Seminar Report On Google Smart Contact Lens

GOOGLE SMART CONTACT LENS
A SEMINAR REPORT
submitted to
SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY
by
AZIM SHOWKAT
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERIMG
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DIVAR PARIHASPORA PATTAN.
JULY 2018
SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DIVAR PARIHASPORA, PATTAN.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled “GOOGLE SMART CONTACT
LENS” is a paper presented by AZIM SHOWKAT bearing enrollment number 5984
in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication Engineering.
ER. MANZOOR AHMAD MIR ER. MAJID DERWESH

H.O.D (Department of E&C) Seminar Coordinator
Google Smart Contact Lens 2018
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I thank the Almighty Allah for His grace and mercy that enabled me in the
finalization of this seminar. I hereby acknowledge my sincere gratitude to all persons who
have helped me in completing the seminar. I am greatly obliged to Er. Manzoor Ahmad
Mir (Head of Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering) for his
encouragement and support. I am immensely indebted to Er. Majid Bin Derwesh (Seminar
Coordinator Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering) for his
constructive criticisms, guidance and advices. I am thankful to all non-teaching staffs for
their help in the seminar report. I express my gratitude to all other faculty members, seniors
and our classmates who have constantly encouraged and helped me in completing this
seminar successfully.
I on this occasion, remember the valuable suggestions and prayers offered by my family
members and friends which were inevitable for the successful completion of my seminar.
i
Department of E&C Engineering SSM College of Engineering and Technology
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Diabetes, Glucose sensor, Google contact lens, RFID.
Google Contact Lens is a smart contact lens project by Google. The project aims to assist
people with diabetes by constantly measuring the glucose levels using tears. The project is
being carried out by the life sciences division of Google X and Novartis and it is currently
being tested using prototypes. The lens consists of a wireless chip and a miniaturized glucose
sensor. A tiny pinhole in the lens allows for tear fluid to seep into the sensor to measure body
sugar levels. Both of the sensors are embedded between two soft layers of lens material. The
electronics lie outside of both the pupil circumference and the iris, so there is no damage to
the eye. There is a wireless antenna inside of the contact that is thinner than a human’s hair,
which will act as a controller to communicate information to the wireless device. The antenna
will gather, read, and analyze data. Power will be drawn from the device which will
communicate data via the wireless technology RFID.
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Contents Page no.
Fig.1.1 a. Diabetic count around globe ………………………...…………………… 2

Fig. 1.1 b Google Smart Contact Lens…………………………………………….….3
Fig: 1.2 a Contact lens to detect sugar level in human body………..……………..….6
Fig 2.1 a Construction of contact lens ………………………………………………..8
Fig 2.1 b Wearing of lens…………………………………………….……………….9
Fig 2.1 c Glucose chemical reaction………………………………………………….9
Fig 2.1 d Layout for RFID……………………………………………………………10
Fig. 2.1 e RFID Working……………………………………………………………..11
Fig 4.1: Schematic diagram of the glucose monitoring system……...……………….17
Fig. 5 a Future Scope………………………………………………...……………….22
Fig 5 b Future View…………………………………………………..………………22
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CONTENTS
Title Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................ i
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ iii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Google Smart Contact Lens..........................................................................1
1.2 Contact Lens Sensor for Diabetes ............…........................................... .... 5
1.3 Other embedded components ………………………………………………..7
CHAPTER 2 WORKING
2.1 Working of Google smart contact lens ……………………………………...8
CHAPTER 3 PROS AND CONS

3.1 Advantages…………………………………………………………………..12
3.2 Disadvantages………………………………………………………………..13
3.3 Applications…………………………………………………………….........13
CHAPTER 4: TECHNOLOGIES BEING USED TO DETECT SUGAR LEVEL

4.1. NIR spectroscopy ……………………………………………………………14
4.2. FIR spectroscopy ……………………………………………………………15
4.3. Radio wave impedance………………………………………………………16
4.4. Optical rotation of polarized light……………………………………………17
4.5. Fluid extraction from skin…………………………………………………....18
4.6. Interstitial fluid harvesting…………………………………………………...19
4.7. Google’s smart lens…………………………………………………………..20
CHAPTER 5: FUTURE SCOPE ………………………………………………… 22
CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………. 23
REFERENCE.............................................................................................................24

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Many people live with painful and disruptive daily routines to manage their glucose level, such
as finger pricking to take a blood sample. Because of these reasons many people do not check
their glucose which can lead to kidney failure and blindness. Many researchers have been
seeking alternative ways to monitor glucose without the use of blood, in order to make it easier
for diabetics to stay update of their sugar levels. Research found some newer invasive glucose
tests include checking saliva, urine, or tears. Tears can provide an incredibly accurate
measurement. Physicians and medical researchers have thought about ways to measure glucose
through the fluid in the eye for years, but have had trouble figuring out how best to capture and
analyze those tears. Some companies, such as Eye Sense, have developed their own products to
embed sensors in the eye to measure these levels, while other companies, such as Freedom
Meditech, have explored measuring glucose levels through the eye by using light.
1.1 GOOGLE SMART CONTACT LENS

Google solution has kicked it up to a whole new level by using tears for constant monitoring of
glucose level. Google has teamed up with researchers at the University of Washington and
Novartis to create a contact lens that can measure body glucose levels in a person’s tears and
display the reading on their external wireless device. The company has announced a project on
16 January 2014 to make a smart contact lens. If this smart contact lens project is successful,
people with diabetes may be able to stop drawing blood to measure their sugar levels. The
project is working to tackle one of the biggest health problems facing the world today: diabetes.
Google is now testing a smart contact lens that’s built to measure glucose levels in tears using
a tiny wireless chip, antenna and miniaturized glucose sensor that are embedded between two
layers of soft contact lens material construction as shown in above figure. Reading are
transferred by means of Radio frequency technology (RFID) to external reading device. It is
also investigating the potential for this to serve as an early warning for the wearer, so they are
exploring of integrating tiny LED lights that could light up to indicate that glucose levels have
crossed above or below certain thresholds. It’s still early days for this technology, but google
have completed multiple clinical research studies which are helping to refine prototype. We
hope this could someday lead to a new way for people with diabetes to manage their disease.

Fig.1.1 a. Diabetic count around globe
An estimated approx. 400 million people, or 1 out of every 19, around the world struggle with
diabetes, in which the body is unable to process sugar because of inadequate or no production
of insulin. Nearly 35 million Americans, or 9.5 percent of- the population, live with the disease,
according to the American Diabetes Association.
India is facing significantly higher rates of diabetes and high blood pressure, according to the
first nationally representative study of these “major killers” involving more than 1.3 million
people. The rates of diabetes and hypertension are high among middle-aged and elderly people
across all geographic measures and sociodemographic groups in India, researchers found.
Company is in discussions with the FDA, but there’s still a lot more work to do to turn this
technology into a system that people can use. Google is not going to do this alone: they plan to
look for partners who are experts in bringing products like this to market. These partners will
use Google technology for a smart contact lens and develop apps that would make the
measurements available to the wearer and their doctor. Google always said that they seek out
projects that seem a bit speculative or strange, and at a time when the International Diabetes
Federation is declaring that the world is “losing the battle” against diabetes, Google thought this
project was worth a shot.
2
Fig. 1.1 b Google Smart Contact Lens
Several technologies have been explored in the search for a noninvasive glucose monitoring
system. The list is extensive: near- and mid- infrared spectroscopies, optical coherence
tomography, temperature-modulated localized reflectance, raman spectroscopy, polarization
changes, ultrasound, fluorescence, thermal spectroscopy, and many others have all been
candidates for commercialization for diabetic patients. Although most of these technologies
have the potential to be continuous monitoring systems, few are suitable for portable systems
worn by outpatients. Many of these technologies also suffers from lack of specificity with
respect to glucose monitoring. For example, for just near-infrared spectroscopy, physiological
states of vasodilation, water content, carbon dioxide, atmospheric pressure, and more all can
influence spectroscopic readings meant to describe glucose content.
Smart contact lenses are a promising noninvasive solution for glucose monitoring. They work
by measuring glucose concentration with enzymatic sensors directly connected to miniaturized
electronic circuits. The glucose concentrations in the tear fluid are correlated to glucose
concentrations in the blood, so the measurements can be used to report the patient’s approximate
blood glucose in real time.
The best-known prototype smart contact lens was reported by Yao et al. in 2011. The model
featured a glucose oxidase sensor embedded in a contact lens and mounted on a
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) eye. Water containing varying glucose levels could be pumped
3
into the system, and sensor readouts were obtained over time from attached electrodes, though
the authors also discussed schemes for wirelessly transmitting the data. This early-stage model
demonstrated that many of the functions and microcircuitry required for a smart contact lens
were achievable. The study provided a wealth of valuable data on sensor responsiveness,
lifespan, and sensitivity to tear composition. These data were crucial for preliminary assessment
of the viability of the technology. However, the model itself could be better validated by more
sophisticated fluid models capturing more aspects of tear dynamics.
Tear fluid dynamics have been modeled by several groups with several different methods. In
one model, used in the Yao paper, the flow is generated by two diametrically placed inlets and
an equidistant outlet, all spaced along the rim of the contact lens. These conditions allow
controlled replacement of the fluid between the contact lens and the simulated eye surface. In a
second model, the physiological configuration of the lacrimal apparatus determines the direction
of flow on the eye surface. The lacrimal apparatus consists of the excretory ducts, where tears
are pushed onto the eye, and the lacrimal canaliculi, where tears are drained from the eye. The
excretory ducts are features on the lateral aspect (on the ear side) of the upper eyelids, while the
lacrimal canaliculi are on the medial aspect (on the nose side) of the lower eyelids . These inlet-
outlet placements are an important consideration for a tear flow model. Finally, in a third model
of tear flow, fluid released onto the eye rapidly flows along the edges of the upper eyelid as a
meniscus resulting from surface tension. This fluid is then uniformly spread onto the eye surface
by the tear distributional system. Each of these models yields a slightly different flow pattern.
Computational models are a powerful design tool that provides a way to link tear flow models
and sensing capabilities. Once the problem geometry is established and discretized into nodes
and elements, the fluid dynamics can be implemented to simulate and predict changes in the
system over time. A mass transport module can be implemented to generalize this to the glucose
profile over time, equivalent to having sensors placed all over the domain. Post-simulation tools
can allow interpretation of the data to include profiles over time at selected points on the lens.
These tools allow rapid prototyping and testing of configurational changes to the contact lens
components, which can accelerate the development of smart contact lens technology for
facilitated blood sugar monitoring and management of diabetes in patients.
4
1.2 CONTACT LENS SENSOR FOR DIABETES:

These glasses work by embedding a tiny wireless transmitter and a miniature glucose sensor in
between two layers of a soft contact lens. Prototypes currently undergoing testing are able to
obtain measurements at a rate of one reading per second. And given this impressive temporal
resolution, the system could potentially serve as a warning system for those with fluctuating
blood glucose levels.
Contact lenses have applications beyond vision correction. They are being considered by at
least three research groups who are working with such sensors as an alternative tool to
continuously and noninvasively monitor the level of glucose in tears. Luminescent/fluorescent
contact lens-based sensors are a feasible technique because there are no electrodes or electric
circuits.
The fluorescence emission intensity (F) is described as
F = ΦI0 (1 – e–abc)…….. (1)
Where Φ is the quantum efficiency, I0 the intensity of incident light, a molar absorptivity, b
the path length of the cell, and c the molar concentration of the fluorophore, boronic acid and
glucose. The first one uses the competition reaction; the bonding between the glucose and
enzyme is stronger than that between the fluorescent molecules and enzyme. The second one
uses the direct reaction of analyte and fluorescent molecules. The amount of glucose is
measured by using Equation (1).
A sensitive transducer is required to detect the tear glucose. Existing methods of fluorescent
glucose sensing apply fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). This method is based
on the dual measure, i.e., the FRET and fluorescence intensity (I) measurements. FRET is a
distance-dependent energy transfer from a fluorophore donor (D) to a fluorophore acceptor (A)
in a nonradiative process .
Thus, a lens sensor should be able to monitor a wide range of glucose levels quickly and
accurately; the fabrication of the lens sensor should be reproducible and the lens sensor should
have an extended lifetime. In addition, the ideal sensor would be biocompatible and be able to
keep the bio recognizer stable.
5
Fig: 1.2 a Contact lens to detect sugar level in human body.
The advantages of the nanostructure-laden contact lens are

(1) The porous nanostructure is able to bind to the desired bioassay for conjugating the
glucose in tears.
(2) The porous nanostructures act as an analyte reservoir, which helps to achieve the
high loading of analyte for target sensing (e.g., glucose sensing).
(3) The nanostructures embedded in the contact lens will not interfere with patient vision
and will likely enhance oxygen permeability because of the porous structures.
(4) The nanostructures are able to load high concentration of bioassay to secure better
sensitivity.
(5) The nanostructures keep the loaded fluorescent molecules from photo bleaching.
Further efforts are needed to improve the resolution and sensitivity of the new device
and to determine a physiologically relevant and baseline tear glucose concentration.
6
1.3 OTHER EMBEDDED COMPONENTS:

The contact lens used to measure the blood glucose level at greater accuracy through tears, has
microscopic chips, electronic sensor and hair thin antennas fixed between the layers of soft
contact lens materials. It has the ability to calculate the wearer’s blood sugar once per second
and there would be LED flash lights to alert them if they have crossed certain thresholds in
glucose level. As this modernization device contains capacitor, controller and antenna, the
collected information from the eye could be moved to the monitor to read and analyze the data.
Measures are taken to prevent the lens from overheating and other kinds of problem to offer
this gadget as an innovative one for the diabetes sufferers.
The smart contact lenses from Google is based on the same technology and has to get approval
from FDA before it hits the market and Google is looking for expert marketing partners for this
technology gadget.
7
CHAPTER 2
WORKING
2.1 WORKING OF GOOGLE SMART CONTACT LENS:

According to the International Diabetes Federation, One in 10 people in the world are expected
to have diabetes by 2035. Google X lab is developing a smart contact lens that can measure
glucose levels in tears. According to Novartis, the smart lens technology "involves non-invasive
sensors and other miniaturized electronics" that will be embedded within contact lenses aims to
provide a continuous and minimally invasive measurement of the body's glucose levels for
diabetics than prick their fingers up to 10 times a day to check. While the team with Google will
develop the chips as it advances in the miniaturization of electronics, Alcon will develop and
commercialize Google's smart lens technology.
The innovative contact lenses include a tiny wireless chip, circular shaped antenna and
miniaturized glucose sensor that are as small as a speck of glitter. It is sandwiched between two
layers of soft contact lens material hydrogel as shown in below figure. A tiny pinhole in the
upper layer of lens lets tear fluid to seep over the glucose sensor. The lens also features a tiny
antenna and controller so that the information gathered from the lens can move from the eye to
a device such as a handheld monitor where that data can be read and analyzed. The
communication between the lens and external device is done using a wireless technology known
as RFID. The smart contact is able to monitor glucose levels once per second and transmit the
data wirelessly to an external device.
Fig 2.1 a Construction of contact lens
8
In the figure below, the electronics lie outside of both the pupil and the iris so there is no damage
to the eye. There is a wireless antenna inside of the contact that is thinner than a human’s hair,
and a controller.
Fig 2.1 b Wearing of lens

As tear seeps through hole it get in contact with the glucose sensor which in turn goes under the
electrochemical reaction. Glucose reacts with glucose oxidase (GOD) to foam gluconic acid.
Two electrons and two protons are also produced. Glucose mediator reacts with surrounding
oxygen to form H2O2 and GOD. Now this GOD can react with more glucose. Higher the
glucose higher the oxygen consumption. And then glucose content can detected by Pt electrodes.
And differentiate the glucose content from the sample. The following reaction is shown in below
figure.
Fig 2.1 c Glucose chemical reaction.
9
The technology in Google’s glucose lenses goes well beyond electronics – it contains enzymes
and electrodes built into the materials used to make regular contact lenses. This combines
advances made in biochemistry, electronics and material sciences during the past years.
The antenna will gather, read, and analyze data and communicate data via the wireless
technology known as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). It is most arguably evolutionary
wireless technology which boosted working of embedded devices up to great mark. And there
is plenty of systems and devices working based on this technology.
Fig 2.1 d Layout for RFID

The Google contact lenses uses the RFID technology. It plays an important role in the working
of the Google contact lens. With the help of RFID technology the data about the glucose level
is transferred to any wireless device. RFID is classified into two categories one is Reader and
second is Tag. They are further divided as active and passive. In google lens an active reader
and passive tag is used to transfer data. Active reader are used to transfer and receive data while
passive tag are used to send data only. RFID tags contain two parts. One is an integrated circuit
for storing and processing information, modulating and de-modulating a radio-frequency (RF)
signal, and other specialized functions. The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting
the signal. RFID Reader contain two parts: transceiver which generates weak radio signal that
have a range from few feet to few yards. The signal is necessary to activate lens tag. This radio
signal is transmitted through Reader antenna.
10
Fig. 2.1 e RFID Working
Radio Frequency identification describes the system in which the identity of an individual or
object is transmitted by means of a unique serial number through radio waves.
When a RFID tag is brought within the specific range of the reader the unique ID is sensed.
After reading the ID from the tag is read by the reader and then that unique id is passed onto a
controller/processor. The controller in turn performs specific action using that ID based on the
written code. The lens can generate one reading per second Google is also exploring the
possibility of assimilating tiny LED lights into the contacts that would light up when glucose
levels are too low or high, in effect automating the glucose monitoring process known among
scientists as “Ophthalmic Electrochemical Sensors,” these contact lenses will feature flexible
electronics that include sensors and an antenna. The sensors are designed to read chemicals in
the tear fluid of the wearer’s eye and alert her, possibly through a little embedded LED light,
when her blood sugar falls to dangerous levels.
This technology is still in development and Google is in discussions with the Food and Drug
Administration to prepare the prototype for the marketplace.
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CHAPTER 3
PROS AND CONS
3.1 ADVANTAGES:
A person suffering from diabetes is unable to effectively use insulin to break down glucose in
the blood, which ultimately, puts them at risk for health complications. In order to maintain a
constant glucose level, diabetics must prick their finger and test drops of blood throughout the
day. However, this could soon be obsolete with Google’s smart contact lenses. Improved
control of blood glucose would provide health benefits to diabetics. The adverse health effects
of diabetes are due to the cumulative effects of harmful glucose levels over long periods of
time. Until biomedical research finds a way to replace beta cells, a glucose contact lens sounds
like a promising idea.
Following are the advantages over traditional method:
 It is a simple and painless method – we don’t need to prick our fingers repeatedly for
testing the blood samples.
 Continues glucose monitoring – as these method of testing glucose level in the
human body is easy, the diabetic patient can analysis the glucose level.
 Mobility to users – wearable system can be integrated with life cycle, patients can
check the level anywhere and anytime.
 Accurate reading – ensures efficiency and it is safe in use, easy to handle.
 Reusable (cost effective solution).
This device is likely to be an enormous success as nobody likes to have to prick their fingers
with a lancet every day in order to take their glucose readings, especially the very young or the
elderly.
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3.2 DISADVANTAGES:
The limitation relates to the fact that contact lenses shouldn’t be worn while people are asleep
and the overnight period is when people with type 1 diabetes are at most risk for hypoglycemia.
 The contact lens may be allergic to some wearer.

 People already using lens for eyesight may have difficulty in wearing Google lens.
3.3 APPLICATIONS:
Novartis has declared that with its pharmaceuticals and medical device expertise the company
is currently focusing on its two interests in this technology - helping diabetic patients manage
their disease and for people living with presbyopia who can no longer read without glasses.
Other than that, the company also sees the potential to help patients with presbyopia, to "restore
the eye's natural autofocus on near objects in the form of an accommodative contact lens or
intraocular lens as part of the refractive cataract treatment.
Under the agreement, Google[x] and Alcon will collaborate to develop a “smart lens” that could
totally change how humans react and respond to health worries. One of the applications of the
contact lens is to help diabetics keep a closer eye and connects wirelessly with a mobile device.
They could also end up helping the visually-impaired see again. Novartis says non-invasive
sensors, microchips and other miniaturized electronics which are embedded within contact
lenses have the potential to address ocular conditions.
13
CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGIES BEING USED TO DETECT SUGAR LEVEL
Diabetic patients are generally advised to check their blood glucose level 5 to 7 times per day.
Since the all current existing conventional methods of home blood glucose tests are painful,
intimidating, laborious, and expensive, since they require obtaining a blood sample by pricking
a fingertip with a needle or lancet. Thus it was necessary to develop a non-invasive blood
glucose method which could provide fast, painless, and convenient glucose monitoring to
diabetic patients. Existing methods and the high monthly expense of testing strips would be
avoided. In addition, patient acceptance would be very high because of the non-invasive nature
and the simple and safe use of the procedure.
Therefore, our optical glucose sensing technique using the optical rotatory effect of glucose
have many advantages over currently existing invasive and noninvasive methods, since the
method is based on shining a brief pulse of light into the front of the eye The optical glucose
sensing method introduced in this study can be miniaturized using current integrated optics,
electronics, and advanced micro fabrication technologies and has the potential to provide a low
cost, fast, and compact noninvasive glucose sensor for the diabetic patients within near future.
Innovative methods for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring are being developed.
Noninvasive blood glucose measurements are based on one of two types of technology:
1) Radiation 2) Fluid extraction
4.1. NIR SPECTROSCOPY:

NIR spectroscopy is the only noninvasive blood glucose monitoring technology ever reviewed
by a public Food and Drug Administration (FDA) panel for marketing approval. Although
approval was not granted, press coverage of the hearing in 1996 resulted in heightened public
awareness of the competition to produce a noninvasive blood glucose monitoring system and
of NIR spectroscopy as a technology that might make such monitoring possible. The term
"near-infrared light" refers to the use of an external light source with wavelengths in the
infrared spectrum near the wavelengths of visible light. An NIR source can pass through or be
reflected by a body part. Glucose and other body constituents absorb a small amount of the
light at each wavelength. Spectroscopy, an established technology used to measure energy
14
containing many wavelengths, detects the amount of NIR absorbed at each wavelength by
comparing a reference beam with the detection beam that has passed through or is reflected by
the body. With spectroscopy, a data processing technique known as chemometrics or
multivariate analysis simultaneously analyzes the amount of light absorption at selected
wavelengths for each blood glucose level.
A polynomial formula is generated that converts the sum of the relative contributions of
absorption at the selected wavelengths to the blood glucose concentration. This technology is
used in oximetry to measure the oxygen saturation of blood. The major problem with using
NIR spectroscopy for blood glucose monitoring is the necessity for frequent recalibration. NIR
spectroscopy does not measure one signal specific for glucose, but rather many signals that are
neither specific for glucose nor linked to glucose levels in a linear fashion. Glucose is
responsible for <0.1% of NIR absorbed by the body.
Water, fat, skin, muscle, and bone account for the vast majority of NIR absorption.
Perturbations in the amounts of these substances can alter NIR absorption and thus invalidate
the calibration formula for correlating light absorption with blood glucose concentrations that
was generated during the calibration process. Other situations that could also require
recalibration include:
1) Use of medications that absorb NIR,
2) Alterations in blood levels of hemoglobin or other proteins that absorb NIR,
3) Alterations in body temperature, and
4) Alterations in state of hydration or nutrition.
Studies of glucose measurement in vivo using NIR spectroscopy have been disappointing.
4.2. FIR SPECTROSCOPY:

A second technology for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring spectroscopically measures
absorption of FIR contained in natural thermal emissions or body heat. FIR spectroscopy is the
only type of radiation technology that does not require an external energy source. The term
"thermal emissions" refers to deep layers of the human body emitting thermal radiation or body
heat with wavelengths in the FAR spectrum far from the wavelengths of visible light. The peak
wavelengths of thermal energy emitted by a 37° human body are 5,000-12,000 nm, in the FIR
range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Among these wavelengths, glucose strongly absorbs
energy in a band (the FIR "glucose band") around 9,400 nm. When FIR passes out of the body,
glucose in the blood absorbs part of the radiation. Absorption of thermal energy in the FIR
15
glucose band by blood glucose in tissue is related in a linear fashion to blood glucose
concentration. Thermal energy absorption of FIR in the glucose band by blood glucose can be
spectroscopically determined by comparing measured and predicted amounts of thermal energy
at the skin surface. The predicted amount of thermal energy radiated can be calculated by the
Planck distribution function.
Simultaneous measurement of thermal energy absorption outside the FIR glucose band
determines the reference intensity, which is a necessary variable for calculating the blood
glucose concentration. The percentage of thermal energy absorption can be arithmetically
converted to a blood glucose concentration. No in vivo data has been published about the
accuracy of this method for measuring blood glucose. This technology is used in tympanic
thermometry to measure body temperature. FIR spectroscopy for blood glucose monitoring has
two problems. First, the signal size of human thermal emissions is very small. Second, the
prototype device incorporates cryogenically cooled infrared detectors. Replenishment of the
cryogenic fluid, currently liquid nitrogen, is inconvenient.
4.3. RADIO WAVE IMPEDANCE:

A third technology for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring measures the impedance of radio
waves. The components of a device using this technology will be inexpensive because they will
be off-the-shelf and not custom miniaturized versions of bench-top equipment. Impedance is
the total opposition to an alternating current flowing through a material. Impedance is
proportional to the differences in both amplitude and phase of a detection beam compared to a
reference beam. When a radio wave beam is applied to an aqueous solution, a nonionic solute
such as glucose interacts with the energy to attenuate the amplitude and shift the phase of the
beam, resulting in increased impedance proportionate to the solute concentration. In blood,
glucose is the nonionic solute present at the highest molar concentration.
With the use of a conversion factor, the concentration of glucose in blood can be calculated
from a measurement of the impedance to radio wave energy of a body appendage such as a
fingertip. No in vivo data has been published about the accuracy of this method for measuring
blood glucose. This technology is used to measure the moisture content of agricultural crops.
Radio wave impedance technology for blood glucose monitoring has two problems. First,
impedance is also affected by factors other than glucose, which must be accounted for to
determine the relationship between impedance and blood glucose concentration. These factors
include concentration of electrolytes in the blood, finger width, and body temperature. Second,
16
an inexpensive disposable finger clip may be necessary to conduct the radio waves. The
recurring costs of any disposable attachment could be a psychological deterrent to frequent use
of a monitor.
4.4. OPTICAL ROTATION OF POLARIZED LIGHT:

A fourth technology for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring measures the optical rotation of
polarized light. This process is known as polarimetry. When polarized light passes through a
fluid that contains glucose, the plane of polarization rotates proportionate to the glucose
concentration. A beam of infrared polarized light can be passed through a body compartment,
and the amount of optical rotation can then be measured. This method would be used to measure
the glucose content of the aqueous humor of the eye. In rabbits the aqueous humor glucose
concentration has been demonstrated to correlate with the blood glucose concentration.
In polarimetry, a beam splitter divides a polarized light beam into a reference beam and a
detection beam that passes through the body. The beams are then compared to determine the
amount of phase shift produced by passage through the body. A blood glucose level is
calculated by applying a conversion factor to the phase shift. No in vivo data has been published
on the accuracy of such a method for measuring blood glucose. This technology is used
industrially to measure the concentration of sugar in foods and dextrose in intravenous
solutions.
There are two problems with polarimetry for blood glucose measurement. First, the signal size
is small. The angle of rotation for a 1 cm thick tissue compartment would be <0.00004° per 1
mg/dl increment in glucose concentration. Second, there is a potential lag time between blood
and aqueous humor glucose concentrations during periods of rapidly shifting blood glucose
concentrations.
Fig 4.1: Schematic diagram of the glucose monitoring system. Figure provided by
Cygnus Therapeutic Systems.
17
4.5. FLUID EXTRACTION FROM SKIN

A fifth technology for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring extracts and measures tissue fluid
from skin. This technology, also known as reverse iontophoresis, is accurate and produces
multiple measurements over a 24-h period. A device using this technology would measure
trends in blood glucose concentrations and could be programmed to control an insulin delivery
system, which would create an artificial pancreas. Fluid extraction from skin is the only
noninvasive blood glucose monitoring technology capable of measuring blood glucose levels
continuously without patient effort. Reverse iontophoresis involves creation of an electrical
current applied to the skin. The current pulls out salt, which carries water, which in turn carries
glucose. Thus, glucose is extracted from the skin, where it can be absorbed and its concentration
measured. The glucose concentration of this extracted fluid is proportionate to that of blood.
Iontophoresis, from which reverse iontophoresis derives, is an effective drug-delivery
technology.
There are several problems with fluid extraction from skin as a method for blood glucose
measurement.
1. There is a lag time of at least 20 min from the beginning of a fluid extraction cycle until
a blood glucose level can be reported. If the blood glucose level is falling rapidly, severe
hypoglycemia may not be ascertained and a patient might fail to take corrective action.
Delayed recognition of a rapidly rising blood glucose level is less dangerous. The time
required to complete a measurement makes the technology unsuitable for a physician's
office or hospital, where rapid screening of blood glucose levels is desired.
2. The technology necessary to measure extracted fluid glucose levels must be very
accurate because the glucose concentration in this fluid is —1/1,000 that of blood
glucose and the fluid glucose level is converted to blood glucose with a conversion
factor.
3. The prototype device requires recalibration at least weekly and cannot be shared by a
second person without a 60-min equilibration period followed by recalibration.
4. There may be a few minutes of mild discomfort or formication on first applying such a
device to the skin, but these symptoms should then resolve.
5. The device has not been tested in patients with diabetic thick skin or during exercise-
induced sweating, where the fluid extraction rate could be altered.
6. Wrist skin could be adversely affected by prolonged reverse iontophoresis.
18
7. The prototype device is currently too large for commercial use and must be
miniaturized.
A noninvasive blood glucose monitoring system is being developed that will resemble a
wristwatch. The device will consist of:
1) A display unit that shows the time and the blood glucose level;
2) A glucose pad, which is a disposable pad in which extracted fluid glucose triggers an
electrochemical reaction and that must be replaced every 24 h;
3) A pair of electrodes that transmit current to the skin;
4) A biosensor that measures electron emissions; and
5) A computer that stores data. This system will extract fluid from skin using reverse
iontophoresis.
A blood glucose level could be reported as often as three times per hour. A programmable
alarm will sound if high or low panic values are exceeded. The device will be powered by a
single AAA battery. A prototype of the reverse iontophoresis system has been reported to
produce clinically acceptable results for 95% of its measurements. Such accuracy is
comparable to that of currently available blood glucose monitors.
4.6. INTERSTITIAL FLUID HARVESTING:

A sixth technology for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring involves transcutaneous
harvesting and measurement of interstitial fluid from skin. Prototype devices using this
technology are accurate and are handheld. Various methods can be used to extract and measure
interstitial fluid. Unlike the aforementioned five noninvasive technologies, which produce
neither skin trauma nor pain, transcutaneous harvesting of interstitial fluid may be
accomplished with nearly no skin trauma and with minimal sensation. This technology is
therefore classified not as noninvasive, but rather as nearly noninvasive. Transcutaneous
harvesting of interstitial fluid produces no significant breaks in the skin surface, in contrast to
minimally invasive technology, which involves insertion of an indwelling subcutaneous
glucose sensor.
There is such similarity between transcutaneous interstitial fluid harvesting technology and
noninvasive technologies that this nearly noninvasive technology is being included in the
present review of noninvasive monitoring. The process of collecting interstitial fluid, compared
to blood, is less inconvenient in terms of :
19
1) Pain,
2) Skin trauma,
3) Site restriction (sampling is not limited to the fingertips), and
4) Risk of contamination by a pathogenic agent into or from the circulation.
Furthermore, it is simpler to assay glucose in interstitial fluid than in blood because with
interstitial fluid an erythrocyte sequestration step is not necessary Interstitial fluid harvesting
involves extraction of fluid from the skin followed by direct measurement of the fluid glucose
concentration. In the literature, if there is a rapid shift in the serum glucose level, then the
equilibration process between blood and the interstitium results in a 5- to 15-min lag before the
interstitial fluid glucose concentration also changes.
There are two problems with interstitial fluid technology for blood glucose monitoring.
1) Most interstitial fluid systems use disposable assay systems intended for one-time
use. The expense of these disposables could impede frequent use of the monitor.
2) And because of the potential lag time, as with extracted skin fluid technology, some
treatment decisions may be based on inaccurate measurements if blood glucose levels
are shifting rapidly.
4.7 GOOGLE’S SMART LENS:

Google manufactured a contact lens that’s built to measure glucose levels in tears using a tiny
wireless chip and miniaturized glucose sensor that are embedded between two layers of soft
contact lens material. They are testing prototypes that can generate a reading once per second.
They also investigated the potential for this to serve as an early warning for the wearer, so they
are exploring integrating tiny LED lights that could light up to indicate that glucose levels have
crossed above or below certain thresholds. It’s still early days for this technology, but they have
completed multiple clinical research studies which are helping to refine the prototype.
Google X came up with the idea of contact lenses with embedded “chips and sensors so small
they look like bits of glitter, and an antenna thinner than a human hair.” They hope this kind of
innovation would help with certain health situations, like people with Diabetes who would love
an alternative to pricking their finger every day.
20
They weren’t the first to think of this concept. For years, physicians and medical researchers
have tried to think about ways to measure glucose through the fluid in the eye but struggled to
decide how best to capture and analyze those tears. Companies such as EyeSense have even
developed their own products to embed sensors in the eye to measure these levels, while
companies like Freedom Meditech have explored measuring glucose levels through the eye by
using light.
The soft prototype contact lens house a sensor that measures the glucose levels in tears. A tiny
pinhole in the lens lets tear fluid seep over the glucose monitor to get regular readings. Right
now, it registers a level reading once every second.
The lens also has a tiny antenna, capacitor and controller that allow the information gathered
from the lens to move from the eye to a monitor where that data can be read and analyzed. It
will draw its power from that device and communicate with it using a wireless technology
known as RFID.
21
CHAPTER 5
FUTURE SCOPE
Novartis’s Alcon unit will work with Google’s secretive Google X division on lenses with non-
invasive sensors, microchips and embedded miniaturized electronics to monitor not only
insulin levels for people but also to monitor other disease , or to restore the eye’s natural focus
in people who can no longer read without glasses, Basel-based Novartis said in a statement.
Fig. 5 a Future Scope Fig 5 b Future View
Novartis expects to get the first prototypes by early next year and may start marketing the
products in about five years, “The promise here is the holy grail of vision care, to be able to
replicate the natural functioning of the eye,”
The possibility of embedding camera sensors seamlessly into contact lenses is sure to generate
even more controversy surrounding wearable tech. implementing camera sensors directly into
contact lenses would make it even easier to discreetly snap photos without anyone noticing.
Michio Kaku futurologists said “In next two decades internet will be in your contact lens, when
you blink you will be online and so on”
22
CONCLUSION
Diabetes has become a global epidemic during the last two decades. It is increasing at an
alarming pace of 7.8 million new diabetics each year and is taking an unsustainable economic
toll, amounting to 11.6% of the total healthcare expenditure. The ongoing research efforts to
find the cure for diabetes by developing an artificial pancreas or by islet cell transplantation
will take a lot of time based on the challenges involved and only a very limited scope for
success. The current use of intensive insulin treatment is inadequate, as it leads to a marked
increase in episodes of severe hypoglycemia. Moreover, insulin treatment is not expected to
dramatically reduce the formation of Amadori products, which have a major impact on
secondary health problems. Therefore, more frequent glucose monitoring is the only way to
effectively manage diabetes by sustaining the physiological blood glucose level.
The lens will be able to help people with diabetes by closely and consistently monitoring the
glucose levels from their tears. The research has proven that the contact lens method is less
painful and time consuming for diabetics than the traditional methods.
Although the invention of Google contact lenses is great but it will need time to get
implemented on regular basis and overcome the traditional method of testing the glucose level
in the human body. This technology is still in development and Google is in discussions with
the Food and Drug Administration to prepare the prototype for the marketplace.
23
REFERENCES
[1] NM Farandos, AKYetisen, MJ Monteiro, CR Lowe, SH Yun (2014) "Contact Lens

Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics.". Advanced Healthcare Materials.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adhm.201400504/full
[2] Brian Otis; BabakParviz (16 January 2014). Introducing our smart contact lens
project". Google Official Blog. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
https://googleblog.blogspot.in/2014/01/introducing-our-smart-contact-lens.html
[3] Doyle, Maria (12 February 2014). "Google Contacts Will Help Diabetics Monitor Blood
Sugar via Tears". Forbes. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/ptc/2014/02/12/google-contacts-will-help-diabetics-monitor-
blood-sugar-via-tears/#7e15359ae2c6.
[4]"Google contact lens could help diabetics track glucose".CBC News. 17 January 2014.
Retrieved 20 March 2014. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/google-contact-lens-could-
help-diabetics-track-glucose-1.2500274
[5] Tsukayama, Hayley (17 January 2014). "Google’s smart contact lens: What it does and
how it works". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/googles-smart-contact-lens-what-it-
does-and-how-it-works/2014/01/17/96b938ec-7f80-11e3-93c1-0e888170b723_story.html
[6] World Health Organization. Diabetes: Fact sheet N°312. Geneva (Switzerland):
WHO; 2009. Available from: http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/. Accessed
on December 23,2010.
[7] Diabetes Control and Complication Trial Research Group, “The effect of intensive
treatment of diabetes on the long-term complications in insulin dependent diabetes”, New Ens.
3. Med. 329 97746, 1993.
24

Seminar Report On Google Smart Contact Lens

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GOOGLE SMART CONTACT LENS

SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SSM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LENS” is a paper presented by AZIM SHOWKAT bearing enrollment number 5984

in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in

Electronics and Communication Engineering.

ER. MANZOOR AHMAD MIR ER. MAJID DERWESH

Keywords: Diabetes, Glucose sensor, Google contact lens, RFID.

Contents Page no.

Fig.1.1 a. Diabetic count around globe ………………………...…………………… 2

CHAPTER 3 PROS AND CONS

CHAPTER 4: TECHNOLOGIES BEING USED TO DETECT SUGAR LEVEL

CHAPTER 5: FUTURE SCOPE ………………………………………………… 22

Department of E&C Engineering SSM College of Engineering and Technology

1.1 GOOGLE SMART CONTACT LENS

Department of E&C Engineering SSM College of Engineering and Technology

Fig.1.1 a. Diabetic count around globe

Fig. 1.1 b Google Smart Contact Lens

1.2 CONTACT LENS SENSOR FOR DIABETES:

Fig: 1.2 a Contact lens to detect sugar level in human body.

The advantages of the nanostructure-laden contact lens are

1.3 OTHER EMBEDDED COMPONENTS:

2.1 WORKING OF GOOGLE SMART CONTACT LENS:

Fig 2.1 a Construction of contact lens

Fig 2.1 b Wearing of lens

Fig 2.1 c Glucose chemical reaction.

Fig 2.1 d Layout for RFID

Fig. 2.1 e RFID Working

PROS AND CONS

Following are the advantages over traditional method:

 The contact lens may be allergic to some wearer.

TECHNOLOGIES BEING USED TO DETECT SUGAR LEVEL

4.1. NIR SPECTROSCOPY:

4.2. FIR SPECTROSCOPY:

4.3. RADIO WAVE IMPEDANCE:

4.4. OPTICAL ROTATION OF POLARIZED LIGHT:

4.5. FLUID EXTRACTION FROM SKIN

4.6. INTERSTITIAL FLUID HARVESTING:

4.7 GOOGLE’S SMART LENS:

Fig. 5 a Future Scope Fig 5 b Future View

[1] NM Farandos, AKYetisen, MJ Monteiro, CR Lowe, SH Yun (2014) "Contact Lens

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