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Rifka Aisyah
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About Mini Oil Refinery
Capacity is about 4000 – 30 000 BPD.
Usually built to fulfill oil demand in remote region.
Modular mini oil refinery is used because relatively low capital cost and ease and
speed of contruction.
Petroleum Product Balances in Indonesia (2015)
Demand Production Net export
Share Share
(thou. BPD) (thou. BPD) (thou. BPD)
Product Total 1973 100.0% 1256 100.0% -717
Gasoline 386 19.6% 352 28.0% -34
Naphta 90 4.6% 18 1.4% -72
Kero/Jet 398 20.2% 130 10.4% -268
Gas Oil 795 40.3% 386 30.7% -409
Heavy Fuel 236 12.0% 318 25.3% 82
Fuel oil total 1905 96.6% 1204 95.9% -701
LPG 53 2.7% 27 2.1% -26
Other products 15 0.8% 25 2.0% 10
To minimize capital cost, mini refinery is often supplied only as a simple straight run
atmospheric distilation refinery for diesel and/or kerosene production, with naphta and fuel
oil as by-product
EXPENSIVE lighter + sweeter crude oil less facility upgrading but crude oil source is
limited
CHEAPER heavier crude oil more facility upgrading crude oil source is increasing
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Recommended Feed Stock Characteristics for
Mini Oil Refinery
Salt Content
o Additional desalter is still feasible. Fresh water source & waste water disposing
method should be considered.
Sulphur Content
Crude oil with <1% sulphur will normally refine within the allowable fuel specification
without the need for de-sulphuring process.
Other Characteristics
o High API
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Some Configurations of Mini Oil Refinery
Refinery configuration is influenced by product demand.
Facilities • Crude distilling unit • Crude distilling unit • Crude distilling unit • Crude distilling unit
• Catalytic reformer • Vacuum distilling • FCCU or Hydro-
(additional) unit cracker
• HDS • Catalytic cracking
unit
Feedstock Condensates/light sweet Light sweet crude Processed gas oil Processed residual
crude fuel
Process Simple distillation Simple distillation with Break gas oil using Thermally crack
catalytic reforming & catalyst at high T & P residual fuel into
hydrodesulfurization into gasoline and gasoline and diesel
distillates (jet fuel, oil
kerosene, diesel,
intermediate fuel oil)
Products • Diesel and/or kerosene • High octane gasoline • Heavy diesel • Diesel
• Naphta and fuel oil (by (vacuum gas oil) • Fuel oil
product) • Heavy residual oil
Increasing complexity
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Product Yield using “Heavy Crude Oil” at
Different Refinery Configuration
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Current Mini Oil Refinery in Indonesia (1/2)
PT Tri Wahana Universal (TWU) PT TransPacific Petrochemical PT Humpuss Pengolahan Minyak
Indotama (TPPI) (HPM)
Location Bojonegoro, East Java Tuban, East Java Cepu, Central Java
Feed stock source Mobil Cepu Limited (MCL) Pertamina Expected from MCL or from
Pertamina-Petrochina (50 km
distance)
Characteristics of Light-medium and waxy grade crude NA
feedstocks with very low sulfur. Very high
kerosene, diesel, and VGO cuts but
very low naphtha and resid cuts
Feed stock supply By 5 km pipeline Expected using 28 km pipeline
method
Facilities Atmospheric Distillation Column, Precut column, Condensate Splitter, Atmospheric Distillation Column,
Vacuum Distillation Unit Distillate Column, Aromatic Plant Naphta Hydrotreated, Catalytic
Reformer
Products • Naphta/Straight Run Gasoline • Naphta • Naphta
• Solar/High Speed Diesel • Kerosene • HSD
• Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) • Diesel Oil • IDO
• Residue/Vacuum Tower Bottom • Fuel Oil • MFO
• Aromatics (Ortho-xylene, Para-
xylene, Mixed-xylene, Benzene,
Toluene, Reformate)
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Current Mini Oil Refinery in Indonesia (2/2)
PT Pertamina RU VII PT PatraSK PT Kilang Muba
Feed stock Walio (60%) + Salawati (40%) Unconverted Oil (UCO) from PT
source Pertamina RU II Dumai
Characteristics of
feedstocks
Feed stock
supply method
Facilities Atmospheric Distillation Column, Crude Distillation Unit, Crude Distillation Unit
Naphta Hydrotreating Unit, High Vacuum Unit,
Catalytic Reforming Unit Hydro Cracking Complex
Vacuum Distillation Unit
Catalytic Dewaxing Unit
Products • Fuel gas (969 bpd) • Lube base oil • Premium
• Premium fuel (1987 bpd) • Kerosene
• Kerosene (1831 bpd)
• ADO/solar (2439 bpd)
• Residue (3390 bpd)
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Future Plant of Mini Oil Refinery Development
in Indonesia
Company Planned Capacity Remarks
(BPD)
PT Tri Wahana Universal 10 000 Additional
PT Pertamina RU VII Kasim 50 000 Improve capacity from 10 000 BPD to 50 000
BPD
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Mini Oil Refinery Facilities
Atmospheric Distilling Unit (ADU)
Separate different fractions of the crude oil according to boiling range into naphtha, kerosene,
diesel, and residuum products. It operates at less than 15 psig.
Vacuum Distilling Unit (VDU)
Performs the same function as an ADU, but operates at a pressure of less than zero psig. It
produces products like marine fuel oil (MFO) and asphalt from the ADU residuum (heavy fuel oil).
Hydrodesulfurization Unit (HDU)
Removes sulfur and other impurities from naphtha and distillate fuels.
Catalytic Reformer Unit (CRU)
Produces high octane gasoline from naphtha.
Hydrocracker Unit (HCU)
Produces naphtha, kerosene, and diesel from heavy feedstocks like VDU distillates.
Desalter
Removes salt from crude oil prior to distillation to prevent fouling and corrosion.
Splitter/Stabilizer
Separates a feedstock into two products.
Flare
Combusts any excess vapor released by process equipment.
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Configuration of Mini Oil Refinery at
PT Tri Wahana Universal
Off gas 11 BOPD
Overhead
Accumulator 355 BOPD
Naphta
Max Density = 781.6 kg/m3 (at 60F)
Max sulfur content = 0.053 %m/m
Max RVP = 5.5 psi (at 100 F)
530 BOPD
Kerosene
2003 BOPD
Oil Feed A Density = 850.3 kg/m3 (at 60F)
Stock D High Speed
Sulfur content = 0.257 %m/m
U Diesel Cetane index = 52oC
Banyu Urip
Field
6000 BOPD Atmospheric 1150 BOPD
550 psig
140oF
gas oil
Off gas 19 BOPD
API 32.8
<0.5% BS&W 1927 BOPD
<10 ppm H2S Atmospheric 600 BOPD
10.5 psia TVP V Light vacuum gas oil
bottom
D
U Heavy vacuum gas oil 300 BOPD
946 BOPD
Vacuum Tower
Bottom Max Density = 925 kg/m3 (at 60F)
11 Max sulfur content = 0.45%m/m
Configuration of Mini Oil Refinery at
PT Pertamina RU VII Kasim, Papua
Fuel gas and
flare
Light 969 BPD
naphta
H2
Residue
3390 BOPD
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Configuration of Mini Oil Refinery at
PT Humpuss Pengolahan Minyak
The facility has been built completely, but not yet commissioned because no crude oil supply.
Kerosene
Oil Feed A
Stock D 3461 BPD
Plan: Banyu U
Urip Crude Diesel
10000 BPD
4764 BPD
Atmospheric
residue
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Possible Configuration for Mini Oil Refinery
Gas Use for distillation
H2
H2
H2S
FCC oil
Off-gas
Hydrocracker Hydrocracked
Unit Gasoline
LVGO
V
Atmospheric
D HVGO
bottom Coker naphta
U
Petroleum coke
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Aspects to be Considered
Refinery Location
o Steam/water availability
o Wastewater disposing facility
o Required refiniery capacity
o Distance to source oil
o Distance to pipeline
o Distance to sea port
Quality of Crude Oil
o Crude assay
Product Specification
o Product specification for naphta, diesel, and fuel oil
o Storage capacity
o Average selling price
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Indonesian Oil Product Specification
Gasoline
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Indonesian Oil Product Specification
Industrial Diesel Oil (IDO)
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Indonesian Oil Product Specification
Marine Fuel Oil (MFO)
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Example CDU Simulation using Hysys
Assumption:
- Capacity = 10 000 BPD
- Oil characteristics = Type C Banyu Urip (using assay characteristics)
- API 32.6 (60oF)
Products:
- Naphta = 895 BPD
- Kerosene = 1122 BPD
- Diesel = 3860 BPD
- Atm residue = 4124 BPD
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Example Catalytic Reforming Simulation using
Hysys
Atmospheric residue is further processed in Vacuum Distilling Unit to produce LVGO, HVGO, and
Vacuum Resid.
Products:
- Offgas : 2.94 BPD
- LVGO : 975.3 BPD
- HVGO : 1057 BPD
- Vacuum resid : 2091 BPD
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