a 2 + h 2 + c 2 ⎞ ⎤ (h3 > y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0)
2 21 3
⎪ ⎣ ⎝ 2 3 21 ⎠ ⎦
⎪6 f × f × q x 2 y 2 z2
⎪ π 3 a 3× c 11 × h exp ⎡−3 ⎛ a 2 + h 2 + c 2 ⎞ ⎤ (h3 > y ≥ 0, z < 0)
π 2 22 3 ⎝ 22 ⎠ ⎦
⎩ ⎣ 2 3 (1)
Fig. 8. Tensile fracture of welding joint. The laser power and welding speed were 3.7 kW and 1.2 m/min,
respectively. Owing to the relatively small width of the WS, the physical
Therefore, when the stress reached ∼235 MPa, the Q235 steel plasti- parameters of the WS used in the temperature field calculation are
cally deformed. As the plastic deformation processed, the Q235 steel considered to be identical to those of 2205DSS. The morphology of the
exhibited necking. Subsequently, the fracture occurred at the necking melting pool, which is based on the ABAQUS software results, is shown
region (Fig. 8). in Fig. 9(c). The cross-section of the melting pool is shown in Fig. 9(d).
The morphology of the cross-section of the melting pool is similar to
that of the WS shown in Fig. 9(e). It can be concluded that the model is
3.3. Welding pool and temperature field suitable for the simulation of a LBW process with key-holing.
The temperature field of the 2205DSS/Q235 joint, which was
According to Geiger et al. (2009), when key-holing occurs during cooled for 300 s following the welding process, is shown in Fig. 10(a). It
LBW, the shape of the melting pool (indicated in Fig. 9(a)) differs from can be observed that the residual temperature of the Q235 side is higher
that of a traditional, enhanced melting pool as discussed by Sun et al. than that of the 2205DSS side. This can be attributed to the higher
(2011). Therefore, the traditional, enhanced double-ellipsoid heat- thermal conductivity of the Q235 steel compared with that of the
source model is no longer applicable to the temperature-field calcula- 2205DSS steel. To evaluate the phase transformations of the HAZ of the
tion in the case of this investigation. As indicated by the shape of the 2205DSS/WS, and the CGHAZ of the Q235/WS, the thermal cycling
melting pool, a combined heat source was employed, as shown in curve of the node shown in Fig. 10(b) was extracted. Using the con-
Fig. 9(b). There are two double-ellipsoid heat sources within the com- tinuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram of the 2205DSS steel
bined heat source, as shown in Fig. 9(b). A cylindrical heat source was (Wang et al., 2006), which is shown in Fig. 10(c), the phase transfor-
employed to combine the two double-ellipsoid heat sources. The model mation during cooling was investigated. It was determined that the
of the combined heat source is described in Eq. (1). The parameters of HAZ of the 2205DSS/WS would always consist of ferrite phase because
the combined heat source are listed in Table 3. There are three coeffi- of the rapid cooling rate. In case of the CGHAZ of Q235/WS side, the
cients ( f1, f2 , and f3 ) with regard to the power distribution of the three cooling curve only intersects the phase region of the bainite phase, as
parts (the two double-ellipsoid heat sources and the cylindrical heat shown in Fig. 10(d) (Winczek, 2013). Therefore, the CGHAZ would
source) of this model as shown in Table 3. The subroutine of UFLUX consist of the bainite phase. This verifies the microstructures shown in
was employed to load the heat source. Fig. 3(e).

3.4. Residual stress and stress evolution

Martensitic transformation (MT) always affected the residual stress

of weld joints because of the volume expansion that occurs during
cooling. In case of this investigation, the MT was considered to be si-
milar to that of T/P 91 steels because of their similar chemical

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C. Du et al.
Fig. 9. (a) Schematic of the 2205DSS/Q235 joint during LBW; (b) schematic of the LBW pool; (c) LBW pool based on finite element model (FEM); (d) cross-section of LBW pool; (e) cross-
section of 2205DSS/Q235 joint formed with a laser power of 3.7 kW.
composition. The physical parameters of the WS those were used to
calculate the stress field were considered to be identical to those of T/
P91 steel, which were studied by Yaghi et al (2008). However, the
expansion coefficient with regard to heating and cooling should be
explained here. During heating (the melting stage), the WS region
consisted of the 2205DSS and Q235 steels. There was no transformation
from the martensitic phase to the austenite phase. Therefore, with re-
gard to heating, the expansion coefficient was considered to be iden-
tical to that of 2205DSS. During the cooling process, there was a
transformation from the austenite phase to the martensitic phase at
400 °C. Therefore, the expansion coefficient of TP/91 steel was em-
ployed. Owing to the special expansion coefficient applicable during
heating and cooling, the subroutine of UEXPAN was used. The residual
stress of the 2205DSS/Q235 joint was calculated, based on the “. odb”
file of the temperature field, as a function of time in Section 3.3. The
yield strength of the WS should also be discussed. Owing to the high
hardness of the WS that was measured in this investigation, the yield
strength, which is based on a study by Yaghi et al (2008), should be
corrected. Based on an investigation by Li et al (2017), the yield
strength of austenite at temperature greater than 400 °C was employed
for the simulation, as indicated in Fig. 11(a). The yield strength of the
martensite at temperature lower than 400 °C was estimated as shown in
Table 3
Parameters of the combined heat source.
Top double-ellipsoid Middle cylindrical
f1: 0.475 a1: 1.2 f2:
f11: 1.4 c11: 1.2 h2 :
f12: 0.6 c12: 2.4 r0:
h1: 2 h3:
83
Journal of Materials Processing Tech. 256 (2018) 78–86
Fig. 11(a). According to Song et al., (2016), the yield strength of water-
quenched P91 steel containing a small quantity of a residual γ phase
could reach 1200 MPa. With regard to the high hardness of the WS in
this investigation, the yield strength of the WS metal was estimated as
1200 MPa.
The residual stresses of the joints both with and without MT was
calculated as shown in Fig. 11(b) and (c). Based on the stress dis-
tributions of the joint surface and the cross-section, both sides of the WS
were determined to consist of high-stress regions. The von Mises stress
of the 2205DSS side (∼400 MPa) was higher than that of the Q235 side
(∼250 MPa). Considering the von Mises stress distributions of the
cross-sections, both without and with MT (in Fig. 11(d) and (e)), it can
be observed that the von Mises stress (0.3–0.7 GPa) of the WS with MT
was substantially relieved compared with that without MT
(1.1–1.2 GPa). Therefore, the MT efficiently relieved the residual stress
of WS.
The residual stresses of the TD and LD of Line-1, indicated in
Fig. 12(a), are shown in Fig. 12(b) and (c). As shown the effect of the
MT on the residual stress of the TD was minor. In the case of the TD, the
residual stress of the WS declined greatly compared with that of the
joint without MT. Moreover, the high-stress region near the WS was
primarily attributed to the tensile stress in the LD. The residual stress of
Bottom double-ellipsoid
0.310 f3 0.215 a2: 0.8
3 f21: 1.4 c21: 0.8
0.5 f22: 0.6 c22: 1.6
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C. Du et al. Journal of Materials Processing Tech. 256 (2018) 78–86

Fig. 10. (a) Macro-temperature field of the 2205DSS/Q235 joint, (b) locations of HAZ of the 2205DSS side, and the CGHAZ of the Q235 side with regard to the extraction of the
temperature-time curves, (c) CCT diagram of 2205DSS, (d) CCT diagram of Q235.

the 2205DSS side was greater than that of the Q235 side. The experi-
mentally measured residual stress is also shown in Fig. 12(b) and (c).
The residual stress of the 2205DSS side near the WS was ∼410 MPa in
the LD. The residual stress of the Q235 side near the WS was
∼300 MPa, also in the LD. The results were similar to those of the si-
mulation.
The locations of the residual stress, determined by XRD, are in-
dicated in Fig. 12(d). The residual stress is plotted in Fig. 12(e) and (f).
Based on Fig. 12(e), the residual stress of the WS, calculated using a
FEM, without/with MT in the LD was +890 MPa/−240 MPa, respec-
tively. The residual stress, as measured by XRD, was approximately
−110 MPa. This is close to the residual determined using the FEM with
MT. As shown in Fig. 12(f), the residual stress of the WS, based on the
FEM, and without/with MT, was −36 MPa/ + 186 MPa in RD, re-
spectively. The residual stress measured by XRD was approxi-
mately + 308 MPa. This was close to the residual stress based on FEM
with MT. Specifically, the MT had a significant effect on the welding
process of the 2205DSS/Q235 joint.
The stress evolution of Node-1 in the WS (indicated in Fig. 11(f))
was shown in Fig. 13. Based on Fig. 13(a), (b), and (c), Node-1 of the
WS with MT was subjected to tensile stress when the temperature was
greater than 400 °C during cooling. However, when the temperature
decreased below approximately 400 °C, the stress significantly de-
creased and became a compressive stress. In the case of Node-1 of the

Fig. 11. Residual stress of the 2205DSS/Q235 joint (a) yield strength of WS metal during cooling, (b) without MT, (c) with MT, (d) residual stress of cross-section without MT, (e) residual
stress of cross-section with MT, (f) node used for the stress evolution investigation with regard to cooling.

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Fig. 12. Residual stress distribution of the 2205DSS/Q235 joint (a) locations used for residual stress testing based on hole-drilling method, (b) TD based on hole-drilling method, (c) LD
based on hole-drilling method, (d) locations for residual stress testing based on XRD method, (b) TD based on XRD method, (c) LD based on XRD method.

WS without MT, during cooling, the stress evolution at temperature
greater than 400 °C was similar to that with MT. In the case of the RD,
the stress declined slightly and became close to zero when the tem-
perature was lower than 100 °C. In the case of the TD, the stress was
∼200 MPa (tensile stress) when the temperature was 400 °C. When the
temperature declined gradually, the stress increased, and was
∼1100 MPa (tensile stress) when the temperature was below 100 °C.
However, when the MT considered, the stress evolution during cooling
substantially changed. With regard to the stress in RD, TD, and ND, a
dramatic drop in the stress was observed at around 400 °C. When the
temperature was below 100 °C, the residual stress in the TD was very
small. The residual stresses in the ND and LD were ∼700 MPa and
∼500 MPa (compressive stress), respectively.
During cooling, the stress relief phenomenon was universal in the
case of the steels with MT. Li et al (2017) indicated that, during cooling,
the stress of the weld metal of P92 steel would decline at around 400 °C.
Cho and Kim (2013) also demonstrated the stress relief of a carbon steel
weldment during cooling. Therefore, the stress of the WS would drop
dramatically when the temperature declined to the MT start tempera-
ture as the volume expansion from austenite to martensite.
Based on the stress of the WS at room temperature (shown in
Fig. 13(d)), the most obvious difference with respect to Node-1, both

Fig. 13. (a), (b), and (c) Stress evolution of welding seam during cooling; (d) residual stress of welding seam; (e) schematic of residual stress status of Node-1.

85
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with and without MT, was the residual stress direction. With regard to
Node-1 without MT, the residual stress comprised the tensile stress in
LD. It was believable that the main residual stress of the steel without
MT was in LD direction according to Xu et al (2017).
With regard to Node-1 with MT, the residual stress comprised the
compressive stress in the ND and TD, as shown in Fig. 13(e). Therefore,
in addition to the relief of the global stress in the WS, the stress di-
rection also changed because of the influence of the MT.
4. Conclusions
(1) 2205DSS and Q235 steels could be joined via LBW method with
key-hole. The microstructure of the HAZ of the 2205DSS side was
ferrite-dominated. The microstructures of CGHAZ and FGHAZ of
the Q235 side were bainite and refined ferrite + pearlite, respec-
tively. The microstructure of the WS consisted of martensite and a
small amount of residual austenite.
(2) The highest hardness values were obtained for the WS with the
martensitic phase (∼600 HV). Compared with that of the 2205DSS,
there was a slight increase in the hardness of the ferrite-dominated
HAZ of the 2205DSS side. Compared to that of the Q235 steel, there
also was a slight increase in the hardness of the CGHAZ and FGHAZ
of the Q235 side; this was due to the bainite phase of the CGHAZ,
and the refined microstructure of the FGHAZ.
(3) There were two regions of high residual stress on both sides of the
WS. Based on the FEM and XRD results, the MT of the WS relieved
the its residual stress. Based on the stress evolution of the central
region of the WS with MT, during cooling, the stress dropped dra-
matically at around 400 °C. The residual stress comprised a com-
pressive stress in the ND and LD.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude for projects sup-
ported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51374153
and 51574181) and Supported by State Key Lab of Advanced Welding
and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology (AWJ-Z15-02).
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