Submitted by: Seetaram Maurya (16104405)

Assignment 1
A Brief History on Fuzzy Logic and Systems

INTRODUCTION

What is Fuzzy logic?

Logic is a tool which used to develop the set of principles for correct reasoning. Fuzzy logic is a
control system methodology which can be implemented in software, hardware and both. It
establishes the concept for vagueness, ambiguity, noisy, imprecise information etc.

How it is different from conventional control logic?

Conventional control logic deals with technical understanding of the system and models the system
mathematically. Fuzzy logic deals with operator’s experience i.e. empirically and utilizes the rule
based approach for modelling of system. Example: If operator want to read the temperature of a
machine using conventional control logic and fuzzy logic, he/she will say-

Conventional control logic Fuzzy logic

The temperature is 400oC It is too hot
Or Or
The temperature is between 10oC to 20oC It is cold (can be more or moderate)

HISTORY
The Fuzzy logic, which can be termed as Multi-valued logic (MVL) or bypass-valued logic in
English and “Logica Borossa” or “Logic Difusa” or “Logic Heuristica” in Castilian, can cope with
uncertainty, ambiguity, impreciseness and vagueness. According to [1], the origin of fuzzy logic
is by Greek Philosophers especially by Plato (during 428-347 B.C.).
 Time duration Events
 David Hume (1711-1776) and Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) were
enquired about the concept of indeterminate truth i.e. grade of
18th century
membership of 0.5 and concluded that reasoning is acquired through
experiences.
 American philosopher Charles Peirce (1839-1914) was one of the first
scholars in the modern age to point out, and to regret, that "Logicians
20th century have too much neglected the study of vagueness, not suspecting the
important part it plays in Mathematical thought. This point of view was
also expressed some time later by Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) [2].
 L. A. Zadeh, a professor at the University of California at Berkeley, well
respected for his contributions to the development of system theories,
Early 1960s
began to feel that traditional systems analysis techniques were too
precise for many complex real-world problems.
 The idea of grade of membership, which is the concept that became the
backbone of fuzzy set theory, introduced by Prof L. A. Zadeh [3].
1964-1965
 The idea lead to the publication of his seminal paper on fuzzy sets in
1965 and the birth of fuzzy logic technology.
 Zadeh continued his research to broaden the foundation of fuzzy set
theory [4-5]. He introduced:
o Fuzzy multistage decision making
o Fuzzy similarity relations
1965-1970 o Fuzzy restrictions
o Linguistics hedges
 Fuzzy logic research in Japan started with two small university research
groups. One was led by T. Terano and H. Shibata in Tokyo, and the other
lead by K. Tanaka and K. Asai in Kanasai.
 Assilian and Mamdani in the United Kingdom developed the first fuzzy
1970-1975
logic controller, which was for controlling a steam generator [6].

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  In 1977, Dubois applied fuzzy sets in a comprehensive study of traffic
conditions [7].
1975-1980
 Blue Circle Cement and SIRA in Denmark developed a cement kiln
controller, which was the first industrial application of fuzzy logic.
 Yasunobu, Miyamoto, and their colleagues at Hitachi put a fuzzy logic
based automatic train operation control system in Sendai city’s subway
system.
1980-1987
 The first special purpose VLSI chip for performing fuzzy logic
inferences was developed by Togai and Watanabe in 1986. Industrial
application of fuzzy logic in Japan and Europe had also been boomed.
 Zadeh introduced the term soft computing in the early 1990s. Soft
computing has attracted close attention of researchers and has also been
1987-1990
applied successfully to solve problems in bioinformatics and
biomedicine [8].
 The Fuzzy Logic Toolbox for MATLAB, for instance, was introduced
1990-2000 as an add-on component to MATLAB in 1994.
 A huge industrial application had been emerged during this era.
 Fuzzy Logic became a standard technology and is also applied in data
and sensor signal analysis. Applications of fuzzy logic is also present in
business and finance.
 There are huge number of conferences around the world.
 The fuzzy control is center of attraction in automation and control
industries.
2000-present
 Zadeh’s report regarding of fuzzy logic in 2013, there are 26 research
journals on application of fuzzy logic, there are 22,657 publications on
theory or applications of fuzzy logic in the MathSciNet database, there
are 16,898 patent applications and patents issued related to fuzzy logic
in the USA, and there are 7149 patent applications and patents issued
related to fuzzy logic in Japan.

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EXTENSION OF FUZZY SETS
Fuzzy sets have a history starting from ordinary fuzzy sets and extending to other types of fuzzy
sets as illustrated in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Extension of Fuzzy Sets

APPLICATIONS

Fuzzy systems have been applied to a wide variety of fields ranging from control, signal processing,
communications, manufacturing of integrated circuits and expert systems to business, medicine,
psychology. However, the most significant applications are concentrated on control problems.

When used as an open-loop controller, the fuzzy system usually sets up some control parameters
and then the system operates according to these control parameters. Many applications of fuzzy
systems in consumer electronics belong to this category.

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 When used as a closed-loop controller, the fuzzy system measures the outputs of the process and
takes control actions on the process continuously. Applications of fuzzy systems in industrial
processes belong to this category. Some major application of fuzzy theory is discussed further.

 Fuzzy washing machines

The fuzzy washing machines were the first major consumer products to use fuzzy systems. They
use a fuzzy system to automatically set the proper cycle according to the kind and amount of dirt
and the size of the load. More specifically, the fuzzy systems used is a three-input-one-output
system, where the three inputs are measurements of dirtiness, type of dirt and load size and the
output is the correct cycle.

 Digital image stabilizer

It is very difficult to hold the camcorder without shaking it slightly and imparting an irksome
quiver to the tape. Nowadays, there is digital image stabilizer based on fuzzy systems, which
stabilizes the picture when the hand is shaking.

 Fuzzy systems in cars

An automobile is a collection of system-engine, transmission, brake, suspension, steering and more.

Fuzzy systems have been applied in almost all of them. In April 1992, Mitsubishi announced a
fuzzy omnibus system that controls a car’s automatic transmission, suspension, traction, four-
wheel steering, four-wheel drive and air conditioner. The fuzzy transmission downshift on curves
and also keeps the car from upshifting inappropriately on bends or when the driver releases the
accelerator.

 Fuzzy control of a cement kiln

In the late 1970s, Holmblad and Ostergaard of Denmark, developed a fuzzy system to control the
cement kiln. The fuzzy system (fuzzy controller) had four inputs and two outputs. The four inputs
are:

o Oxygen percentage in exhausted gases

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 o Temperature of exhaust gases
o Kiln drive torque
o Litre weight of clinker (indicating temperature level in the burning zone and quality of
clinker).

The two outputs are:

o Coal feed rate

o Air flow.

In June 1978, the fuzzy controller ran for six days in the cement kiln of F.L Smidth & Company
in Denmark, the first successful test of fuzzy control on a full-scale industrial process. The fuzzy
controller showed a slight improvement over the results of the human operator and also reduces
fuel consumption.

 Fuzzy control subway train

One of the most significant application of fuzzy control system is for the Senday subway in Japan.
On a single north-south route of 13,6 kilometers and 16 stations, the train runs along very smoothly.
The fuzzy control system considers four performance criteria simultaneously: safety, riding
comfort, traceability to target speed and accuracy of stopping gap.

REFERENCES
[1] A. Garrido, “A brief history of fuzzy logic,” In Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience,
vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 2067-3957, 2012.
[2] A. Russell, “Vagueness,” Read before the Jowett Society, Oxford, November, 1922. First published in The
Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy, vol. 9, pp. 28-92, June, 1923.
[3] L. A. Zadeh, “Fuzzy sets,” Information and Control, vol. 8, pp. 338-353, 1965.
[4] L. A. Zadeh, “The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning, Parts 1, 2 and
3,” Information Sciences, 8: 199-249, 8: 301-357, 9: 43-80 1975.
[5] L. A. Zadeh, “Fuzzy logic,” Computer, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 83-93, 1988.
[6] E. H. Mamdani and S. Assilian, “An experiment in linguistic synthesis with a fuzzy logic controller,”
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 1975.
[7] D. Dubois and H. Prade, “Fuzzy sets and systems: theory and applications,” Academic Press, New York, 1980.

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[8] L. A. Zadeh, “Knowledge representation in fuzzy logic,” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data
Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 89-100, 1989.
[9] T. J. Procyk and E. H. Mamdani, “A Linguistic Self-Organizing Process Controller,” Automatica, vol. 15, no.
1, 1979.
[10] T. Sudkamp and R. J. Hammell II, “Interpolation, Completion, and Learning Fuzzy Rules,” IEEE Transactions
of Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 24, pp. 332-342, 1994.
[11] M. Sugeno and K. T. Kang, “Structure identification of fuzzy model,” Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 28, 1988.